Ultrafast hydrogen bond strengthening of the photoexcited fluorenone in alcohols for facilitating the fluorescence quenching

The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was performed to investigate the excited-state hydrogen-bonding dynamics of fluorenone (FN) in hydrogen donating methanol (MeOH) solvent. The infrared spectra of the hydrogen-bonded FN-MeOH complex in both the ground state and the electronically excited states are calculated using the TDDFT method, since the ultrafast hydrogen-bonding dynamics can be investigated by monitoring the vibrational absorption spectra of some hydrogen-bonded groups in different electronic states. We demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C=O...H-O between fluorenone and methanol molecules is significantly strengthened in the electronically excited-state upon photoexcitation of the hydrogen-bonded FM-MeOH complex. The hydrogen bond strengthening in electronically excited states can be used to explain well all the spectral features of fluorenone chromophore in alcoholic solvents. Furthermore, the radiationless deactivation via internal conversion (IC) can be facilitated by the hydrogen bond strengthening in the excited state. At the same time, quantum yields of the excited-state deactivation via fluorescence are correspondingly decreased. Therefore, the total fluorescence of fluorenone in polar protic solvents can be drastically quenched by hydrogen bonding.     

Ultrafast intermolecular hydrogen bond dynamics in the excited state of fluorenone

Steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved absorption measurements in pico- and femtosecond time domain have been used to investigate the dynamics of hydrogen bond in the excited singlet (S(1)) state of fluorenone in alcoholic solvents. A comparison of the features of the steady-state fluorescence spectra of fluorenone in various kinds of media demonstrates that two spectroscopically distinct forms of fluorenone in the S(1) state, namely the non-hydrogen-bonded (or free) molecule as well as the hydrogen-bonded complex, are responsible for the dual-fluorescence behavior of fluorenone in solutions of normal alcoholic solvents at room temperature (298 K). However, in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), a strong hydrogen bond donating solvent, emission from only the hydrogen-bonded complex is observed. Significant differences have also been observed in the temporal evolution of the absorption spectroscopic properties of the S(1) state of fluorenone in protic and aprotic solvents following photoexcitation using 400 nm laser pulses. An ultrafast component representing the solvent-induced vibrational energy relaxation (VER) process has been associated with the dynamics of the S(1) state of fluorenone in all kinds of solvents. However, in protic solvents, in addition to the VER process, further evolution of the spectroscopic and dynamical properties of the S(1) state have been observed because of repositioning of the hydrogen bonds around the carbonyl group. In normal alcohols, two different kinds of hydrogen-bonded complex of the fluorenone-alcohol system with different orientations of the hydrogen bond with respect to the carbonyl group and the molecular plane of fluorenone have been predicted. On the other hand, in TFE, formation of only one kind of hydrogen-bonded complex has been observed. These observations have been supported by theoretical calculations of the geometries of the hydrogen-bonded complexes in the ground and the excited states of fluorenone. Linear correlation between the lifetimes of the equilibration process occurring because of repositioning of the hydrogen bonds and Debye or longitudinal relaxation times of the normal alcoholic solvents establish the fact that, in weakly hydrogen bond donating solvents, the hydrogen bond dynamics can be described as merely a solvation process. Whereas, in TFE, hydrogen bond dynamics is better described by a process of conversion between two distinct excited states, namely, the non-hydrogen-bonded form and the hydrogen-bonded complex.     

