Hyphenated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in wine: Comparison with results of other sampling procedures via a robust regression

This work describes a new purge and trap gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry (PT-GC-EIMS) method for quantifying 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3-MHA), two molecules able to characterize some wines with their tropical scents. Firstly the experimental conditions of the purge and trap extraction (sample temperature, extraction time, trap temperature, flow rate) following a multivariate approach were optimized. Then the method through the construction of the calibration curves and the establishment of the detection limits was validated. The purge and trap procedure appears faster and more sensitive than both the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, reaching detection limits for the two thiols closer to their sensory thresholds. Evidence of similar performances of the three sampling methods considered was gained comparing the results relevant to same wine samples. The Theil's regression method was used for purpose of comparison.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定小米黄酒风味成分

为全面了解小米黄酒风味成分的构成和气味特征,优化了85μm聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、75μm碳分子筛(CAR)/PDMS、50/30μm二乙烯基苯(DVB)/CAR/PDMS萃取头提取小米黄酒风味成分的条件,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对风味成分进行定性、定量分析,并计算气味活性值(odor active value,OAV),同时利用OAV分析风味成分的气味特征和气味强度。结果显示:不同萃取头的最优萃取条件为样品量8 mL、萃取时间40 min、萃取温度60℃、NaCl添加量1.5 g。小米黄酒风味成分由醇、酯、含苯化合物、烃、酸、醛、酮、烯、酚和杂环类化合物构成,醇为主要风味成分。通过OAV确定了苯乙醇、苯乙烯、2-甲基萘、1-甲基萘、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲氧基-苯酚为小米黄酒气味特征成分,苯基乙醇、苯乙醛对气味贡献最大。PA和PDMS萃取头分别对极性和非极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果,CAR/PDMS和DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头对中等极性化合物具有较好的吸附效果。该研究全面了解了小米黄酒风味成分的构成,为其产品开发及品质控制提供理论了依据。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用结合嗅觉检测法鉴定血橙汁中的香气活性化合物

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)和嗅觉检测法对血橙汁中的挥发性物质进行分析,确定了血橙汁中的香气活性化合物。采用二乙烯基苯/碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚物(DVB/CAR/PDMS)萃取头在40 ℃条件下顶空萃取40 min。通过气相色谱-质谱联用结合保留指数,在所萃取的血橙汁的挥发性化合物中共鉴定出46种化合物。通过嗅觉检测法检测出34种具有气味的化合物,其中23种被定性。结果表明,对血橙汁香气起主要贡献的化合物是丁酸乙酯、辛醛、γ-松油烯、芳樟醇、4-乙酰基-1-甲基环己烯、癸醛、(-)-香芹酮、乙酸香叶酯、巴伦西亚桔烯以及保留指数分别为1020,1143,1169和小于800的4个未知化合物,这些香气强度较高的化合物的总相对含量为7.22%。     

Determination of volatile fatty acid ethyl esters in raw spirits using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography

An analytical method for the determination of fatty acid ethyl esters in raw spirits of different quality or produced from various raw materials has been developed and optimized. A combination of headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as the extraction technique and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) as the determination technique was utilized. HS-SPME conditions such as: type of the stationary phase of the fiber, ethanol content, sample volume, extraction temperature and time, salt addition and sample agitation were investigated to determine the most suitable conditions for the analysis of volatile fatty acid ethyl esters in raw spirits. The quantification method was an internal standardization using methyl octanoate as the internal standard. The method's detection limits (MDLs) for the individual ethyl esters ranged from 26.8 to 0.0470 μg L⁻¹ 20% EtOH. The feasibility of SPME for the quantitative analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in raw spirits of different organoleptic quality was demonstrated. High precision and simple sample preparation enable the use of this method for routine investigations in both industrial and research laboratories.     

Measuring gas-liquid partition coefficients of aroma compounds by solid phase microextraction, sampling either headspace or liquid

Hydrophobic compounds are important odorants and nutrients in foods and beverages, as well as environmental contaminants and pharmaceuticals. Factors influencing their partitioning within multi-component systems and/or from the bulk liquid phase to the air are critical for understanding aroma quality and nutrient bioavailability. The equilibrium partitioning of hydrophobic analytes between air and water was analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) in the headspace (HS-SPME) and via direct immersion in the liquid (DI-SPME). The compounds studied serve as models for hydrophobic aroma compounds covering a range of air-water partition coefficients that extends over four orders of magnitude. By varying the total amount of analyte as well as the ratio of vapor to liquid in the closed, static system, the partition coefficient, K(vl), can be determined without the need for an external calibration, eliminating many potential systematic errors. K(vl) determination using DI-SPME in this manner has not been demonstrated before. There was good agreement between results determined by DI-SPME and by HS-SPME over the wide range of partitioning behavior studied. This shows that these two methods are capable of providing accurate, complementary measurements. Precision in K(vl) determination depends strongly on K(vl) magnitude and the ratio of the air and liquid phases.     

