同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析及其在生物医学中的应用

介绍了同步辐射微束Ｘ射线荧光分析的特点、主要的仪器设备和方法。介绍了在头发和病变组织中微量元素成分的扫描分析，细胞元素谱及其在外界物理、化学条件下的变化分析等。展示了同步辐射微束Ｘ射线荧光分析在生物医学研究中的广阔前景。     

基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收近边结构谱研究铅锌矿区浮萍中砷的耐受机制

水生植物浮萍能够富集高浓度的砷,是植物过滤修复技术的代表,其耐受机理备受关注.本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, SRXRF)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(X-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES)技术,开展了铅锌矿区天然富砷浮萍样品中砷元素的微区分布和形态特征研究.微区SRXRF分析了两个单片浮萍样品FP1和FP2,单点扫描时间分别为5 s和2 s,光斑尺寸分别为70 μm×80 μm和100 μm×100 μm;对FP2样品选择了6个位置进行了微区XANES单点形态分析,扫描的能量范围为11.81~11.96 keV;整体XANES形态分析是针对压片的浮萍样品,扫描的能量范围为11.67~12.27 keV.结果表明,浮萍样品整体和微区XANES数据均表明砷形态为As(Ⅲ);SRXRF微区分析发现浮萍中砷元素具有显著的叶脉分布特征,在一定浓度范围内,砷并不扩散到进行光合作用的叶肉中,有利于减轻砷对叶片的毒害作用,可能是浮萍耐受砷的一个保护机制.     

Ce在I—69杨根中的吸收,分布及其对其它元素吸收的影响

以重要树种Ｉ－６９杨插穗为材料，分别在含不同水平Ｃｅ（ＮＯ３）３的Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ溶液中培养，经过快速冷冻干燥，塑料真空渗透及包埋，用透射电镜能量分散型Ｘ射线微区分析法对Ｃｅ及Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｓ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ等元素在根尖成熟组织切片的表皮、皮层及中柱内薄壁细胞的细胞壁、细胞质、细胞核及液泡中的含量和分布进行了测定。表明Ｃｅ不但进入植物细胞，且在细胞核里有明显富集。Ｃｅ进入细胞的量和其施用的外界浓度并不     

12种道地中药中无机元素的含量测定

报道了用Ｘ射线荧光分析法测定的１２种道地中药，９８个不同产地样品中的Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｒ、Ｃａ、Ｋ含量。结果表明，不同种属，不同产地，不同品种中药元素量存在差异，不同加工方法影响中药中元素含量，同种中药中元素分布模式也不同。     

岩石矿物元素的整体分析、显微分析与分布分析

随着分析科学的进步和地学研究的深入,岩矿分析的研究内容和应用范围不断扩展。显微分析与分布分析和整体分析一样,也已成为岩矿成分分析的重要方面。整体分析提供的是给定样品总体的平均含量,显微分析得出的是所选微区的元素组成,而分布分析则可展示微束扫描区域内的元素空间分布。本文简述了整体分析的主要进展和趋势,着重评述了扫描核探针和同步辐射X射线探针作为显微分析和分布分析的新工具的应用进展与前景。     

铈在Fe-28Al合金中的作用

以稀土元素Ｃｅ为微合金化元素，研究了Ｃｅ对Ｆｅ３Ａｌ二元合金（Ｆｅ２８Ａｌ）室温力学性能的影响，采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪、等离子耦合光谱、Ｘ射线衍射仪以及俄歇能谱仪等现代微观分析手段，探讨了Ｃｅ微合金化对Ｆｅ３Ａｌ合金组织结构和力学性能影响的作用机制。研究结果表明，Ｃｅ的加入改善了合金的室温塑性和强度，并在合金中起到了脱硫、脱氧、改变夹杂物形态、细化晶粒以及表面改性等作用。此外还对富Ｃｅ相颗粒在合金中的形态分布作了分析。     

