Molecular Interactions in Formamide + Isomeric Butanols: An Ultrasonic and Volumetric Study

Densities, , ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, of the binary mixtures of formamide (FA) with 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol, including those of pure liquids, were measured over the whole composition range at 35°C. Using the experimental values of , u and , the deviations in isentropic compressibility, _s , excess volume, V ^E, viscosity, , and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow, G* ^E , were calculated from the linear dependence of these parameters on composition of mixtures. The apparent molar isentropic compressibility, K _,2 and apparent molar volume, V ^,2 of alcohols in FA were also calculated. The variations of these parameters with composition are discussed from the point of view of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The V ^E data have also been analyzed using Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory. An analysis of each of the three contributions, viz., interactional, free volume, and P* effect to V ^E shows that P*, the internal pressure parameter of the theory, plays a dominant role in deciding the sign and magnitude of V ^E.     

Dielectric properties of binary mixtures of n-methylbenzenesulfonamide

The dielectric permittivities of binary mixtures of N-methylbenzenesul-fonamide (N-MBS) with benzyl alcohol, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dioxane and hexamethylphosphortriamide were measured as a function of mole fraction over the whole composition range at 30 and 50°C. The excess dielectric permittivities and the excess molar polarizations were also calculated. The excess dielectric permittivities ^E and excess molar polarizations P_E were found to be negative for N-methylbenzene-sulfonamide mixtures with benzyl alcohol and 1,4-dioxane, ^E values were positive and P^E values negative for mixtures with 1,2-dichloroethane, and ^E and P^E values were clearly positive for mixtures with hexamethylphosphortriamide. The results are discussed in terms of the strength of the dipolar and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the molecules in various binary mixtures.     

First and second thermodynamic mixing properties of ethylbenzene +n-alkanes: Experimental and theory

Isobaric expansibilities _P and isothermal compressibilities _T have been determined at 25 and 45°C for binary mixtures of ethylbenzene + n-tetradecane and + n-hexadecane and the corresponding excess functions (V ^E /T)_P and (V ^E /P)_T have also been obtained. With these data and supplementary literature values, the following second order mixing properties are also reported at 25°C: _S ^E , (V ^E /P)_T, C_V and (VT). All mixing quantities have been compared with the results obtained at 25°C by using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory of liquid mixtures. The predicted values suggest that the ability of ethylbenzene as a breaker of the pure n-C_n orientations is similar to what we found for toluene and higher than for p-xylene.     

S-Shaped composition dependence of excess thermodynamic quantities for cyclohexane mixtures with globular alkanes

Expansion coefficients , isothermal compressibilities, thermal pressure coefficients and heat capacities have been measured at 25°C for the cyclohexane+trans-decalin system. An S-shaped composition dependence, positivelnegative for highllow cyclohexane compositions is found for C _p ^E dV ^E /dT and the thermal expansion contribution to C _p ^E namely VT. The thermal motion contribution to C _p ^E , namely C _v is close to zero. The positive excursion of these mixing quantities at high cyclohexane content is anomalous. Correspondingly, the mixing quantity-VT deviates strongly in this region from the predicted equality with H ^E . The literature and this work show that all these excess quantities behave similarly for cyclohexane mixed with cyclooctane, methylcyclohexane and some highly branched alkanes. The unusual composition dependence of the thermodynamic quantities is consistent with order occurring when any large alkane molecule of globular shape is added to cyclohexane. This is speculatively associated with an interference by the globular alkane with the relatively free rotation of cyclohexane molecules.     

Diacetylenic Derivatives of Fe2(CO)6(μ-EE′): Spectroscopic Investigations of Fe2(CO)6{μ-EC(H) = C(C≡ CMe)E′} (E = E′, E ≠ E′; E, E′ = S, Se, Te)

The diacetylenic adducts, Fe₂(CO)₆{-EC(H) = C(C CMe)E} (E = E, E E; E, E = S, Se, Te) (1–8) have been obtained from the room temperature stirring of Fe₂(CO)₆(-EE) with HC CC CMe in methanol solvent containing sodium acetate. Compounds 1–8 have been characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ⁷⁷Se, and ^l25Te) spectroscopy. Trends in the chemical shifts of ⁷⁷Se and ¹²⁵Te NMR spectra of Fe₂(CO)₆{-EC(H) = C(C CMe)E} with a variation of EE are discussed.     

