超临界CO2的均相催化加氢

超临界ＣＯ_２的均相催化加氢以ＣＯ２作为起始物来合成有机化合物是人们长期以来追求的目标。通过ＣＯ２的加氢作用可以形成甲酸和别的有机化合物。但这种途径还存在不少困难。最近，日本的Ｙａｃｈｉｇｕｓａ博士等人报道，运用Ｒｕ的金属有机化合物作催化剂，让ＣＯ２?..     

不同Cu-Ni比对二氧化碳加氢反应的影响

Ｃｕ基和Ｎｉ基触媒都是优良的加氢催化剂，广泛地用于费托合成和其它加氢工业。以ＣＯ２加氢合成甲醇和烃类为背景，在较低温度下对Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ双金属催化剂的性能已有所研究［１，２］。然而，对Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ催化剂在较高温度下的催化性能的研究尚未见报道。本文在文献的基...     

乙烯催化加氢反应机理的理论分析

用前线轨道理论、催化理论对乙烯催化加氢反应机理进行了分析，可以得出：在此反应中，有下列反应机理存在：在一些教材和文献中，对乙烯催化加氢反应机理一般用下列方法解释［１］（如图１）：但据催化理论，Ｃ２Ｈ４、ＣＯ、Ｈ２三种气体在金属Ｎｉ上的化学吸附强度顺序是Ｃ２Ｈ４＞ＣＯ＞Ｈ２［２］。这是由于Ｃ２Ｈ４与金属Ｎｉ形成较强的σ－π反馈键［３］（如图２）：从ＣＯ在Ｊ１０５Ｎｉ催化下的加氢反应，可知ＣＯ的吸附主要为不可逆吸附（此反应机理为被Ｎｉ吸附的ＣＯ受到Ｈ－Ｈ基团的进攻，造成Ｃ－Ｏ键的断裂，生成ＣＨ４＋Ｈ２Ｏ）［４］。由于Ｎｉ对Ｃ２Ｈ４的吸附较ＣＯ强，从而推断出Ｎｉ对Ｃ２Ｈ４，的吸附亦是不可逆的。若按上述机理进行反应，则必然导致局部不可逆中毒，使反应难以进行，或进行得相当缓慢。但这样的推论与实验结果不符，相反，在一定条件下，此反应进行得相当迅速。为此，我们断定，必然存在一个能使Ｃ２Ｈ４解吸的反应步骤，这个反应如图３。因此，我们认为，在乙烯催化加氢反应中，有两种反应机理同时存在，它们是：１．Ｈ２被Ｎｉ吸附，分裂为氢原子，附着在Ｎｉ晶体表面，因自由原子不受对称效应的制约［５］，故可与Ｃ２Ｈ４发生反应。２．Ｃ２Ｈ４被Ｎｉ吸     

两相催化体系中α，β－不饱和醛的选择性加氢反应研究Ⅰ．水溶性钌－膦配合物催化肉桂醛的加氢性能

本文研究了两种水溶性钌－膦配合物ＲｕＣｌ_２（ＴＰＰＴＳ）_３和Ｒｕｃｌ_２（ＣＯ）_２（ＴＰＰＴＳ）_２［ＴＰＰＴＳ为：Ｐ（ｍ－Ｃ_６Ｈ_４ＳＯ_３Ｎａ）_３］的合成，在水相和有机相组成的两相催化体系中，考察了它们衍生出的活性物种和以ＲｕＣｌ３－ＴＰＰＴＳ原位合成的活性物种对肉桂醛的选择加氢性能，并对反应温度（２０—８０℃），氢压（２—６ＭＰａ），催化剂浓度（１．１２×１０~（－３）～４．５０×１０~（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ），配体ＴＰＰＴＳ浓度（９．０×１０~（－３）～５．４×１０~（－２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ），表面活性剂浓度和反应时间的变化对选择加氢反应的影响进行了详细研究。实验结果表明，ＲｕＣｌ_３－ＴＰＰＴＳ原位合成配合物的催化加氢活性最高，而在金属Ｒｕ上羰基的配位将使加氢活性降低，表面活性剂ＣＴＡＢ是有效的促进剂，它的加入可大大提高加氢活性，选择适当的ＣＴＡＢ浓度，在反应结束后水相与有机相分层迅速，有利于Ｒｕ催化剂的分离，在所考察的反应条件下，肉桂醛选择加氢生成肉桂醇的转化率大于８０％，选择性达９６％以上。     

CO2加氢生成醋酸的研究

ＣＯ２加氢生成醋酸的研究范宾张成芳陆岗俞丰倪燕慧（华东理工大学化工工艺研究所，上海２００２３７）关键词二氧化碳加氢，醋酸，铑催化剂关于ＣＯ２加氢直接生成醋酸，国内外学者研究得很少，日本的Ｎｏｒｉｇｕｋｉ报道了［１］在ＣＯ２催化加氢反应中有少量醋...     

水溶性钌-膦配合物催化肉桂醛和4-苯基-3-丁烯-2-酮的选择加氢

水溶性钌┐膦配合物催化肉桂醛和４┐苯基┐３┐丁烯┐２┐酮的选择加氢胡家元陈华王祥智李贤均＊（四川大学化学系络合催化研究室，成都６１００６４）田金忠黄宁表（香港城市大学生物及化学系，香港九龙）关键词钌配合物，肉桂醛，苯丁烯酮，选择加氢分类号Ｏ６４３／Ｏ...     