Hydrogen bond formation between 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and aliphatic alcohols

The photophysics of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) has been investigated in different solvents in the presence of aliphatic and fluorinated aliphatic alcohols, respectively. For most systems, consecutive two-step hydrogen-bonded complex formation is observed in the presence of alcohols. Equilibrium constants are determined from UV spectroscopic results for the formation of singly and doubly complexed species. The resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra for the singly and doubly complexed DMAP are derived by means of the equilibrium constants. Exceptionally large hydrogen bond basicity values are found for the ground and singlet excited DMAP molecules. In n-hexane, as a consequence of complex formation, the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) emission becomes dominant over of the locally excited fluorescence; the fluorescence and triplet yields increase considerably with complexation. In polar solvents, both the fluorescence and triplet yields of the complex are much smaller than that of the uncomplexed DMAP. The dipole moments derived for the singly complexed species from the Lippert-Mataga analysis are much larger than those of the uncomplexed molecules. However, for the relaxed ICT excited-state one obtains different dipole moments in apolar and polar solvents. This may be explained by a conformational change of the molecule in the ICT excited state from planar geometry in apolar solvent to the perpendicular structure (characterized with bigger dipole moment) in polar solvent.     

Time-dependent density functional theory study on hydrogen-bonded intramolecular charge-transfer excited state of 4-dimethylamino-benzonitrile in methanol

The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was carried out to investigate the hydrogen-bonded intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) excited state of 4-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) in methanol (MeOH) solvent. We demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C[triple bond]N...H-O formed between DMABN and MeOH can induce the C[triple bond]N stretching mode shift to the blue in both the ground state and the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state of DMABN. Therefore, the two components at 2091 and 2109 cm(-1) observed in the time-resolved infrared (TRIR) absorption spectra of DMABN in MeOH solvent were reassigned in this work. The hydrogen-bonded TICT state should correspond to the blue-side component at 2109 cm(-1), whereas not the red-side component at 2091 cm(-1) designated in the previous study. It was also demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C[triple bond]N...H-O is significantly strengthened in the TICT state. The intermolecular hydrogen bond strengthening in the TICT state can facilitate the deactivation of the excited state via internal conversion (IC), and thus account for the fluorescence quenching of DMABN in protic solvents. Furthermore, the dynamic equilibrium of these electronically excited states is explained by the hydrogen bond strengthening in the TICT state.     

A TD-DFT study on the hydrogen bonding of three esculetin complexes in electronically excited states: strengthening and weakening

Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method was used to study the excited-state hydrogen bonding of three esculetin complexes formed with aprotic solvents. The geometric structures, molecular orbitals (MOs), electronic spectra and the infrared (IR) spectra of the three doubly hydrogen-bonded complexes formed by esculetin and aprotic solvents dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahyrofuran (THF) and acetonitrile (ACN) in both ground state S(0) and the first singlet excited state S(1) were calculated by the combined DFT and TD-DFT methods with the COSMO solvation model. Two intermolecular hydrogen bonds can be formed between esculetin and the aprotic solvent in each hydrogen-bonded complex. Based on the calculated bond lengths of the hydrogen bonds and the groups involved in the formation of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in different electronic states, it is demonstrated that one of the two hydrogen bonds formed in each hydrogen-bonded complex is strengthened while the other one is weakened upon photoexcitation. Furthermore, it is found that the strength of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed in the three complexes becomes weaker as the solvents change from DMSO, via THF, to ACN, which is suggested to be due to the decrease of the hydrogen bond accepting (HBA) ability of the solvents. The spectral shifts of the calculated IR spectra further confirm the strengthening and weakening of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds upon the electronic excitation. The variations of the intermolecular hydrogen bond strengths in both S(0) and S(1) states are proposed to be the main reasons for the gradual spectral shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra both theoretically and experimentally.     

Fluorescence quenching phenomena facilitated by excited-state hydrogen bond strengthening for fluorenone derivatives in alcohols

Spectroscopic studies on benzo[b]fluorenone (BF) solvatochromism in several aprotic and alcoholic solvents have been performed to investigate the fluorescence quenching by hydrogen bonding and proposed a weaker ability to form intermolecular hydrogen bond of BF than fluorenone (FN). In this work, the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method was used to study the excited-state hydrogen bonding of both FN and BF in ethanol (EtOH) solvent. As a result, it is demonstrated by our theoretical calculations that the hydrogen bond of BF–EtOH complex is almost identical with that of FN–EtOH. Moreover, the fluorescence quantum yields of FN and BF in the alcoholic solvent is efficiently dependent on the energy gap between the lowest excited singlet state (fluorescent state) and ground state, which can be used to explain the fluorescence quenching by the excited-state hydrogen bond strengthening.     

