In situ calibration of hot wire probes in turbulent flows

A method for in situ calibration of hot-wires in a turbulent flow is presented. The method is particularly convenient (even necessary) for calibrating large probe arrays, like the 143-wire boundary layer rake of the WALLTURB experiment. It is based on polynomial expansion of the velocity statistics in terms of voltage statistics as originally described by George et al. [Exp Ther Fluid Sci 2(2):230–235, 1989]. Application of the method requires knowing reference mean velocity and higher order central moments (with the array in place) of the turbulent velocity at the probe location at only one freestream velocity. These were obtained in our experiment by a stereo PIV plane just upstream of the probe array. Both the procedure for implementing the method and sample results are presented in the article.     

The surface hot wire as a means of measuring mean and fluctuating wall shear stress

 The paper describes some applications of a wall shear stress sensor technique which is based on hot-wire anemometry. The “surface hot wire” is a flush-mounted thermal resistive wire with a tiny slot underneath. The arrangement of this sensor guarantees an improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to a common surface hot film. The setup and the application of single sensors and of surface hot-wire arrays are shown. Some results are presented that were acquired in several experiments in the field of laminar-turbulent transition. Received: 26 May 2000/Accepted: 7 February 2001     

Diffraction of a sound wave by a slit

The diffraction of a sound wave by a slit in an unbounded plane is analyzed as an initial-boundary-value problem with a moving boundary for the two-dimensional wave equation. The initial-boundary-value problem is solved by the formation and inversion of Volterra integral equations. A solution is obtained in closed form in quadratures for an arbitrary angle of inclination of the incident wave front relative to the plane. The solution is presented in the form of recursion formulas, which take into account the influence of diffraction waves occurring in succession at the boundaries of the slit.     

Diffraction of a sound wave by a nonmoving plate

The problem of determining the velocity field excited by a sound wave impinging on a plate at rest is analyzed as an initial- and boundary-value problem with a movable boundary for the two-dimensional wave equation. The latter problem is solved by the formulation and inversion of integral equations of the Volterra type. The solution is obtained in closed form for any angle of inclination of the incident wave relative to the plate surface and is represented by recursion relations allowing for the influence of any number of diffracted waves generated in succession at the plate boundary.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 123–130, March–April, 1972.     

The static response of a bowed inclined hot wire

The directional sensitivity of a bowed, inclined hot wire is investigated using a simple model for the convective heat transfer. The static response is analyzed for subsonic and supersonic flows. It is shown that the effects of both end conduction and wire bowing are greater in supersonic flow. Regardless of the Mach number, however, these two phenomena have distinctly different effects; end conduction appears to be responsible for reducing the nonlinearity of the response, whereas bowing increases the directional sensitivity. Comparison with the available data suggests that the analysis is useful for interpreting the experimental results.     

Plane sound wave diffraction by a ribbed surface

The problem of plane sound monochromatic wave diffraction by a ribbed surface is solved.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 106–113, January–February, 1996.     

Reflection of a sound wave by an evaporating surface

The reflection of a sound wave traveling through saturated vapor by the flat surface of the condensed phase is considered. It is shown that the intensity of the reflected wave is less than in the absence of evaporation and depends nonmonotonically on the angle of incidence, the position of the minimum being determined by the coefficient of condensation and independent of the viscous and heat conducting properties of the gas. The effect can be used to measure the condensation coefficient. The structure of the layers that arise near the surface is considered. A new type of acoustic flow with a velocity of the order of the amplitude of the speed of sound is found.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. A, 149–156, July–August, 1988.     

The use of a slow sound speed fluorocarbon liquid for shock wave research

Fluorocarbon liquids have very low sound speeds in comparison with water. The measurement of shock waves in water is complicated by its relatively high sound speed. This paper presents a fluorocarbon liquid with a sound speed of 655 m/s for use in liquid shock experiments. Experimental and numerical results of shock wave reflection from various parabolas and wedges are given. Experiments were performed in a vertical liquid shock tube. The properties including an equation of state for the liquid are given. Numerical simulations using this equation of state are performed using a finite element program. It is shown that the investigation of non-linearities in water will require shock tubes that can withstand high pressures. Due to the high B/A parameter for this fluorocarbon liquid, it is demonstrated that non-linearities can be achieved and studied at much lower pressures. Received 1 July 1996 / Accepted 26 September 1996     

Study of the propagation of a torsional wave in a curved wire

Summary The problem of the propagation of a torsional wave in a curved wire is examined. The displacements with a natural and with a forced curvature are calculated and the corresponding dispersion relations are obtained on the basis of a purely elastic model.The results are discussed in connexion with the problem of the propagation of a signal in a wire-type acoustic delay line and compared with the results previously obtained by other workers.