Application of solid phase microextraction for the determination of soil fumigants in water and soil samples

The potential of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of the soil fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in environmental samples such as soil and water samples has been investigated. Direct immersion SPME followed by GC/ECD/NPD analysis allowed the rapid determination of the two fumigants in water samples, with very little sample manipulation, giving an LOD of 0.5 microg L(-1). Precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicates at three concentration levels, was found to be lower than 20% at the concentration levels tested. For the analysis of soil samples, headspace (HS)-SPME combined with GC/ECD/NPD analysis has been applied. Quantification using matrix-matched calibration curves allowed determination of both analytes (MITC and 1-3-DCP) with a LOD of 0.1 microg kg(-1) (RSD < 10%) for the two concentration levels assayed (0.02 and 0.2 mg kg(-1)). The HS-SPME procedure developed in this paper was applied to soil samples from experimental green house plots treated with metham-Na, a soil disinfestation agent that decomposes in soil to MITC. The absence of sample manipulation as well as the low solvent consumption in SPME methodology are among the main advantages of this analytical approach.     

Analysis of methoxypyrazines in wine using headspace solid phase microextraction with isotope dilution and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

This study reports an optimized headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method for the determination of methoxypyrazines in wine. Analysis was performed by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with novel detection capabilities, including nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC x GC-NPD) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS). In the latter, stable isotope dilution was performed for the quantitation of 2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl) pyrazine (IBMP), using labelled 2-(2H3)methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)pyrazine (d3-IBMP) as the internal standard, and resolution of the two analogues was facilitated using the deconvolution capabilities of the TOFMS. This research represents the first report of HS-SPME with isotope dilution and GC x GC-TOFMS (GC x GC-IDTOFMS). Analysis by GC x GC-NPD enabled detection limits of 0.5 ng/L for the quantitation of IBMP, which was superior to that obtained using GC x GC-IDTOFMS (1.95 ng/L). Nevertheless, both methods were adequately sensitive for real wine analysis, yielding highly comparable IBMP concentrations of 26.1 and 27.8 ng/L, respectively, from a Sauvignon blanc wine. The complexity of the real wine headspace was simplified as a result of selective detection using GC x GC-NPD and, in the case of GC x GC-IDTOFMS, the use of extracted ion chromatograms (EICs).     

Use of headspace mulberry paper bag micro solid phase extraction for characterization of volatile aromas of essential oils from Bulgarian rose and Provence lavender

In this study, a new sampling method called headspace mulberry paper bag micro solid phase extraction (HS-MPB-μ-SPE) combined to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been applied for the analysis of volatile aromas of liquid essential oils from Bulgarian rose and Provence lavender. The technique uses an adsorbent (Tenax TA) contained in a mulberry paper bag, minimal amount of organic solvent. Linearities for the six-points calibration curves were excellent. LOD values were in the rage from 0.38 ng mL⁻¹ to 0.77 ng mL⁻¹. Overall, precision and recovery were generally good. Phenethyl alcohol and citronellol were the main components in the essential oil from Bulgarian rose. Linalyl acetate and linalool were the most abundant components in the essential oils from true lavender or lavandin. Additionally, the relative extraction efficiencies of proposed method have been compared with HS-SPME. The overall extraction efficiency was evaluated by the relative concentration factors (CF) of the several characteristic components. CF values by HS-MPB-μ-SPE were lower than those by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The HS-MPB-μ-SPE method is very simple to use, inexpensive, rapid, requires small sample amounts and solvent consumption. In addition, this method allowed combining of extraction, enrichment, and clean-up in a single step. HS-MPB-μ-SPE and GC/MS is a promising technique for the characterization of volatile aroma compounds from liquid essential oils.     

