Design of contention resolution over backup path in path computation element based wavelength-switched optical networks

<正>A contention resolution scheme.P-cycle auto-switching(PCAS).is proposed in wavelength-switched optical networks(WSONs) based on generalized multi-protocol label switching(GMPLS) to solve backward blocking.This system permits the preferable request and switches the other to a backup path generated by the P-cycle.Simulation results show that the PCAS scheme is effective in mitigating backward blocking, especially under concentrated load.     

A new protection algorithm with consideration of lightpath load in fault-tolerant GMPLS optical networks

In this paper, we study the survivability in GMPLS optical networks and propose a new algorithm called Protection based on Lightpath Load (PLL) to tolerate the single-fiber link failure. Based on the parameter, Boundary of Heavy-load Lightpath (BHL), PLL can effectively choose the protection execution whether on optical layer or on IP/MPLS layer, such that the bandwidth utilization and recovery complexity can be compromised. In PLL, if the number of Working Label Switching Path (WLSPs) carried on a Working Lightpath (WLP) exceeds the value of BHL, this WLP will be protected in optical layer; otherwise, these WLSPs carried on this WLP will be protected on IP/MPLS layer. Simulation results show that, compared to conventional protection algorithm, PLL not only can significantly reduce the recovery complexity but also can obtain satisfactory trade-off performance.     

Dynamic protected lightpath provisioning in mesh WDM networks

This paper investigates the problem of dynamic protected lightpath services provisioning in optical mesh networks employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). A variety of schemes for dynamic protected services provisioning have been proposed, supporting a range of tradeoffs among restoration speed, capacity efficiency, and scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, called p-cycles-based maximum protected working capacity envelope (PC-MPWCE), which can offer an attractive combination of fea-tures: ring-like speed, mesh-like capacity efficiency, and good scalability. To evaluate the performance of PC-MPWCE, we compare it via simulation with 1 + 1 automatic protection switching (APS) and two well-known shared backup path protection (SBPP) on NSFNET. Our simulation results show that PCMPWCE can achieve much better blocking performance than 1 + 1 APS, and perform the similar blocking performance and capacity efficiency as SBPP.     

Parallel signaling-based fast restoration scheme in distributed optical networks

The fast parallel restoration （FPR） scheme is proposed to achieve the fast setup of restoration label switched path （LSP） in the distributed optical networks. The scheme is derived by dividing the whole restoration LSP into several segments of sub-LSP and triggering each sub-LSP along the new route to finish the signaling procedure concurrently, and subsequently merging all sub-LSPs into a whole LSP. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the FPR scheme outperforms the other two typical restoration schemes in terms of connection setup time.     

An optimal protection and restoration scheme (OPARS) for optical networks

Protection and restoration are critical network design issues for optical networks since even a single failure for a short duration may result in huge data loss due to the large capacity of optical fibers. However, few studies have been done on these issues for optical burst switching (OBS) networks. Protection and restoration are essential mechanisms for guaranteeing more reliable traffic delivery services. But it is not easy to apply existing mechanisms to optical burst switching (OBS) networks due to its one-way reservation signaling and the statistical burst multiplexing. Thus, to achieve the high transmission performance and reliability simultaneously, unique properties of OBS must be considered in the design of protection scheme. In this paper, an optimal protection and restoration scheme (OPARS) has been introduced that not only optimizes the number of provisioned protection wavelengths adaptively based on the traffic load as well as the quality of service (QoS) requirements of bursts in high speed networks but also minimizes burst loss rates. In addition, the proposed scheme has been used as an efficient contention resolution technique. The simulation results verify that the proposed scheme improve the network resource and channel utilization while guaranteeing the targeted protection reliability and QoS requirements of bursts.     

Methods for scalable optical quantum computation

We propose a scalable method for implementing linear optics quantum computation using the "linked-state" approach. Our method avoids the two-dimensional spread of errors occurring in the preparation of the linked state. Consequently, a proof is given for the scalability of this modified linked-state model, and an exact expression for the efficiency of the method is obtained. Moreover, a considerable improvement in the efficiency, relative to the original linked-state method, is achieved. The proposed method is applicable to Nielsen's optical "cluster-state" approach as well.     

Limited path percolation in complex networks

We study the stability of network communication after removal of a fraction q=1-p of links under the assumption that communication is effective only if the shortest path between nodes i and j after removal is shorter than al(ij)(a> or =1) where l(ij) is the shortest path before removal. For a large class of networks, we find analytically and numerically a new percolation transition at p(c)=(kappa(0)-1)((1-a)/a), where kappa(0) [triple bond] / and k is the node degree. Above p(c), order N nodes can communicate within the limited path length al(ij), while below p(c), N(delta) (delta<1) nodes can communicate. We expect our results to influence network design, routing algorithms, and immunization strategies, where short paths are most relevant.     

Boundary element method for bandgap computation of photonic crystals

A boundary element method for computing bandgap structures of two-dimensional photonic crystals is developed. For photonic crystals composed of a square or triangular lattice of parallel cylinders with arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, the boundary integral equations are formulated for a unit cell. Constant boundary elements are adopted to discretize the boundaries. Applying the periodic boundary conditions and the interface conditions, we obtain a linear eigenvalue equation with relatively small matrices. The solution of the eigenvalue equation yields the Bloch wave vectors for given frequencies. The convergence of the method for the desired accuracy and efficiency is examined by some typical numerical examples. It is shown that the present method is efficient and accurate and thus provides a flexible treatment of electromagnetic waves in periodic structures with inclusions of arbitrary shape.     