两相体系中钌膦配合物催化4—苯基—3—丁烯—2—酮加氢反应的研究

研究了水和有机物组成的两相催化体系中,由ＲｕＣｌ３－ＴＰＰＴＳ（ＴＰＰＴＳ：Ｐ（ｍ－Ｃ６Ｈ４ＳＯ３Ｎａ）３）原位反应生成的催化活性物种对４－苯基－３－丁烯－２－酮（又名苄叉丙酮）的催化加氢反应．考察了钌浓度（１．０×１０－３～６．０×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、氢压（１．０～６．０ＭＰａ）、反应温度（３０～７０℃）、配体浓度（１．２～７．２×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、阳离子表面活性剂（ＣＴＡＢ：十六烷基三甲基溴化铵）及反应时间等对加氢反应活性和选择性的影响,并与以配合物ＲｕＣｌ２（ＴＰＰＴＳ）３为催化剂前体生成的催化活性物种对加氢反应的活性及选择性进行了比较．结果表明,分别由配合物ＲｕＣｌ２（ＴＰＰＴＳ）３及ＲｕＣｌ３－ＴＰＰＴＳ原位反应生成的催化活性物种,都只催化４－苯基－３－丁烯－２－酮的Ｃ＝Ｃ键选择加氢．由配合物ＲｕＣｌ２（ＴＰＰＴＳ）３形成的催化体系的加氢活性及选择性均优于ＲｕＣｌ３－ＴＰＰＴＳ原位反应生成的催化活性物种．阳离子表面活性剂的加入,使加氢反应活性下降,选择性略有提高     

亚胺膦钌配合物RuCl2P2N2的合成和催化性能

ＲｕＣｌ２（Ｐｈ３Ｐ）４或ＲｕＣｌ２（ＤＭＳＯ）４在甲苯中直接与等摩尔的亚胺膦配体Ｎ，Ｎ－双－［邻－（二苯基膦苯亚甲基）］乙二胺（Ｐ２Ｎ２）在甲苯中回流反应，高产率地合成了反式配位的双亚胺双膦钌配合物ｔｒａｎｓ－ＲｕＣｌ２Ｐ２Ｎ２．在温和条件下，该配合物作为新型催化剂有效地催化α，β－不饱和酸和几种功能团烯烃的选择加氢反应．讨论了可能的催化活性物种．     

我国煤加氢热解研究—Ⅱ.先锋褐煤加氢及催化加氢热解的热重研究

本文在加压热天平上对云南先锋褐煤的加氢热解及ＭｏＳ２为催化剂的催化加氢热解进行了研究，并与比利时烟煤的结果作了比较。研究结果表明：１．褐煤加氢反应起始温度低，加氢热解的转化率和焦油收率高，表明褐煤容易进行加氢反应而且加氢产物易挥发；２．在氢气气氛下，煤中羧基和酚羟基分解为ＣＯ２和ＣＯ的反应补明显抑止，导致温度９００Ｋ以前，褐煤加氢热解气体产率低于惰性气氛下的热解；３．随压力和Ｍｏ载量的提高，催化加     

金属氧化物改性的Pd／D3520催化剂及其催化加氢活性的研究

改变金属和载体的种类可以改变高分子催化剂的活性。本文在Ｄ３５２０负载的Ｐｄ催化剂中添加ＳｎＣｌ２．２Ｈ２Ｉ．ＦｅＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ，Ｐｂ（ＯＨ）２，ＢｉＣｌ３，形成Ｄ３５２０负载的金属氧化物──钯催化剂。研究结果表明，ＳｎＯ２，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３的引入对原催化剂具有良好的助催化效果，其中Ｆｅ２Ｏ３的引入使原单位金属高分子催化剂对苯乙烯的催化加氢活性提高１１０％，ＰｂＯ，Ｂｉ２Ｏ３的引入使催化加氢活性大大降低     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemical study of aliphatic and phenyl-substituted geminal diacetates

The standard enthalpies of combustion _c H ^o of aliphatic diacetates1 and aromatic diacetates2 were measured calorimetrically. The enthalpies of vaporization _vap H ^o or sublimation _sub H ^o of1 and2 were obtained from the temperature function of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. From _f H ^o(g) of1 and2 new values of group increments for the estimation of standard enthalpies of formation of these classes of compounds were derived. The geminal interaction energy between the geminal acyloxy groups shows no anomeric stabilization.Geminal Substituent Effects, Part 12, for part 11 see Ref. 7.     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

钾明矾溶液水解度计算公式

根据盐类水解关系式和水的离子积计算公式,建立了计算盐类水解度和水解产物离解常数的完全方程式。计算值同实验值比较,钾明矾溶液水解度平均偏差为0.6％,离解常数pK_b=11.6±0.1,水的离子积pK_w平均偏差小于0.06,从而改进了苏联的计算公式。     

碳量子点上转换材料的制备及其应用研究进展

碳量子点(CQD)具有化学惰性,生物相容性和低毒性等优势,可能在能源、生物医药等领域得到广泛的应用. CQD可通过表面被聚合物(例如PEG)钝化而表现出很强的光致发光特性.在生物成像,疾病检测和药物输送中使用表面钝化后的功能化生物分子更为有效.并且碳材料由于其优异的电化学性能还展现出在催化、电子器件等许多领域广泛的应用前景.我们将对近年来碳量子点发光材料的研究进行总结,并讨论碳量子点在能源、环境和其他一些领域的应用.