基于Mindlin板理论的偏移损伤成像数值仿真研究

提出了一种应用散射Lamb波的偏移技术对板结构中多部位损伤进行实时识别. 基于Mindlin板理论,推导了板结构中弥散性弯曲波频率-波数域的快速偏移方法. 首先对由线性传感器阵列激励和接收到的入射和散射波场在波数-频率域分别进行延拓,然后根据Huygens原理,结合波场延拓的时间一致性原理施加成像条件,对损伤进行成像识别. 数值仿真研究采用基于Mindlin板理论的有限差分法模拟结构中含不同形状及尺寸损伤时的散射波场. 对模拟散射波场进行偏移成像的结果表明该方法不仅能够识别多部位损伤的位置,还具有识别损伤程度的能力,其快速计算的优点满足在线结构健康监测系统对实时性的要求.      

混凝土损伤识别中的时间逆转成像方法

时间逆转成像技术具有定位准确和操作简单之特点,本文将其运用于混凝土结构损伤的检测．通过提取各换能器单元的发射信号和损伤散射信号构建超声波传播的传递矩阵然后对其进行奇异值分解,获得包含损伤信息的奇异向量;采用多重信号分类(multiple signal classification, MUSIC)算法,分别基于数值模拟数据和实验实测数据对混凝土结构内部损伤进行成像,实现了准确的损伤定位,并将成像结果与偏移成像法进行对比．此工作探索了将时间逆转成像技术应用于混凝土结构内部损伤实际工程检测可行性,为无损检测技术人员定性或定量分析混凝土结构的内部缺陷提供理论参考．     

Damage imaging of reinforced concrete structures using electromagnetic migration algorithm

Reconstructing damage geometry with computationally efficient algorithms is of primary importance in establishing a robust structural health monitoring system (SHMS). In this paper electromagnetic migration, a linearized imaging algorithm, is adopted to image the damages in reinforced concrete structures. This algorithm is formulated in time-domain for 3-D inhomogeneous isotropic and lossy structures. In order to reduce the computational cost and to examine the damage resolution of this imaging algorithm, different imaging conditions are introduced. Numerical simulations in 2-D transverse magnetic (TM) wave for a reinforced concrete slab with multiple damages are performed to test the effectiveness of the algorithm. All synthetic sensor data, incident field, and migration field are computed via a finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is concluded that the proposed imaging algorithm is capable of efficiently identifying the damages geometries, is robust against measurement noise, and may be employed in a SHMS.     

Lamb波理论及层合板冲击损伤的实验研究

从理论上分析了板中Lamb波信号的传播特性,并给出Lamb波在板中传播的频散方程。理论分析及实验均表明,Lamb波的频散特性与复合材料结构损伤有着直接的联系,而且最低阶的对称和反对称Lamb波模态对层合板的损伤比较敏感,但应用Lamb波的频散效应监测结构的损伤在检测技术上还难以实现。根据板中导波形成Lamb波的共振原理,板中应力波的幅频特性很大程度上反映了Lamb波的谐振特征。因此,利用压电元件的压电阻抗谱分析应力波的各阶模态频率及振幅对结构损伤的变化,能够反映材料内部损伤与Lamb波的频散特性。文中针对表面粘贴压电元件的层合板智能结构,建立了包含Lamb波谐振模式的压电阻抗计算模型。冲击损伤试件的实验表明,由于结构损伤的出现压电阻抗谱中的模态频率及其阻抗幅值等特征信息将发生变化。因此,引入应力波损伤因子可以对结构冲击损伤的存在和程度进行初步评价。该方法基于结构的机-电动态阻抗特性,不受结构的几何形状限制,测试用的压电元件成本低,方法简单可行,有望在智能结构的健康诊断方面获得应用。     

灰色相关性分析在结构静力损伤识别中的应用

基于灰色理论的相关性分析方法，首次提出了灰色曲率关联系数的概念并将其应用到结构的静力损伤识别中，提出了对局部损伤十分敏感的静态位移曲率置信因子SDCACi，通过该因子的大小对各节点所连接的单元是否会发生损伤进行精确的判断，然后运用最小二乘法对损伤区域的损伤程度进行识别．并将该方法应用于两端固支梁的损伤识别中，由识别结果可以证明：不论测量数据(用有限元仿真计算并考虑了测量误差)的多少，该方法对结构中的单损伤和多损伤都能进行准确的定位，因此该方法在大型结构及复杂结构的损伤识别中具有广阔的应用前景．     