Excess volumes of binary mixtures of ethylbenzene with octanol,nonanol and dodecanol from 50 to 100°C and 0.1 to 7.5 MPa

The excess volume V ^E of binary mixtures of octanol, nonanol and dodecanol in ethylbenzene have been calculated from the densities measured with a vibrating tube densimeter at temperatures from 50 to 100 °C and at pressures from 0.1 to 7.5 MPa. The values of V ^E are positive for all the three mixtures in the complete temperature, pressure and mole fraction ranges studied. The maxima in V ^E is observed at 0.4 mole fraction of alkanol. The results are discussed in terms of specific interactions present in the binary mixtures. The second order thermodynamic quantities (V ^E /T)_p,(V ^E /P)_T and (V _E /P)_T which have been derived from the effect of temperature and pressure on V ^E , indicate an overall net creation of order in the binary mixtures of ethylbenzene with higher homologues of alkanols.     

Heats of adsorption of CO2 and NH3 on natural mordenites

The heats of adsorption of CO₂ and NH₃ were studied for sodium, lithium, calcium and decationized forms of natural mordenites. The exchange of Na⁺ for Ca²⁺ leads to increasing adsorption heats at low coverages. For CO₂ the region of elevated heats corresponds to the formation of Ca²⁺ ... CO₂ adsorption complexes. Two molecules of NH₃ probably interact with each Ca²⁺ ion (or with the Li⁺ ions in Li-mordenite). The heats of adsorption of NH₃ on decationized mordenite are much higher than those on calcium mordenite.

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Zusammenfassung Adsorptionswärmen von CO₂ und NH₃ an der Na-, Li-, Ca- und dekationisierten Form von natürlichem Mordenit wurden bestimmt. Der Austausch von Na⁺ gegen Ca²⁺ führt zu einer Erhöhung der Adsorptionswärmen bei geringen Bedeckungen. Bei CO₂ erfolgt im Bereich hoher Adsorptionswärmen die Bildung des Adsorptionskomplexes Ca²⁺ ...CO₂. Mit jedem Ca²⁺-Ion (bzw. Li⁺-Ion im Li-Mordenit) treten wahrscheinlich zwei NH₃-Moleküle in Wechselwirkung. An dekationisiertem Mordenit sind die Adsorptionswärmen von NH₃ höher als an Ca-Mordenit.

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, , . . Ca²⁺ ... CO₂. B , , ( -). , -.

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The authors would like to thank Dr. I. A. Belitsky for supplying the sample of natural mordenite. They also thank Professor S. P. Zhdanov for his interest and encouragement of this work.     

Excess heat of mixing of binary mixtures of pyridine withn-alkanes at 313.15 K

The molar excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of pyridine with C₆–C₉ n-alkanes have been measured at 313.15 K in the entire composition range. The measuredH ^E values were compared with those calculated by means of the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory and by the ERAS method.

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Zusammenfassung Die molaren Überschußenthalpien binärer Mischungen von Pyridin mit C₆–C₉ n-Alkanen wurden bei 313,15 K im ganzen Zusammensetzungsbereich gemessen. Die gemessenenH ^E Werte wurden mit denen verglichen, die mit Hilfe von Prigogine-Flory-Patterson Theorie und nach der ERAS-Methode berechnet wurden.

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313,5 n- (₆-₉) ce . -- (ERAS).

     

The thermal decomposition of cerium(III) nitrate

The thermal decomposition of anhydrous Ce(NO₃)₃ has been studied. The thermal decomposition reaction is described by the second order kinetic equation, [1/(1–)]–1=kt. The apparent activation energy was determined asE _a=104 kJ mol^–1 while the enthalpy of the reaction was estimated asH _r=111.1 kJ mol^–1. The decomposition reaction differs from that observed for Nd(NO₃)₃.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von wasserfreiem Ce(NO₃)₃ wurde untersucht. Die thermische Zersetzung wird durch die Geschwindigkeitsgleichung zweiter Ordnung[1/(1–)]–1=kt, beschrieben. Für die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie wurde ein Wert von 104 kJ mol^–1 und für die Enthalpie der Reaktion ein Wert von 111,1 kJ mol^–1 ermittelt. Die Zersetzungsreaktion unterscheidet sich von der für Nd(NO₃)₃.