Development of a sensitive non-targeted method for characterizing the wine volatile profile using headspace solid-phase microextraction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Future understanding of differences in the composition and sensory attributes of wines require improved analytical methods which allow the monitoring of a large number of volatiles including those present at low concentrations. This study presents the optimization and application of a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method for analysis of wine volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). This study demonstrates an important advancement in wine volatile analysis as the method allows for the simultaneous analysis of a significantly larger number of compounds found in the wine headspace compared to other current single dimensional GC-MS methodologies. The methodology allowed for the simultaneous analysis of over 350 different tentatively identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds found in the wine headspace. These included potent aroma compound classes such as monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenes, and alkyl-methoxypyrazines which have been documented to contribute to wine aroma. It is intended that wine aroma research and wine sensory research will utilize this non-targeted method to assess compositional differences in the wine volatile profile.     

Comparison of tetraethylborate and tetraphenylborate for selenite determination in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, after headspace solid phase microextraction

Two different derivatizing reagents were tested for the development of a fast and sensitive method for the determination of selenites (Se^IV) in human urine. The reagents were sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt₄) and tetraphenylborate (NaBPh₄), respectively, and the procedure is based on in situ derivatization of selenites in aqueous medium. Selenite ions are converted to diethylselenide (DESe) or diphenylselenide (DPhSe) and subsequently collected from the headspace by solid phase microextraction using a silica fiber coated with polydimethylsiloxane (HS-SPME). Finally, they are quantitated by GC/MS in SIM mode. Ethylation over phenylation was proved preferable for the headspace extraction because of the higher volatility of the diethyl-derivative of selenites. The optimization of the HS-SPME conditions was performed both in aqueous and urinary solutions. Under the optimum conditions for HS-SPME, the gas chromatographic conditions were also optimized. Between the two alkylation reagents tetraethylborate was proved more efficient and the quantitation was satisfactory. Aqueous certified reference materials were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The precision of the method was 4.2% and the calculated detection limit was 0.05 μg L⁻¹ for human urine.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水中的2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素

2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB)和土臭素(geosmin, GSM)在水源水中大量分泌排放是造成饮用水土霉异味突发事件、引发居民用水恐慌的重用因素之一。使用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)建立了水库水、水库附近土壤、居民自来水中2-MIB和GSM的测定方法。结合正交分析优化了加盐量、萃取温度、萃取时间条件,在电子轰击(EI)-选择离子扫描(SIM)模式下进行了目标物的定性定量分析。结果表明:在5~1000 ng/L范围内,2-MIB和GSM的色谱峰面积与其质量浓度的线性关系良好(r²≥0.998), 2-MIB与GSM的检出限分别为0.72 ng/L和0.34 ng/L,定量限分别为2.40 ng/L和1.13 ng/L;目标物加标水平为10~600 ng/L时,平均回收率为93.6%~107.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤6.1%(n=6)。基于上述方法,对辽宁省某地区水库水、水库附近土壤、居民自来水中的目标物进行检测,结果表明:水库水目标物质量浓度范围为3.0~3.6 ng/L,水库附近土壤中提取的2-MIB为8.1 ng/L、提取的GSM为17.8 ng/L,居民自来水中的目标物未检出。该方法操作简便、准确可靠,灵敏度高,无需有机溶剂,适合于饮用水中2-MIB和GSM的分析检测。     

Development of a mixed-mode solid phase extraction method and further gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the analysis of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in wine

A new method for analysing 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine, 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine in wine has been developed and applied to wine. The analytes are extracted from 25 mL of wine in a solid-phase extraction cartridge filled with 60 mg of cation-exchange mixed-mode sorbent. Analytes are recovered with triethylamine in dichloromethane and the organic extract is analysed by GC-SIM-MS using 3-isopropyl-2-ethoxypyrazine as internal standard. The detection limits of the method are in all cases under 1 ng/L, below the olfactory thresholds of the compounds in wine. The repeatability of the method is around 15% for levels in wine of 2 ng/L. Linearity is satisfactory and recoveries are in all cases close to 100% with RSD between 13% and 20%. The method has been applied to the analysis of 12 Chilean white and 8 Spanish red wines. The levels found suggest that 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines can exert a significant sensory contribution to the aroma of Chilean Sauvignon Blanc wines, while most likely they play a nearly negligible role on traditional Ribera and Rioja Spanish red wines.     

Determination of terpenoids in wines by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography

A new method for determination of volatile terpenoids in wine is proposed. An off-line solid phase extraction—gas chromatographic method has been used for the determination. The influence of several extraction variables was studied, including the solid phase employed (C-18 versus divinylbenzene-based), eluting solvent (n-pentane, dichloromethane, ethanol and methanol), volume of eluting solvent (1-4 ml) and drying time (0-20 min). Complete recovery of volatile terpenoids from several kinds of wines was obtained under the optimized conditions.     