同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱法原位分析蚯蚓中K,Ca,Cu,Zn和Pb

为了研究重金属元素在蚯蚓体内的富集和存储机制,使用同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱法(μ-SRXRF)研究了K,Ca,Cu,Zn和Pb元素在生长于南京栖霞山铅锌矿区附近菜园土壤的蚯蚓体内的分布特征,发现Pb主要富集在蚯蚓后部消化道周围的区域,Zn,Cu在蚯蚓后部的分布规律与Pb类似,推测后部消化道周围区域的分布是蚯蚓为了阻断毒性重金属元素威胁而特有的富集和存储方式.5种元素的相关性表明,Pb和Zn相关性最高,存储方式最为相似,Pb与K和Ca在蚯蚓后部的分布呈显著正相关,说明毒性元素Pb在蚯蚓体内的富集和存储过程可能伴随着其它元素的吸收.本研究表明,μ-SRXRF在原位微区分析蚯蚓样品的元素空间分布方面具有很大优势,而进一步开展土壤及蚯蚓中Pb的形态研究,是研究重金属胁迫下蚯蚓解毒机制的重要前提.     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析Cr∶ZnSe晶体中掺杂元素Cr的含量和分布

采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)法研究激光晶体材料Cr∶Zn Se晶体中掺杂元素铬(Cr)的含量和分布。利用镀膜扩散掺杂方法,制备不同掺杂浓度的Cr∶Zn Se晶体标准样品作为固体标准物质,实现Cr∶Zn Se晶体中Cr的定量分析。LA-ICP-MS法研究自制标准样品中Cr的分布均匀性,电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定其准确含量。通过激光点剥蚀和线扫描剥蚀采样,获得Cr元素的点位和含量分布信息,实现晶体中Cr的原位微区分析。标准工作曲线相关系数0.9992,检出限0.08 mg/kg。本方法可为不同生长条件下Cr∶Zn Se晶体中Cr的统计分布分析提供有效检测手段。     

X-射线荧光光谱测定氧化铍中杂质元素

拟定了ＢｅＯ中１２种痕量杂质元素的Ｘ－射线荧光光谱测定方法,采用光谱纯试剂人工合成校准标样,粉末压块法制备分析样片。考虑到ＢｅＯ对Ｘ射线的透明性,在样片与样品盒支架之间垫置钼片消除试样盒发射线的干扰并产生附加激发以提高灵敏度。本文分析结果与等离子民发射和原子吸收光谱对照相吻合。     

电子电气产品中19种元素的无损测定、分布研究及风险评估

采用X射线荧光光谱法快速无损扫描测定电子电气产品中19种元素,考察了特征X射线以及计数时间的选择,并通过自制标准块绘制标准曲线。同时利用MAPPING功能进行微区原位扫描,掌握19种元素的分布情况及分布特征。并利用换算因子计算REACH高关注物质的含量,对19种元素进行风险性评价。     

On-line fermentation gas analysis: Error analysis and application of mass spectrometry

On-line fermentation gas analysis is of general interest because it permits the determination of metabolic rates in almost any biological process using living organisms. The consumption and production of gases (O₂, CO₂, CH₄, etc.) and volatile compounds may be determined without causing any risk of infection. Elemental balancing permits the determination of other metabolic rates if the stoichiometry is known. This was studied with the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus. Estimations were based on the measurement of gas partial pressure and flow-rates, pH and alkali consumption rate. Experiments with a small quadrupole mass spectrometer showed unacceptable error propagation. Therefore, dynamic error propagation for all rates was studied using simulation. It was found that, for example, a 1% relative offset-calibration error for oxygen can result in an error in PHB estimation of > 50%. It is suggested that this culture is used in combination with elemental balancing for thorough tests of the accuracy of on-line gas analysis equipment. An on-line process gas analyser based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Balzers PGM 407) gave the following precision values (abs. vol.?%) during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis: nitrogen (m/z 14), 0.024; oxygen (m/z 32), 0.020; argon (m/z 40), 0.0011; and carbon dioxide (m/z 44), 0.0034. These values, combined with automatic recalibration, would be sufficient for reasonable estimation of PHB, biomass and substrates.     

Impact of alkali treatment on physico-chemical,thermal, structural and tensile properties of Carica papaya bark fibers

This study aims to examine the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the physico-chemical properties, structure, thermal, tensile and surface topography of Carica papaya fibers (CPFs). The surface of raw CPFs was modified by soaking with 5% NaOH solution for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90?min. The results of thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed that the optimum treatment time for alkali treatment was 60?min. It was found that the alkali treatment improved the properties of the CPFs. The results of TGA, FT-IR, XRD and AFM suggest that the treated CPF is a suitable alternative as reinforcement in polymer composites.     