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. : [1/(1–)]– 1=kt. a, 104 · ^–1, H _r, 111.1 · ^–1. .

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The authors wish to thank the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the University of Pretoria for financial assistance.     

Molecular Interactions in Propylene Carbonate + <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alkanols at 25 <Superscript>∘</Superscript>C

Densities and viscosities of the binary mixtures of propylene carbonate with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and hexanol, along with those of the pure liquids, were measured over the entire mole fraction range at 25 C. Using the experimental values of densities and viscosities , the excess molar volumes V^E, viscosity deviations , excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow G^E, and Grunberg–Nissan interaction parameters d₁₂ were calculated from the linear dependence of these parameters on the composition of the mixtures.     

Thermodynamic properties for binary liquid mixtures of 1-chlorobutane+n-alkanes

Isothermal compressibilities K and isobaric thermal expansion coefficients _p have been measured at 25 and 45°C for pure components and the following binary mixtures: 1-chlorobutane+normal alkanes (n-C_n) where n=6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16. With these results and other thermodynamic data from literature the next mixing quantities have also been reported: (V ^E/T)_P, – (V)^E/P)_T, K _S ^v , H ^E/P)_T, (_pVT and C_v. The obtained results have been compared at 25°C with the calculated values by using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory of liquid mixtures. The theory predicts the excess volume V^E and V ^E/P)_T values rather well, the C _P ^E quite poorly, while for V ^E/T)_P and V ^E/P)_T it is only predicted the trend with the chain length of the n-alkane. The last two quantities show deviations between theoretical and experimental, slightly higher in systems with longer n-alkanes than for shorter ones. Our conclusion is that a nonrigid linear molecule, like 1-chlorobutane, has a low ability as a breaker of the pure n-C_n orientation correlations, in between that which we found for toluene and p-xylene and much smaller than for cyclohexane or benzene.     

Formation of N-butane in the pyrolysis of ethylene [1]

Yields of n-C₄H₁₀ have been measured from the flow pyrolysis of C₂H₄ at 897 (±7) K. From 77 to 720 Torr the order of n-C₄H₁₀ formation was found to be 2.0±0.3 The rate constant for the reaction, was estimated to be 2.4(±0.6)×10^–4l mol^–1s^–1.

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-C₄H₁₀ C₂H₄ 897 (±7) . -C₄H₁₀ 77 720 2.0±0.3. 2C₂H₄C₂H₃+C₂H₅ 2,4 (±0,6)×10^{–4 –1–1}.

     

Thermal and spectral studies on some tetrachloroaurates of 8-alkyltheophylline derivatives

Tetrachloroaurates of 8-ethyl-, 8-isopropyl-, 8-propyl- and 8-pentyltheophylline were synthesized and studied by¹H-NMR, TG and DSC techniques. The metal is not coordinated to the 8-alkyltheophylline derivatives and forms a salt-like structure.

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Zusammenfassung Tetrachloroaurate von 8-Äthyl-, 8-Isopropyl-, 8-Propyl- und 8-Pentyltheophillin wurden synthetisiert und mittels¹H-NMR, TG und DSC untersucht. Die 8-Alkyltheophillin-Derivate sind nicht koordinativ an das Metall gebunden, es liegt vielmehr eine salzartige Struktur vor.

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8--, 8--, 8-- 8- , . , 8- .

     

Chemical,dehydration, differential thermal and X-ray analysis of Salal bauxite deposits

Chemical, dehydration, differential thermal and X-ray analysis data on four samples of mineral deposits from the Salal region (J & K) have been determined to assess their mineral compositions. All the samples appear to be kaolinitic in character, though in association with other mineral impurities, such as boehmite, diaspore and dickite, in varying proportions.