Prospects for octopus rhodopsin utilization in optical and quantum computation

Visual membranes of octopus, whose main component is the light-sensitive signal transducer octopus rhodopsin (octR), are extremely highly ordered, easily capture single photons, and are sensitive to light polarization, which shows their high potential for use as a QC detector. However, artificial membranes made of octR are neither highly enough ordered nor stable, while the bacterial homolog of octR, bacteriorhodopsin (bR), having the same topology as octR, forms both stable and ordered artificial membranes but lacks the optical properties important for optical QC. In this study, we investigate the structural basis for ordering of the two proteins in membranes in terms of crystallization behavior. We compare the atomic resolution 3D structures of octR and bR and show the possibility for structural bR/octR interconversion by mutagenesis. We also show that the use of (nano)biotechnology can allow (1) high-precision manipulation of the light acceptor, retinal, including converting its surrounding into that of bacterial rhodopsin, the protein already used in optical-computation devices and (2) development of multicomponent and highly regular 2D structures with a high potential for being efficient optical QC detectors. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Fast restoration scheme for MPLS-TP enabled optical multicast

To improve the restoration performance of a multicast service of multi-protocol label switching transport profile （MPLS-TP） enabled optical network,this letter proposes a local-node initiated fast restoration （LNIFR） scheme for MPLS-TP optical multicast service.The proposed scheme allows the local node to establish a segment of fast loopback label switch path by the local node along the upstream of the failed node or link to the nearest downstream node.The fast restoration of optical multicast trees is realized through this part restoration,which focuses on failed node or link.Simulation analysis and results demonstrate that the new scheme outperforms the other schemes in terms of restoration time and success rate.     

一种用于制作数字合成全息图的光学全息元件

介绍了两种新型的应用于数字合成全息图的光学全息元件——全息柱面镜的制作原理及方法,并研究了其性能情况,表明全息柱面镜可以将光散射在焦平面上并且不会破坏图像的平面特征,可以有效改进图像质量提高光能利用率。     

Advanced multifunctional optical switch for multimode optical fiber networks

In this work, an advanced multifunctional optical switch based on multimode fibers is proposed. It can work as a 3 × 1 optical multiplexer/combiner, a 2 × 2 optical switch, a variable optical attenuator and a variable optical power splitter. All these functionalities can be developed in the same device without any hardware modification, only by using the proper ports and control electronics.The proposed switch has been developed for being used in the visible and near infrared wavelength range: 450–650 nm for optical fiber automobile applications, 650–850 nm for home broadband applications; and 850–1300 nm for multimode fiber access networks. Up to three different types of twisted nematic liquid crystal cells have been designed and fabricated for fulfilling these different wavelength ranges as part of the proposed device.The multifunctional switch has been implemented and experimentally tested. Crosstalk usually better than ? 15 dB at 532 nm, 660 nm and 850 nm, in any state has been measured. Switching is achieved at voltage levels of 4 Vrms. Fiber to fiber insertion losses when operating as a 2 × 2 optical switch, range from 10 to 15 dB within 200 nm wavelength range; with a non-optimized optics for collimation and coupling.     

Provisioning for restorable WDM optical networks

Restoration is a very critical issue in WDM optical networks. Provisioning also plays a great role in the networks because it deals with resource allocation. In this paper, we have presented two provisioning strategies for restorable networks: unity link weight strategy and varying link weight strategy. The strategies are implemented for critical applications which require 100% degree of survivability. The simulation is done using different proportionate of resources for working and restoration lightpaths. The simulated results show that the performance of the unity link weight strategy is much better than the varying link weight strategy in terms of resource requirement and blocking probability.     

Self-referenced method for optical path difference calibration in low-coherence interferometry

A simple method for the calibration of optical path difference modulation in low-coherence interferometry is presented. Spectrally filtering a part of the detected interference signal results in a high-coherence signal that encodes the scan imperfections and permits their correction. The method is self-referenced in the sense that no secondary high-coherence light source is necessary. Using a spectrometer setup for spectral filtering allows for flexibility in both the choice of calibration wavelength and the maximum scan range. To demonstrate the method's usefulness, it is combined with a recently published digital spectral shaping technique to measure the thickness of a pellicle beam splitter with a white-light source.     

Symbolic dynamics and computation in model gene networks

We analyze a class of ordinary differential equations representing a simplified model of a genetic network. In this network, the model genes control the production rates of other genes by a logical function. The dynamics in these equations are represented by a directed graph on an n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube) in which each edge is directed in a unique orientation. The vertices of the n-cube correspond to orthants of state space, and the edges correspond to boundaries between adjacent orthants. The dynamics in these equations can be represented symbolically. Starting from a point on the boundary between neighboring orthants, the equation is integrated until the boundary is crossed for a second time. Each different cycle, corresponding to a different sequence of orthants that are traversed during the integration of the equation always starting on a boundary and ending the first time that same boundary is reached, generates a different letter of the alphabet. A word consists of a sequence of letters corresponding to a possible sequence of orthants that arise from integration of the equation starting and ending on the same boundary. The union of the words defines the language. Letters and words correspond to analytically computable Poincare maps of the equation. This formalism allows us to define bifurcations of chaotic dynamics of the differential equation that correspond to changes in the associated language. Qualitative knowledge about the dynamics found by integrating the equation can be used to help solve the inverse problem of determining the underlying network generating the dynamics. This work places the study of dynamics in genetic networks in a context comprising both nonlinear dynamics and the theory of computation. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

A three-beam interferometer for studying small optical path differences

A three-beam interferometer has been designed for studying small refractive index changes in liquids emanating from concentration or temperature variations. By allowing the central beam to pass the test region twice a high sensitivity could be obtained while the setting error could be kept as low as λ/125 by a simple visual evaluation under a travelling microscope.     

远焦型变焦距物镜的光组组合计算

介绍远焦型变焦距物镜的光学原理及光组组合计算方法,导出了高斯解计算公式。