Time-dependent density functional theory study on electronically excited States of coumarin 102 chromophore in aniline solvent: reconsideration of the electronic excited-state hydrogen-bonding dynamics

The time-dependent density functional theory method was performed to investigate the electronically excited states of the hydrogen-bonded complex formed by coumarin 102 (C102) chromophore and the hydrogen-donating aniline solvent. At the same time, the electronic excited-state hydrogen-bonding dynamics for the photoexcited C102 chromophore in solution was also reconsidered. We demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond CO...H-N between C102 and aniline molecules is significantly strengthened in the electronically excited-state upon photoexcitation, since the calculated hydrogen bond energy increases from 25.96 kJ/mol in the ground state to 37.27 kJ/mol in the electronically excited state. Furthermore, the infrared spectra of the hydrogen-bonded C102-aniline complex in both the ground state and the electronically excited state were also calculated. The hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited-state was confirmed for the first time by monitoring the spectral shift of the stretching vibrational mode of the hydrogen-bonded N-H group in different electronic states. Therefore, we believed that the dispute about the intermolecular hydrogen bond cleavage or strengthening in the electronically excited-state of coumarin 102 chromophore in hydrogen donating solvents has been clarified by our studies.     

Impact of Hydrogen Bonding on the Fluorescence of N‐Amidinated Fluoroquinolones

The fluorescence properties of AIE‐active N‐amidinated fluoroquinolones, efficiently obtained by a perfluoroaryl azide–aldehyde–amine reaction, have been studied. The fluorophores were discovered to elicit a highly sensitive fluorescence quenching response towards guest molecules with hydrogen‐bond‐donating ability. This effect was evaluated in a range of protic/aprotic solvents with different H‐bonding capabilities, and also in aqueous media. The influence of acid/base was furthermore addressed. The hydrogen‐bonding interactions were studied by IR, NMR, UV/Vis and time‐resolved fluorescence decay, revealing their roles in quenching of the fluorescence emission. Due to the pronounced quenching property of water, the N‐amidinated fluoroquinolones could be utilized as fluorescent probes for quantifying trace amount of water in organic solvents.     

发光共价有机骨架LCOF-NDT1荧光识别甲醛的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT),探究了发光共价有机骨架LCOF-NDT1与甲醛之间的分叉氢键作用.发现LCOF-NDT1与甲醛氢键作用后发光机理发生改变.氢键复合物的电子激发能减小,激发态下的氢键键长变短,氢键质子供体的~1H-NMR移向高场,氢键质子供体和受体的振动频率发生红移,均表明电子激发态下的氢键增强.氢键复合物的荧光速率系数减小,内转换速率系数增大,阐明电子激发态下氢键的增强有利于非辐射跃迁,不利于辐射跃迁,从而导致LCOF-NDT1荧光减弱或猝灭.计算结果表明LCOF-NDT1在荧光识别甲醛方面有潜在的应用前景.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF A TETRAHYDROCHRYSENE SYSTEM CONTAINING A RIGIDIFIED HYDROXYNITROSTILBENE CHROMOPHORE: AN INHERENTLY FLUORESCENT LIGAND DESIGNED FOR THE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR