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Zusammenfassung Vier Proben von Minerallagerstätten der Salal-Region (J & K) wurden chemisch sowie mittels DTA und röntgenographischer Analyse untersucht, um ihre Mineralzusammensetzung zu ermitteln. Alle Proben sind dem Charakter nach kaolinitisch, allerdings in unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen mit anderem mineralischem Material wie Boehmit, Diaspor und Dickit verunreinigt.

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, , , . , - , .

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The authors are grateful to the Head of the Department of Physics, Jammu University, for his interest in the research programme.     

Thermal studies on titanyl,zirconyl and hafnyl dithiocarbamato complexes

The dithiocarbamato complexes of titanyl(IV), zirconyl(IV) and hafnyl(IV), abbreviated as MO(S₂CNRR)₂·nH₂O(M=Ti, Zr or Hf,R=H,R=C₅H₉;R=H,R=C₇H₁₁,n=1 for Ti andn=2 for Zr and Hf), were prepared in aqueous medium and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and IR spectral studies. The thermal behaviour of these compounds under non-isothermal conditions was investigated by thermogravimetric, derivative thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimctric techniques in nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres. The intermediates obtained at the end of various thermal decomposition steps were identified on the basis of analyses and IR spectral studies. Kinetic parameters, such as apparent activation energy and order of reaction, were determined by the graphical method of Coats and Redfern. The heats of reaction for the different decomposition steps were calculated from the DSC curves.

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Zusammenfassung Die Thiocarbamato-Komplexe von Titanyl(IV), Zirkonyl(IV) und Hafnyl(IV) der allgemeinen Formel MO(S₂CNRR)₂·n H₂O (M=Ti, Zr oder Hf;R=H, R=C₅H₉;R=H, R=C₇H₁₁;n=1 für Ti undn=2 für Zr und Hf) wurden in wässrigem Medium hergestellt und durch Elementaranalyse, Messung der magnetischen Suszeptibilität und IR-Spektraluntersuchungen charakterisiert. Das thermische Verhalten dieser Verbindungen unter nicht-isothermen Bedingungen wurde durch TG, DTG und DSC in Stickstoff- und Sauerstoffatmosphäre untersucht. Die nach verschiedenen thermischen Zersetzungsschritten erhaltenen Zwischenprodukte wurden durch chemische Analyse und IR-Spektroskopie identifiziert. Kinetische Parameter, wie die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie und die Reaktionsordnung, wurden nach der graphischen Methode von Coats und Redfern bestimmt. Für die einzelnen Zersetzungsschritte wurden die Reaktionswärmen aus den DSC-Kurven berechnet.

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, . MO(S₂CNRR)₂·nH₂O (M=I, Zr, Hf,R=H,R ¹=C₅H₉, C₇H₁₁,n=1 I =2 ) , . , . , , . - . .

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The authors are grateful to Dr. Shyam Kumar for helpful discussions.     

Variation of excess volumes with temperature for binary mixtures ofp-xylene withn-hexane andn-hexadecane

The variation of the molar volume with temperature from 25 to 50 °C of binary mixtures of p-xylene + n-hexane and p-xylene + n-hexadecane has been measured by a dilatometric method over the complete mole fraction range. From the experimental results we have calculated v^E/T)_p. Literature values of v^E at 25°C together with the integration of v^E/T)_p yield v^E as a function of temperature. The excess volumes of p-xylene + n-hexane at 40 °C and p-xylene + n-hexadecane at 40 and 45 °C have also been measured by a dilatometric method, and the results were compared to those obtained from the integration of . The results from both methods are in excellent agreement within experimental error.The experimental values of are negative for the system p-xylene + n-hexane and positive for p-xylene + n-hexadecane. We have interpreted our experimental results in terms of the order present in p-xylene and n-alkanes.     

Excited Π states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes

Electron transitions in divinyl chalcogenides (CH₂=CHXCH=CH₂, where X is S, Se, or Te) have been analyzed using UV absorption spectra of dialkyl and alkyl vinyl chalcogenides. The following relations for the orbital energies are found: ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for Te and ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for S and Se. For chalcophenes, a correlation between the energy of the excited state (E ^*) of specific symmetry, the ionization potential (I) and the electron affinity (EA) is obtained:E ^*=const+(I+EA)/2. The electron affinity of divinyl chalcogenides is estimated. The correlation between the excited ^* states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes is discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 831–835, May, 1994.     

