Initial Development of the Prefracture Zone Near the Tip of a Crack Reaching the Interface Between Dissimilar Media

The Wiener–Hopf method is used to analyze, within the framework of a plane static problem, the prefracture zone near the tip of a mode I crack reaching the interface separating two isotropic media and containing a corner point     

闪长岩单轴加载过程中声发射和弹性波速度变化规律的研究

为研究闪长岩在单轴加载过程中的声发射和各向波速变化规律,在单轴阶段加载和循环阶段加载条件下,对闪长岩岩样破裂过程中的声发射累计数、不同应力水平不同方向的波速、切线模量、轴向应变速率进行了研究。实验结果表明:(1)随着应力水平的增高,声发射事件数不断增加,在高应力水平(约80%峰值强度)时,声发射累计数急剧增多,随后切线模量出现震荡变化。(2)在加载过程中,压密程度及裂纹扩展方向对波速产生了巨大的影响,导致不同方向波速在不同的应力水平呈现出不同的变化规律,由此可以推测破裂面位置和破裂模式。在较高应力水平下(约60%峰值强度),平行于加载方向的波速趋于稳定,而垂直于加载方向的波速则持续下降,故用垂直于加载方向传播的波速预测岩石的破坏更具可靠性。(3)随着应力的增加,应变速率有逐渐减小的趋势,但临近岩石破裂时无异常变化出现,说明利用变形观测难以预测此类岩石的破坏。以上研究表明,根据纵波波速、声发射累计数和切线模量的变化可以有效预测岩石的破坏。     

Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Development of Turbulent Mixing in a Gas Layering in Passage of a Shock Wave

The experimental data and the results of direct numerical simulation of the flow developed in a constant-cross-section tube in passage of a shock wave through a three-layer gas system are presented. The three-layer systemis formed as a result ofmounting two thin films in the tube and filling the space between them with gases of different densities. The first interface (thin film) makes an angle of 45? with the shock front and the second interface is located in parallel to the front. The shock wave is formed at the left tube end and moves towards the first interface at the Mach number M = 2.4. The results of simulation of the problem are compared with the experimental data.     

An Experimental Database for Benchmarking Simulations of Turbulent Premixed Reacting Flows: Lean Extinction Limits and Velocity Field Measurements in a Dump Combustor

This contribution is aimed at drawing the attention of the computational fluid dynamics community on the availability of an experimental database regarding turbulent lean premixed prevaporised (LPP) reacting flows stabilised behind a double symmetric, plane sudden expansion fed by two fully developed turbulent channel flows of air plus propane. This flow configuration can be thought of as a relevant benchmark for testing turbulence and/or combustion models aimed at helping for the design of reliable LPP combustion chambers. This database contains a large amount of raw and processed data regarding essentially the velocity field for one inert and three different reacting flows configurations. Additional pieces of information are available and concern the lean extinction properties and the wall static pressure evolution in the feeding channels. For the reacting flows, the presence of a large scale coherent motion is clearly visible in the velocity spectra and it is shown how a data processing based on the semi-deterministic approach that decomposes the velocity signal into the sum of its steady time average, its coherent fluctuations and its stochastic fluctuations can permit to evaluate their respective contribution to the total velocity fluctuations.     

Thermal-drag and Transition from Quasi-steady to Highly-unsteady Combustion of a Fuel Droplet in the Presence of Upstream Velocity Oscillations

Numerical studies on the behaviors of combustion of 1-butanol fuel droplet at presence of upstream velocity oscillation are performed. Fuel droplet has an initial diameter of 1.25 mm and ambiance pressure and temperature are 0.4 MPa and 300 K, respectively. These conditions are those in which the microgravity experiments in literature conducted. In the excellent agreement with the experimental data, numerical results show a significant enhancement of the burning rate of droplet compared to what is predicted by quasi-steady film theory models. The mechanism of the enhancement of burning rate is clarified then by observation of a new mechanism that is named thermal-drag, TD. It is shown, depending on the amplitude and frequency of the upstream velocity oscillation, the flame in wake region of droplet can move toward the droplet surface by the force of vortex flow motions produced by the TD mechanism. It is verified that such movement of the flame is responsible for the enhancement of the burning rate and deviation of the response of the evaporation process form the predictions of the quasi-steady model. Frequency analysis of the burning rate reveals that at low frequency and amplitude the FFT diagram of the burning rate contains of only one main peak synchronies with the frequency of upstream velocity oscillation, which implies a quasi-steady response. However; at high frequency and amplitude the diagram includes of wide range of frequencies beside of the main peak that readily shows deviation from the quasi-steady conditions. In the latter, the study on the response of the combustion to the upstream velocity fluctuations in which the fluctuations contains of three wave numbers shows the amplification of the effects of low frequency fluctuations rather than that of damping of the effects of high frequency fluctuations on the evaporation processes.     