Abstract— A tetrahydrochrysene system that embodies a hydroxy- and nitro-substituted stilbene chromophore held rigidly near planarity by the tetracyclic nature of the compound was prepared as a fluorescent ligand for the estrogen receptor. It shows strong solvent-dependent fluorescence at long wavelengths. The solvent polarity dependence suggests that the fluorescence arises from an excited state with much nπ* character in cyclohexane; stronger emission comes from an intramolecular charge transfer state that has lower energy in more polar solvents, and finally progressive quenching of the charge transfer state occurs in solvents of higher polarity. The quenching effect is particularly evident in protic solvents. In water, however, the compound shows fluorescence of unusually high energy for an intramolecular charge transfer state, which suggests that photochemistry may be occurring. In solutions of gamma-cyclodextrin, emission from the nitrotetrahydrochrysene is red shifted and intensified relative to water. Photobleaching occurs in H₂O but not in ethanol or gamma-cyclodextrin solution. The change in dipole moment between the ground and excited states for the nitrochrysene is 12.9 D, similar to our previous measurements for related nitrostilbenes. The compound displays red-shifted emission in triethylamine, perhaps due to an excited state hydrogen-bonded complex, The absorption and emission properties of the corresponding nitrophenolate were also studied. The nitrophenolate exhibits reverse solvatochromism in its absorption spectra. In conclusion, the high sensitivity of the emission energy and quantum yield of the title compound make it of potential utility as a fluorescent probe.     

Newly synthesized polybenzoxazole derivative with an adjacent hydroxyphenyl ring for optical sensing

A photoluminescent polymer with a 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole unit in the molecular main chain was synthesized through the deprotection reaction of a precursor polymer. The amorphous, conjugated polymer emitted green light, both in solution and as a solid, with a fluorescence emission maximum at 518 nm from an excited keto tautomer because of excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer. The polymer showed different fluorescence emission spectra in solvents with different polarities because of intramolecular hydrogen‐bond interruption. The intramolecular hydrogen‐bond‐induced emission change was successfully used as a sensitive sensing signal for metal cations as expected, the polymer acting as a fluorescence‐based chemosensor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1397–1403, 2005     

S2 fluorescence and ultrafast relaxation dynamics of the S2 and S1 states of a ketocyanine dye

Dynamics of the excited singlet (both the S2 and S1) states of a ketocyanine dye, namely, 2,5-bis[(2,3-dihydroindolyl)-propylene]-cyclopentanone (KCD), have been investigated in different kinds of media using steady-state absorption and emission as well as femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic techniques. Steady-state fluorescence measurements, following photoexcitation of KCD to its second excited singlet state, reveal dual fluorescence (emission from both the S2 and S1 states) behavior. Although the intensity of the S2 --> S0 fluorescence is weaker than that of the S1 --> S0 fluorescence in solutions at room temperature (298 K), the former becomes as much as or more intense than the latter in rigid matrixes at 77 K. The lifetime of the S2 state is short and varies between 0.2 and 0.6 ps in different solvents. After its creation, the S2 state undergoes two simultaneous processes, namely, S2 --> S0 fluorescence and S2 --> S1 internal conversion. Time-resolved measurements reveal the presence of an ultrafast component in the decay dynamics of the S1 state. A good correlation between the lifetime of this component and the longitudinal relaxation times (tauL) of the solvents suggests that this component arises due to solvation in polar solvents. More significant evolution of the spectroscopic properties of the S1 state in alcoholic solvents in the ultrafast time domain has been explained by the occurrence of the repositioning of the hydrogen bonds around the carbonyl group in the excited state of KCD. In 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, a strongly hydrogen bond donating solvent, it has even been possible to establish the existence of two distinct forms of the S1 state, namely, the non-hydrogen-bonded (or free) molecule and the hydrogen-bonded complex.     

Revisiting the electronic excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of coumarin chromophore in alcohols: Undoubtedly strengthened not cleaved

In the present work, the electronic excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of coumarin chromophore in alcohols is revisited. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method has been performed to investigate the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between Coumarin 151 (C151) and methanol (MeOH) solvent in the electronic excited state. Three types of intermolecular hydrogen bonds can be formed in the hydrogen-bonded C151–(MeOH)₃ complex. We have demonstrated again that intermolecular hydrogen bonds between C151 and methanol molecules can be significantly strengthened upon photoexcitation to the electronically excited state of C151 chromophore. Our results are consistent with the intermolecular hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited state of Coumarin 102 in alcoholic solvents, which has been demonstrated for the first time by Zhao et al. At the same time, the electronic excited-state hydrogen bond cleavage mechanism of photoexcited coumarin chromophores in alcohols proposed in some other studies about the hydrogen bonding dynamics is undoubtedly excluded. Hence, we believe that the two contrary dynamic mechanisms for intermolecular hydrogen bonding in electronically excited states of coumarin chromophores in alcohols are clarified here.     