A new damage detection technique based on wave propagation for rails

This paper presents a novel damage detection technique, tailored at the identification of structural surface damage on rail structures. The damage detection, proposed in this paper, exploits the wave propagation phenomena (P, S, Rayleigh and guided wave velocities) by identifying discrepancies, due to damage presence, in the dynamic behaviour of the structure. The uncorrelations are generated by waves reflected back to the sensor locations by the flaw surfaces. The peculiarity of the presented approach is the use of a time frequency coherence function for the identification of the arrivals of guided wave reflected back to the sensors by the damage surfaces.The damage detection methodology developed was divided into three steps. In the first step, the presence of the damage on the structure was assessed. In the second step, the arrival time of the reflected wave (or echo) was estimated using the continuous wavelet transform. Then, the detection algorithm was able, through a ray-tracing algorithm, to estimate the location of damage.A numerical investigation of two single damages was carried out. The damage was introduced on the railhead surface to simulate rolling contact fatigue defects. The results showed that the proposed methodology can be used successfully to localise the damage location, however, as expected, the localisation is strongly affected by the frequency range used. The results suggested that the separation and the characterisation of single modes are crucial for the identification of different types of rail defects. Further work is needed to establish the damage severity by relating the magnitude of the changes of the time frequency coherence to reflection and attenuation coefficients of each guided wave used and on the selection of the best range of frequency according to the type of damage to be identified.     

基于频率-波数域偏移的损伤被动成像识别研究

提出了一种应用Lamb波对板结构中多部位损伤源进行被动成像识别的方法.基于Mindlin板理论,推导了板结构中弥散性Lamb波频率-波数域的快速偏移方法,结合爆炸成像原理,对损伤源发出的Lamb波信号进行回传成像.由于损伤源的发生时刻未知,将使用不同假设发生时刻(即不同长度)的Lamb波信号生成一系列图像,通过最小熵原理从中确定最优图像,识别出损伤源的位置和发生时刻.进行了数值仿真研究来表明所提出方法的有效性.     

近断层地震作用下钢筋混凝土连续梁桥地震易损性分析

考虑桥墩、支座构件及主梁的碰撞损伤指标,对钢筋混凝土连续梁桥进行了地震易损性分析.综合考虑了结构参数的不确定性,从太平洋地震工程研究(Pacific earthquake engineering research,PEER)数据库中随机选取了20条近场地震记录,得到大量的随机地震-结构样本.结合不同破坏状态下的桥梁损伤指标,根据结构的能力与需求得到了桥梁各构件及整体桥梁结构的地震易损性曲线.从概率意义上判断在强烈地震作用下桥梁结构所处的破坏状态,为今后在役的同类型桥梁震害预测提供了参考.     

Analysis of scattering waves in an elastic layered medium by means of the complete eigenfunction expansion form of the Green’s function

A scattering problem due to an object and a plane incident wave in an elastic layered half space is presented in this paper. The complete eigenfunction expansion form of the Green’s function developed by the author and the boundary integral equation method are introduced into the analysis. First, the complete eigenfunction expansion form of the Green’s function is investigated for its application to the scattering problem. A comprehensive explanation is also given for the fact that the complex Rayleigh wave modes exhibit standing waves. Next, a method for the analysis of scattering waves by means of the Green’s function is presented. The advantage of the present method is that the formulation itself is independent of the number of layers and the scattering waves can be decomposed into the modes for the spectra defined for the layered medium. Several numerical calculations are performed to examine the efficiency of the present method as well as the properties of the scattering waves. According to the numerical results, the complete eigenfunction expansion form of the Green’s function provides accurate values for application to a boundary element analysis. The spectral structure and radiation patterns of the scattering wave are presented and investigated. The differences in directionality can be found from the radiation patterns of the scattering waves decomposed into the modes for the spectra.     

复合材料内多处横向冲击损伤的光纤图像检测

基于埋设在复合材料层板中的多方位多模光纤网络的特点,提出了检测层板内部发生多处横向冲击损伤的重构算法．根据光纤损伤图像检测系统获得的图像信号,可实时、定量、直观重构并显示出层板内部各处损伤的位置和各处的损伤程度．在复合材料多点冲击损伤检测试验中,屏幕显示的损伤图示与对半透明试件同时做反向照明检测的结果相一致,证实了重构结果的正确性     