湿热环境下FRP加固RC构件耐久性实验方法研究

现有的耐久性实验方法没有体现环境与载荷的耦合作用,这与桥梁结构等主要承载构件的服役条件差异较大,会导致实验结果与实际构件的耐久性有较大的出入。为了能较真实地模拟桥梁的主要承载构件的服役状况,本文以在亚热带湿热环境下服役的钢筋混凝土(RC)桥梁为对象,探讨温度和湿度的周期变化规律、以及桥梁的活载(车辆载荷)的统计特性。初步提出了服役环境与载荷耦合作用的仿真及实验方法,构筑和集成了实验系统,为湿热环境与车辆荷载(随机载荷)耦合作用下构件的耐久性研究提供了初步的实验方法和平台。     

Experimental study and mathematical simulation of the characteristics of a turbulent flow in a straight circular pipe rotating about its longitudinal axis

The vorticity formed in the cross section of a turbulent flow in a straight circular pipe rotating about its longitudinal axis decreases the values of the turbulent stresses, turbulence energy, and dissipation rate along the pipe. The results of laboratory experiments and calculations by the second-order closure model of turbulent transfer are presented. On the whole, the model using a system of transport equations yields better agreement with experimental data than the models with algebraic relations for second-order moments. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 103–116, March–April, 1998.     

Similarity Laws for the Velocity Distribution and the Reynolds Tensor Components in the Wall Region of a Turbulent Boundary Layer with Injection and Suction

Similarity laws of the distributions of the average velocity, tangential stress, and mean-square transverse velocity fluctuation are established in an intermediate zone of a turbulent boundary layer with injection and suction. This zone is located in the neighborhood of the wall outside the viscous sublayer. The similarity relationship for the velocity profile is a generalization of the well-known logarithmic law to include the case of the presence of a mass flow at the wall.     

Approximate method for determining the momentum in a wedge-shaped notch with the instantaneous dispersion of a thin layer of matter from its surface

The article proposes a geometric method, based on the superposition of elementary momenta with the repeated reflection of particles scattered from the surface of the notch. The results of the calculation are in good agreement with experiment.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 159–163, September–October, 1974.     

An Analytical Solution and Nonlinear Regression Analysis for Sandface Temperature Transient Data in the Presence of a Near-Wellbore Damaged Zone

Throughout this study, we present a dual-continuum model of transport of the natural gas in shale formations. The model includes several physical mechanisms such as diffusion, adsorption and rock stress sensitivity. The slippage has a clear effect in the low-permeability formations which can be described by the apparent permeability. The adsorption mechanism has been modeled by the Langmuir isotherm. The porosity-stress model has been used to describe stress state of the rocks. The thermodynamics deviation factor is calculated using the equation of state of Peng–Robinson. The governing differential system has been solved numerically using the mixed finite element method (MFEM). The stability of the MFEM has been investigated theoretically and numerically. A semi-implicit scheme is employed to solve the two coupled pressure equations, while the thermodynamic calculations are conducted explicitly. Moreover, numerical experiments are performed under the corresponding physical parameters of the model. Some represented results are shown in graphs including the rates of production as well as the pressures and the apparent permeability profiles.

     

Experimental investigation of convective flows in a plane horizontal fluid layer heated from below and rotating about the vertical axis

The convective coherent structures in a plane horizontal fluid layer, heated from below and capable of rotation about the vertical axis, are experimentally investigated. It is shown that with increase in the supercriticality the time it takes for the convective structures to be formed decreases sharply. Rotation and an increase in the layer thickness-to-diameter ratio lead to an increase in the steady-state attainment time.     

Numerical and Experimental Studies of a Conical Striker Application for the Achievement of a True and Nominal Constant Strain Rate in SHPB Tests

The problem of ensuring both nominal and true constant strain rate in the split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment was considered through the application of the conical striker for 316 L steel specimen. The experimentally confirmed results from numerical analyses indicate that the application of a conical striker with the determined apex angle for the given experimental conditions is a good method for achieving a constant value of the strain rate. Moreover, the results of the study showed that the value of the striker apex angle has the greatest influence on the mechanical response of the specimen material. In turn, the impact velocity slightly affects the value of the striker apex angle.     