Site-selective photoinduced electron transfer from alcoholic solvents to the chromophore facilitated by hydrogen bonding: a new fluorescence quenching mechanism

Solute-solvent intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer (ET) reaction was proposed to account for the drastic fluorescence quenching behaviors of oxazine 750 (OX750) chromophore in protic alcoholic solvents. According to our theoretical calculations for the hydrogen-bonded OX750-(alcohol)(n) complexes using the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method, we demonstrated that the ET reaction takes place from the alcoholic solvents to the chromophore and the intermolecular ET passing through the site-specific intermolecular hydrogen bonds exhibits an unambiguous site selectivity. In our motivated experiments of femtosecond time-resolved stimulated emission pumping fluorescence depletion spectroscopy (FS TR SEP FD), it could be noted that the ultrafast ET reaction takes place as fast as 200 fs. This ultrafast intermolecular photoinduced ET is much faster than the diffusive solvation process, and even significantly faster than the intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) process of the OX750 chromophore. Therefore, the ultrafast intermolecular ET should be coupled with the hydrogen-bonding dynamics occurring in the sub-picosecond time domain. We theoretically demonstrated for the first time that the selected hydrogen bonds are transiently strengthened in the excited states for facilitating the ultrafast solute-solvent intermolecular ET reaction.     

Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions between Harmane and Pyridine in the Ground and Lowest Excited Singlet States

Abstract— A spectroscopic (UV-visible, Fourier transform IR, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence) study of hydrogen-bonding interactions between harmane (1-meth-yl-9H-pyrido/3,4- b /indole) and pyridine in the ground and lowest excited singlet state is reported. In low polar and weakly or nonhydrogen-bonding solvents, such as cy-clohexane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, toluene and benzene, the analysis of the spectroscopic data indicates that harmane and pyridine form 1:1 stoichiometric hydrogen-bonded complexes in both the ground and singlet excited states. The formation constants of the complexes are greater in the excited than in the ground state. Hydrogen-bonding interaction in the excited state is essential for the quenching of the fluorescence of harmane by pyridine. The stabilities of the hydrogen-bonded complexes between harmane and pyridine diminish as the polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent increase.     

Mechanisms of fluorescence quenching by hydrogen bonding in various aza aromatics

Two different mechanisms seem to be responsible for the fluorescence quenching of pyridylindoles by alcohols and pyridine. In alcohols, photoexcitation of a cyclic hydrogen-bonded complex may lead to a double proton transfer which, in turn, stabilizes an intramolecular charge transfer state. Fast non-radiative transition to the ground state may then occur. In pyridine, which may form a hydrogen bond to the indole NH group, an electron transfer from pyridylindole to pyridine, leading to a non-fluorescent exciplex, may be the cause of the decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield.     

Early time hydrogen-bonding dynamics of photoexcited coumarin 102 in hydrogen-donating solvents: theoretical study

To study the early time hydrogen-bonding dynamics of chromophore in hydrogen-donating solvents upon photoexcitation, the infrared spectra of the hydrogen-bonded solute-solvent complexes in electronically excited states have been calculated using the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method. The hydrogen-bonding dynamics in electronically excited states can be widely monitored by the spectral shifts of some characteristic vibrational modes involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds. In this study, we have demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between coumarin 102 (C102) and hydrogen-donating solvents are strengthened in the early time of photoexcitation to the electronically excited state by theoretically monitoring the stretching modes of C=O and H-O groups. This is significantly contrasted with the ultrafast hydrogen bond cleavage taking place within a 200-fs time scale upon electronic excitation, proposed in many femtosecond time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy experiments. The transient hydrogen bond strengthening behaviors in excited states of chromophores in hydrogen-donating solvents, which we have demonstrated here for the first time, may take place widely in many other systems in solution and are very important to explain the fluorescence-quenching phenomena associated with some radiationless deactivation processes, for example, the ultrafast solute-solvent intermolecular electron transfer and the internal conversion process from the fluorescent state to the ground state.     