基于应力波传播机理的混凝土无损检测研究综述

混凝土结构在基础设施中应用广泛,但环境与荷载导致材料和结构的老化损伤问题,势必影响材料性能及耐久性和结构完整性及安全性.构建有效的混凝土材料性能评估和结构损伤识别体系是当前研究热点.现有研究因对应力波传播机理不深入理解、损伤定位定量模型理想化、损伤形式简化等问题仍存在局限性.因此,开发普适全面、稳定可靠的无损检测系统,对在建或既有混凝土结构服役状况进行长期、实时跟踪,具有重要学术意义和工程应用价值.本文结合混凝土无损检测领域的国内外研究现状及进展,从智能压电材料振动机理研究、混凝土无损检测方法发展、基于应力波的无损检测研究进展这三个逻辑层面,即按照研究手段到研究方法再到具体研究方案的顺序,循序渐进地对混凝土材料性能评估和结构损伤识别的研究进行了成果总结和方法提炼;基于此进一步概述了该领域所存在的瓶颈问题、研究重难点,最后提出了针对这些局限性的混凝土无损检测研究展望.     

考虑不确定因素的结构损伤定位方法

将应变模态作为实测资料应用概率方法进行结构损伤定位.采用的模态误差考虑了建模误差和测量误差等不确定因素,避免了测量自由度与模型自由度不匹配的问题.研究了损伤状态搜索策略,并对应变模态和位移模态分别作为实测资料的定位结果进行了比较,表明采用应变模态具有更高的定位精度.     

预应力混凝土结构抗爆性能试验研究

随着我国城市建设的飞速发展,人们迫切希望能将预应力混凝土结构用于平战结合的大跨度地下工程。但由于迄今为止国内外对预应力混凝土结构的抗爆性能知之甚少,长期以来预应力混凝土在抗爆结构中的应用一直是个禁区。本文给出了一例后张无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁板柱形结构模型在平面装药爆炸条件下的大比尺化爆相似模拟试验。模型的几何相似比例为1∶5,加载平面空气冲击波超压分别为70kPa、130kPa和320kPa。试验结果给出了在完全弹性状态、荷载略高于设计承载力状态和接近极限破坏状态下无粘结部分预应力混凝土结构的宏观试验现象和大量实测试验参数和实测波形曲线,并进行了简单的数据分析。试验结果表明:设计合理的预应力混凝土梁板柱形结构具有很好的延性,不会发生令人担心的脆性破坏,完全可以用于抗爆结构。     

冲击回波法对混凝土内部损伤检测的试验研究

通过预加荷载给混凝土试件内部引入一定程度的损伤,分别测量了损伤前后试件内部弹性波的传播速度以及抗压强度,探讨了弹性波波速的降低程度与抗压强度劣化之间的关系。研究表明:在MEM卓越周期图中,主要峰值数量增加和底部边界面反射信号周期加长可作为判别损伤产生的依据;弹性波波速与混凝土内部的损伤程度具有很好的相关性,混凝土损伤程度越大,波速降低值越大;弹性波波速降低程度与抗压强度劣化之间具有线性相关性。根据试验数据拟合出了线性方程。说明采用冲击回波法对混凝土内部损伤程度检测是可行的,在混凝土结构的可靠性与安全性分析方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于CT扫描的环氧树脂基混凝土裂缝观测与冲击损伤演化研究

环氧树脂基混凝土是一种新型路面铺装材料。本文估算了道路使用过程发生"跳车"现象时货车车轮对路面产生的冲击荷载,根据计算结果,利用落锤冲击试验机对含有不同程度初始损伤的环氧树脂基混凝土试件进行多次冲击试验,研究其冲击疲劳现象。为了准确描述环氧树脂基混凝土的初始损伤,采用CT(计算机断层)扫描技术重构了试件的立体图像,对其中的内部裂缝进行了统计,建立了初始损伤裂缝体积占试件体积的百分比与基于材料弹性模量衰减的损伤变量之间的关系。通过追踪经受一定次数冲击后试件的弹性模量,分析了不同程度初始损伤下环氧树脂基混凝土的冲击损伤随冲击次数的变化规律;结合多次冲击荷载下环氧树脂基混凝土弹性模量的衰减,研究了初始损伤对环氧树脂基混凝土冲击疲劳过程中损伤演化规律的影响。     

球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力与扩孔半径分析

为研究无黏性土中沉桩扩孔和静力触探试验等岩土工程问题,采用Tresca准则对球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力和扩孔半径关系进行理论分析。以圆孔扩张理论为基础,利用弹塑性交界面处的边界条件建立平衡方程,推导出球(柱)孔扩张问题中塑性区半径rp与扩孔压力p和扩孔半径a的关系,并结合孔周土体体积变化规律,得到了初始半径a0、扩孔半径a和对应的扩孔压力p三者之间的理论关系;同时为判断孔周围土体是否进入弹塑性状态,确立了可由扩孔半径a判定的公式。此外,基于上述理论公式推导出了不排水条件下球(柱)孔扩张的应力场、位移场和扩孔压力极限值pu。分析结果表明:同一初始状态下,扩孔压力p随初始半径a0与扩孔半径a的比值而变化;且塑性区半径rp仅与扩孔半径a的变化有关;当扩孔半径a大于某一定值时孔周土体进入弹塑性状态。最后通过算例分析,对球(柱)孔扩张中应力场和位移场分布、塑性区半径、扩孔压力以及扩孔压力极限值的变化规律进行了分析。     