Slow flow of gas past a strongly heated sphere in the presence of blowing and evaporation from its surface

A solution is obtained to the problem of the simultaneous influence of blowing (evaporation) and large temperature differences on the flow past a sphere and on the force acting on it with allowance for the Burnett thermal stresses in the momentum equation. It is assumed that the Reynolds numbers calculated using the blowing velocity and the velocity of the oncoming flow, respectively, have the order Re_w 1 and Re 1. The temperature difference is determined by the boundary conditions, namely, a constant temperature T_w T on the surface of the sphere (VT/T 1). The problem is solved by the method of matched asymptotic expansions with respect to the small parameter Re. The equations reduce to a system of ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically by the orthogonal sweep method [1]. It is found that under certain conditions the drag of the sphere can become negative.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 128–134, July–August, 1982.I thank O. G. Fridlender for valuable advice and interest in the work.     

Application of a POD-Galerkin based method to time resolved and time unresolved data for the determination of the Convective Velocity of Large-Scale Coherent Structures in High Speed Flows

Motivated by the aero-acoustic feedback loop phenomenon in high speed free jets and impinging jets, a thorough examination of a POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition)-Galerkin method to determine the average convection velocity of coherent structures in the shear layer is presented in this paper. The technique is shown to be applicable to both time resolved as well as time unresolved data, if the data set meets certain requirements. Using a detailed sensitivity analysis on a synthetic data set, a quantitative estimate on the required time resolution for the technique has been found, which can be useful for both experimental, as well as numerical studies investigating the aero-acoustic feedback loop in high speed flows. Moreover, some innovative ways to apply the technique are also demonstrated using a simulated data set, showing the effectiveness of the technique to any general problem in supersonic jets, heat transfer, combustion or other areas in fluid mechanics, where an advection process can be identified.     

Experimental investigation of vortex formation in the wake of a flat plate for subsonic and supersonic freestream Mach numbers

The wake of a flat plate with thickness H = 6 mm whose surface was either smooth or rough by pasting smooth or rough paper on to it was investigated with optical methods. The studies showed that for supersonic freestream Mach numbers the wake of the smooth flat plate seems to be turbulent in the observation field. In contrast the wake of the rough plate can exhibit a vortex street if certain conditions are met. The most important parameters are the roughness of the paper and the distance from the location where the rough paper ends to the trailing edge, abbreviated with d. It turned out that a vortex street develops in the wake if the roughness exceeds a critical value and if the distance d is of the order of some millimeters. If these conditions are not met the wake of the rough plate is turbulent in the observation field. The dependence of the vortex formation upon the Mach number, the roughness and the distance d was investigated with holographic interferometry, two component laser-Doppler-anemometry and a laser-optics for measuring the vortex shedding frequency.     

A general solution for Stokes flow and its application to the problem of a rigid plate translating in a fluid

A general solution for 3D Stokes flow is given which is different from, and more compact than the existing ones and more compact than them in that it involves only two scalar harmonic functions. The general solution deduced is combined with the potential theory method to study the Stokes flow induced by a rigid plate of arbitrary shape translating along the direction normal to it in an unbounded fluid.The boundary integral equation governing this problem is derived. When the plate is elliptic, exact analytical results are obtained not only for the drag force but also for the velocity distributions. These results include and complete the ones available for a circular plate. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the main results for circular and elliptic plates. In particular, the elliptic eccentricity of a plate is shown to exhibit significant influences.     

柴油舱组集中透气管燃爆危险性及阻隔防爆技术

对常温常压下柴油舱组集中透气管中柴油蒸汽的燃爆危险性以及阻隔防爆技术的抑爆效能开展了实验研究。利用nac HX-3高速相机和CY-YD-205压力传感器记录燃爆传播过程和爆炸超压,阻隔防爆装置分别采用新型抑爆小球和普通波纹型阻火器。结果表明:常温常压下,一旦柴油油舱发生爆炸,爆炸火球可以通过透气管传播到相邻油舱,并引起二次爆炸,具有较大的危险性;普通波纹型阻火器在爆炸过程中阻火失效,而新型抑爆小球具有较好的抑爆效果;相对于光滑透气管工况,在点火舱上方安装抑爆小球后,被点火舱内的最大爆炸超压可以显著地从552.5 kPa降低到35.0 kPa;抑爆小球的中空多孔结构是其阻隔防爆的关键,多孔结构不仅可以增大比表面积、扩大热损失,而且还可以有效地分割削弱反应面。