Chemometric and trend analysis of water quality of the South Chennai lakes: an integrated environmental study

In order to bring out the nature of the factors influencing lake water composition, multivariate statistical analysis and trend analysis were performed based on the hydrochemical data of the study area, namely, South Chennai. Change in land use pattern and settlements along the banks of the lakes alters the quality and quantity of the surface water. In the present study, the R‐mode factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the geochemical parameters of the water to identify the factors affecting the chemical composition of the lake water. Dendograms of both the seasons give three major clusters, reflecting the groups of unpolluted to moderately polluted, polluted, and heavily polluted stations. The movement of stations from one cluster to another clearly brings out the seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the lake water. The complex hydrochemical data of the surface water were interpreted by condensing them into three major factors. Factor score analysis was used successfully to delineate the stations under study and the role of the contributing factors, and the nature of factors responsible for the variation in chemical composition of the water has been clearly brought out. Results of trend analysis using ArcGIS clearly indicate that the trend in water quality is deteriorating at a faster rate in the eastern part of the study area. It is understood that although natural shifts probably can account for some of the variation, it is most likely that human activities play a major role in affecting the water quality on a regional scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time-series analysis in analytical process control

Analysis of time series tries to extract tendencies from measured values dependent on time. For this purpose the cusum technique has proved to be a very sensitive tool for the evaluation of both current and completed time series. Even very weak tendencies can be detected at a high level of noise. Time-series analysis further tries to predict values to come from hitherto performed measurements. As a very flexible model exponential smoothing could be successfully used. Even for processes with a high extent of non-stationarity this model allowed a good prediction owing to the dynamics of the process. Three types of time-series analysis, i.e., evaluation of current measurements, retrospective evaluation and prediction of data (also known as “in vivo”, “post mortem” and “in futurum” time-series analysis) are demonstrated for problems stemming from analytical process control.     

Determination of rank by augmentation (DRAUG)

Determining the rank of a chemical matrix is the first step in many multivariate, chemometric studies. Rank is defined as the minimum number of linearly independent factors after deletion of factors that contribute to random, nonlinear, uncorrelated errors. Adding a matrix of rank 1 to a data matrix not only increases the rank by one unit but also perturbs the primary factor axes, having little effect on the secondary axes associated with the random errors in the measurements. The primary rank of a data matrix can be determined by comparing the residual variances obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of the original data matrix to those obtained from an augmented matrix. The ratio of the residual variances between adjacent factor levels represents a Fisher ratio that can be used to distinguish the primary factors (chemical as well as instrumental factors) from the secondary factors (experimental errors). The results gleaned from model studies as well as those from experimental studies are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The method is independent of the nature of the error distribution. Limitations and precautions are discussed. An algorithm, written in MATLAB format, is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新材料的发展与分析化学

文章介绍了新材料的重要性及发展方向,分析化学在新材料研制中起着耳目的作用,另一方面新材料也为分析化学的进展提供了课题与条件。微量分析、微区分析、表面分析是此领域中的重点。在未来的发展中,分析化学在材料的发展中的地位不会改变,并期待着分析灵敏度与空间分辩率的进一步提高。     

Automatic window factor analysis—A more efficient method for determining concentration profiles from evolutionary spectra

An algorithm called automatic window factor analysis (AUTOWFA) is developed for the purpose of determining, efficiently and automatically, the concentration profiles of the spectroscopically active components present in evolutionary processes, such as chemical titration, chromatography and kinetics. The method not only yields windows and profiles in agreement with those reported in the literature, but also reveals components not detected by precursor techniques. The method, however, has not been optimized and may require user interaction to fine-tune the windows.     

Determination of Mercury in Geological Materials by Continuous-Flow,Cold-Vapor,Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Abstract

To determine mercury in geological materials, samples are digested with nitric acid and sodium dichromate in a closed teflon vessel. After bringing to a constant weight, the digest is mixed with air and a sodium chloride-hydroxylamine hydrochloride-sulfuric acid solution and then Hg(II) is reduced to Hg with stannous chloride in a continuous flow manifold. The mercury vapor is then separated and measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). For a 100 mg sample the limit of detection is 20 parts per billion (ppb) Hg in sample. To obtain a 1% absorption signal, the described method requires 0.21 ppb Hg solution (equal to 16 ppb in sample). Precision is acceptable at less than 1.2% RSD for a 10 ppb Hg aqueous standard. Accuracy is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of standard reference materials. Several elements do interfere but the effect is minimal because either the digestion procedure does not dissolve them (e.g., Au or Pt) or the; are normally of low abundance (e.g., Se or Te).