A reconfigurable dynamic Bayesian network for digital twin modeling of structures with multiple damage modes

Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) are commonly employed for structural digital twin modeling. At present, most researches only consider single damage mode tracking. It is not sufficient for a reusable spacecraft as various damage modes may occur during its service life. A reconfigurable DBN method is proposed in this paper. The structure of the DBN can be updated dynamically to describe the interactions between different damages. Two common damages (fatigue and bolt loosening) for a spacecraft structure are considered in a numerical example. The results show that the reconfigurable DBN can accurately predict the acceleration phenomenon of crack growth caused by bolt loosening while the DBN with time-invariant structure cannot, even with enough updates. The definition of interaction coefficients makes the reconfigurable DBN easy to track multiple damages and be extended to more complex problems. The method also has a good physical interpretability as the reconfiguration of DBN corresponds to a specific mechanism. Satisfactory predictions do not require precise knowledge of reconfiguration conditions, making the method more practical.     

固有模态函数振动传递率损伤识别实验研究

针对风荷载、地震荷载等存在但难以精确量测的问题,提出一种无需量测外荷载的新的损伤识别方法。将经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)应用于结构损伤识别,通过求振动响应信号固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的振动传递率,构建了一种新的结构损伤识别参数。对预置不同程度开胶损伤的玻璃幕墙试件进行动态测试,得到不同损伤程度下玻璃幕墙的固有模态函数振动传递率,与无损伤条件下的固有模态函数振动传递率进行比较来识别和评估玻璃幕墙开胶损伤程度。研究表明:此方法无需量测外荷载也能识别结构损伤,损伤参数值能反映损伤大小。     

Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fractal Analysis of Residual Crack Patterns

Currently, assessing the performance and safety of reinforced concrete structures relies on routine-based visual inspection (VI). Cracks width measurements are commonly used as a convenient indicator of damage; however other factors, such as distribution and pattern of the cracks should be considered equally important in measuring the extent of damage present in the structure. As a result, condition assessed by VI is subjective in nature and depends on the experience, knowledge, expertise, and judgment of the inspector carrying out the assessment. A new approach based on the fractal analysis of residual crack patterns is proposed in this paper to assess the structural integrity of reinforced concrete elements. A new damage index is presented to quantitatively perform a damage classification. The methodology is validated through experimental studies on two large-scale reinforced concrete shear walls subjected to a displacement controlled reversed cyclic loading. Damage grades are also identified based on width of cracks and proposed damage index (DI). The results demonstrate a more accurate estimation of damage grades using DI. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the DI can estimate the relative stiffness loss of the specimens with acceptable accuracy.     

A comparison and extensions of algorithms for quantitative imaging of laminar damage in plates. I. Point spread functions and near field imaging

Real-time structural health monitoring (SHM) and safety prognostics require quantitative and continuously updated information on damage size and severity. A unified theoretical solution is presented for three distinct approaches that have been used for in situ imaging of structural damage in plate-like structures. These approaches are based on (i) linearised inverse scattering (or generalised diffraction tomography), (ii) beamforming, and (iii) reverse time migration. In all three approaches, the damaged region is regarded as a weak scatterer. Such an approach is appropriate for early damage detection that is of great practical interest. The linearised inverse is based on a rigorous mathematical formulation, whereas beamforming and reverse time migration are based on heuristic arguments, but the latter are more convenient for practical implementation. It is shown that, in the far-field approximation, the three imaging algorithms have a very similar mathematical structure. Analytical expressions are derived for the point spread functions (PSFs), which represent the reconstructed image for a point-like scatterer. Although the analytical expressions for the PSFs are different, the corresponding profiles are virtually identical. Based on these observed mathematical similarities, modified versions of the diffraction tomography and time-reversal algorithms are presented that combine the advantages of the various approaches. These modified algorithms are extensively evaluated using analytical solutions of a circular scatterer. The resulting algorithms are shown to provide accurate estimates for damage size and damage severity over a range of size and severity that is consistent with the weak scatterer approximation.