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Sommario Si esamina il problema della propagazione di un'onda torsionale in un filo curvato. Viene svolto il calcolo degli spostamenti con curvatura sia naturale, sia imposta e si ottengono le corrispondenti relazioni di dispersione sulla base di un modello puramente elastico. Si discutono inoltre i risultati ottenuti, in relazione al problema della propagazione di un segnale in una linea di ritardo meccanica, confrontandoli con quelli precedentemente acquisiti da altri Autori.

     

A cryostat for use with a thermal conductivity hot wire system

Summary A cryostat for use with a thermal conductivity hot wire system is described in which temperatures between –70°C and –130°C can be maintained constant to within (0.01°C). Control of temperature is made by adjusting the vacuum between a five component mixture and liquid oxygen. Extra control is made by adjusting the current through a heating coil immersed in the cryostat mixture. The temperature indicator is a platinum wire surrounding the tubes.     

Time resolved investigations on flow field and quasi wall shear stress of an impingement configuration with pulsating jets by means of high speed PIV and a surface hot wire array

The effects of jet pulsation on flow field and quasi wall shear stress of an impingement configuration were investigated experimentally. The excitation Strouhal number and amplitude were varied as the most influential parameters. A line-array with three submerged air jets, and a confining plate were used. The flow field analysis by means of time resolved particle image velocimetry shows that the controlled excitation can considerably affect the near-field flow of an impinging jet array. These effects are visualized as organization of the coherent flow structures. Augmentation of the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices in the jet shear layer depends on the Strouhal number and pulsation magnitude and can be associated with pairing of small scale vortices in the jet. A total maximum of vortex strength was observed when exciting with Sr = 0.82 and coincident high amplitudes.Time resolved interaction between impinging vortices and impingement plate boundary layer due to jet excitation was verified by using an array of 5 μm surface hot wires. Corresponding to the global flow field modification due to periodic jet pulsation, the impact of the vortex rings on the wall boundary layer is highly influenced by the above mentioned excitation parameters and reaches a maximum at Sr = 0.82.     

The mechanics of soil cutting by a rotating wire

The cutting of soil by a rotating wire analogous to the tip of a rotary tiller blade while cutting a two-dimensional soil slice over a range of ‘fetch-ratios’ (bite length/depth-ratios) in a quasi-static condition is presented. A theoretical models based on Mohr-Coloumb soil mechanics has been proposed to predict forces on the wire (tip). The model is dependent upon observed passive general shear failure of the soil slice towards the curved free surface of a previous cut and the lateral local shear failure towards the undeformed soil. The predicted forces in a frictional soil and in a pure cohesive medium (artificial clay) agreed well with experimental results.     

Interaction between a plane shock wave and a spherical volume of hot gas

The two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of the passage of a plane shock wave through a thermal is investigated. Two known effects are confirmed, namely, the intense distortion of the shock front on passage through the thermal and a change in the geometry of the gaseous element characteristic of the late stage of evolution of the thermal. Certain new effects are also detected: the formation of a pendant shock at the outer edge of the hot zone, cumulation of a secondary shock on the axis of symmetry at the top of the thermal, and straightening of the distorted front as it travels away from the heated zone.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 96–100, January–February, 1988.     

On the effects of fluid temperature on hot wire characteristics

Subject of this paper is the effect of air temperature on the characteristics of a hot wire. Hot wires of four different lengths have been calibrated over a range of air temperatures from 20 °C to 60 °C. Finite wire length corrections that account for the effects of heat conduction at the ends have been applied to obtain the heat transfer characteristics of an infinitely long heated wire. The reduced data show that the dependence of the heat transfer from an infinitely long heated wire on fluid temperature is such that the Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number relationship, when these are evaluated with property values at the “film temperature”, do not collapse to a single curve. The reduced data show that a linear variation of the heat transfer with a temperature difference corresponds more closely to the experimental observations. Dedicated to Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Fiebig's 60th birthday     

On the effects of fluid temperature on hot wire characteristics

In this part of the paper a rational theory based on the equations for the flow past a hot wire, in conjunction with the equation for heat conduction along the wire, is developed for the effects of fluid temperature on wire characteristics. The problem is approached through two types of rational approximation, one in terms of an overheat parameter and the other in terms of a parameter for the departure of the fluid temperature from a fixed fluid temperature. The former leads to an explicit expression for the dependence of the hot wire signal on fluid temperature and wire length. Since in this form is has only limited applicability to describe the characteristics of a hot wire under normal operational conditions, it is complemented by the second rational approximation. It is a combination of the two approximations that explains the salient characteristics observed when a hot wire is operated at different fluid temperatures. Based on this rational theory, a proposal is made to correct for the effects of fluid temperature on the hot wire.