Spectroscopic properties of various quinolone antibiotics in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures

The spectroscopic properties of enoxacin (ENO), oxolinic acid (OXO) and nalidixic acid (NAL) were studied in various H2O-CH3OH and H2O-CH3CN mixed solvents because these solvents were thought to behave as a biological mimetic system. ENO has piperazinyl group, but OXO and NAL do not have this substituent. The fluorescence emission spectra of ENO were very sensitive to the composition of the solvents. In the Lippert-Mataga analysis of the steady-state fluorescence data, clear reverse solvatochromism was exhibited for ENO in both mixed solvents. This observation can be explained using the excited state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) from the nitrogen of the piperazinyl group to the keto oxygen. Theoretical calculations further support this observation. The nonradiative and radiative rate constants of these molecules were analyzed as a function of dipolarity-polarizability (pi*) and hydrogen bond donor acidity (alpha) of the mixed solvents. These results for ENO were consistent with the suggested mechanism of the TICT very well. The influence of bulk dielectric effect was more significant relative to the specific hydrogen bonding interactions. The emission spectra of OXO and NAL do not exhibit any characteristic responses to the properties of the solvent.     

4-(9-蒽基)-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-胺的合成及其在酸性介质中的光谱行为研究

以2,4-二氯-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪为原料,经Kumada偶联及胺化两步反应合成了三嗪胺衍生物:4-(9-蒽基)-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-胺(AOOTA),总产率为38%.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱及荧光光谱研究了氯仿溶液中AOOTA在乙酸(HOAc)及三氟乙酸(TFA)作用下的光谱行为.研究发现AOOTA与HOAc在基态及激发态下均不能发生双氢键作用,而AOOTA与TFA相互作用基态下形成双氢键复合物,激发态下由于分子中蒽基及辛氧基与三嗪环间的C-C单键以及C-O单键的自由旋转,从而使得AOOTA与TFA分子间不能形成有效的氢键相互作用.     

Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics of the Excited States of 1‐Amino‐ and 1‐(N,N‐Dimethylamino)‐fluoren‐9‐ones

The dynamics of the excited states of 1‐aminofluoren‐9‐one (1AF) and 1‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐fluoren‐9‐one (1DMAF) are investigated by using steady‐state absorption and fluorescence as well as subpicosecond time‐resolved absorption spectroscopic techniques. Following photoexcitation of 1AF, which exists in the intramolecular hydrogen‐bonded form in aprotic solvents, the excited‐state intramolecular proton‐transfer reaction is the only relaxation process observed in the excited singlet (S₁) state. However, in protic solvents, the intramolecular hydrogen bond is disrupted in the excited state and an intermolecular hydrogen bond is formed with the solvent leading to reorganization of the hydrogen‐bond network structure of the solvent. The latter takes place in the timescale of the process of solvation dynamics. In the case of 1DMAF, the main relaxation pathway for the locally excited singlet, S₁(LE), or S₁(ICT) state is the configurational relaxation, via nearly barrierless twisting of the dimethylamino group to form the twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer, S₁(TICT), state. A crossing between the excited‐state and ground‐state potential energy curves is responsible for the fast, radiationless deactivation and nonemissive character of the S₁(TICT) state in polar solvents, both aprotic and protic. However, in viscous but strong hydrogen‐bond‐donating solvents, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol, crossing between the potential energy surfaces for the ground electronic state and the hydrogen‐bonded complex formed between the S₁(TICT) state and the solvent is possibly avoided and the hydrogen‐bonded complex is weakly emissive.