Two-electron atomic wave functions which satisfy proportionality relations between one-and two-electron moments

Based on momentum- and position-space analyses of the moment operators for two-electron atoms, it is shown that there exists a family of two-electron wave functions which satisfy a proportionality relation, r/ ₁ ^v /r ₁₂ ^v =p/ ₁ ^v /p ₁₂ ^v =2^–v/2, between the one and two-electron moments in position and momentum spaces, where v is an arbitrary number for which the moments are well-defined.     

Studies on the V?Ti?O system obtained by thermal decomposition of vanadyl and titanyl oxalates in argon atmosphere

The V–Ti–O system as a product of thermal decomposition of vanadyl and titanyl oxalates at 873 and 1173 K in argon atmosphere was studied by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained, the analysis and surface measurement data suggest that a V³⁺–V⁴⁺–Ti⁴⁺–O solid solution is formed. Spectroscopic measurements reveal the presence of a V=O bond in the system obtained at 873 K.

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V–Ti–O, 873 1173 - . , , V⁺³–V⁺⁴–O . V=O , 873 .

     

Equilibres solide ⇄ liquide ⇆ vapeur du systeme binaire CoCl2-H2O

Résumé Les équilibres solide liquide vapeur du système binaire CoCl₂-H₂O sont étudiés dans le domaine de température 120–720. La pression de la solution saturée est mesurée entre 1 et 60 atm. et le diagramme de phases est établi.Deux composés intermédiaires: CoCl₂ · 2H₂O et CoCl₂ · H₂O sont observés; ils subissent une décomposition péritectique à 206 et 335.Un tri et un tétrahydrate n'ont pas été obtenus malgré une étude systématique faisant intervenir des mesures d'analyse thermique, de thermogravimétrie et d'ébulliométrie.L'enthalpie et l'entropie de fusion du chlorure de cobalt sont évaluées à partir de la pente de la courbe de liquidus.Les valeurs calculées de l'enthalpie de déshydration de CoCl₂ · 2H₂O et CoCl₂ · H₂O entre 1 et 60 bars sont respectivement de 17 et 16 Kcal. mole^–1.

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Solid liquid vapor equilibria of the binary system CoCl₂-H₂O are investigated in the temperature range 120–720. The pressure of saturated solutions is measured between 1 and 60 atm, and the phase-diagram is established.Two intermediate compounds, CoCl₂ · 2H₂O and CoCl₂ · H₂O, are observed; they undergo peritectic decomposition at 206 and 335.Tri- and tetrahydrate have not been detected in spite of systematic research involving thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and ebulliometry.The enthalpy and entropy of fusion of cobalt chloride are calculated from the slope of the liquidus curve.The calculated enthalpy of dehydration values of CoCl₂ · 2H₂O and CoCl₂ · H₂O between 1 and 60 atm are 17 and 16 Kcal · mole^–1, respectively.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gleichgewichte Festkörper Flüssigkeit Dampf des binären Systems CoCl₂-H₂O wurden im Temperaturbereich von 120 bis 720C untersucht. Der Druck der gesättigten Lösung wurde zwischen 1 und 60 Atm. gemessen und das Phasendiagramm aufgenommen.Zwei Intermediärverbindungen: CoCl₂ · 2H₂O und CoCl₂ · H₂O wurden beobachtet; diese zersetzen sich bei 206 und 335 peritektisch.Ein Tri- und ein Tetrahydrat wurden trotz systematischer Untersuchungen mittels thermoanalytischer, thermogravimetrischer und ebulliometrischer Messung nicht gefunden.Die Enthalpie und Entropie der Kobaltchloridschmelze wurden aus der Steigung der Liquiduskurve ermittelt.Die errechneten Werte der Dehydratierungsenthalpie betrugen für CoCl₂ · 2H ₂ O und CoCl₂ · H₂O zwischen 1 und 60 bar 17 bzw. 16 Kcal₂ mol^–1.

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l₂-₂ 120–720. 1 60 . . CoCl₂. 2₂ l₂ · ₂, 206 335. , , , . . l₂. 2₂ l₂. ₂ 1 60 ., , 17 16 . ^–1.