Use of solid phase microextraction in diffusive sampling of the atmosphere generated by different essential oils

This work describes the development and optimisation of a complete headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the equilibrium headspace generated by a number of essential oils (EOs) with potential applications in active packaging, including basil (Ocinum basilicum), clove (Sygyzium aromaticum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), citronella (Melissa officinalis), and cinnamon (Cinnamonum zeylanicum). The method consists of a combination of fully exposed HS-SPME for qualitative analysis and diffusive HS-SPME for quantitative determination.First, complete optimisation of a fully exposed HS-SPME procedure was carried out by means of a combination of a Plackett-Burman screening experimental design and response surface modelling (RSM). The results were used to fully describe the atmosphere generated by the EOs and to select the most relevant compounds for further consideration.The fibres were then calibrated (i.e. the uptake rate was calculated) by exposing them to known concentrations of terpenes in closed extraction vials. With a sampling time of 30 min at 20 °C, uptake rates ranged from 2.2 to 3.3 pg (min ppb_v)⁻¹. Results were checked by sampling over extended periods of times, with the observed variation being less than 5%, despite a 10-fold increase in extraction time. The results were further validated by comparing the calculated diffusion coefficients with theoretical data. The ratios of experimental:theoretical values varied between 0.85 and 1.05. The sensitivity of the uptake rate to headspace concentration was also investigated; variation of less than 10% was observed despite changes in concentration of four orders of magnitude. The new diffusive sampling method proved to give robust determinations of all the test analytes (by contrast, HS-SPME failed for camphene, camphor and cinnamaldehyde), providing repetitivity and intermediate precision lower than 9% (the values for HS-SPME were 10 and 12%, respectively).     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析费约果叶片挥发性香气成分条件优化

为了建立适合费约果叶片香气成分检测的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（HS-SPME-GC-MS）分析方法,考察HS-SPME中不同萃取条件对香气萃取效果的影响,采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验,以出峰个数和总峰面积为考察指标确定最佳萃取条件。结果表明,萃取温度对出峰个数和总峰面积的影响较大,而加样量的影响较小。实验得出的较优萃取条件为：加样量0.6 g,萃取温度50 ℃,萃取时间50 min,解吸时间6 min。在此萃取条件下能够得到88种物质,这些物质能更真实地反映费约果叶片香气成分的化学构成,为费约果叶片的开发利用提供有价值的数据。     

正交试验优化-顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中戊二醛

建立了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱测定水中戊二醛的方法。设计5因素4水平完整的正交试验,通过极差分析获得顶空固相微萃取优化条件。10 mL,pH 1的水样加入6 g NaCl,经非极性PDM S,100μm纤维头于75℃萃取25 min,210℃解析进样0.2 min。采用VF-5(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)色谱柱程序升温分离,选择多反应监测(M RM)模式采集质谱信息。以m/z 82/54为定量离子,以m/z 82/39为定性离子,外标法定量。结果表明,戊二醛质量浓度在0.02~0.6 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)>0.9996,方法检出限7μg/L,定量限20μg/L。低(0.04 mg/L)、中(0.1 mg/L)、高(0.4 mg/L)3个水平加标回收率为87.4%~103.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)<6%。方法适用于测定水中的戊二醛。     

Analysis of terpenes in white wines using SPE-SPME-GC/MS approach

Terpenes contribute to some white wines aroma, especially these produced from Muscat grapes and others aromatic ones of high terpene contents (Gewürtztramminer, Traminer, Huxel, Sylvaner). Terpenes are present in wine in free and bound (in a form of glycosides) forms. Analyses of bound terpenes are usually performed using solid phase extraction after hydrolysis of glycosides. A new method for determination of terpenes from wine, focused on determination of terpenes released after acidic hydrolysis, based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) was developed. Non-polar (free) and polar (bound terpenes) fractions were separated on 500 mg C18 cartridges. Bound terpenes were sampled using SPME immediately after acidic hydrolysis in non-equilibrium conditions. Application of combined SPE-SPME approach allowed quantification of selected terpenes in lower concentrations than in SPE approach and added a selectivity to the method, which enabled detection of compounds non-detectable in SPE extracts. Results obtained by SPE and SPE-SPME approach were correlated for free terpenes and those released after acid hydrolysis 20 white wines obtained from different grape varieties (R² = 0.923). Although developed for wine terpenes analysis, SPE followed by SPME approach has a great potential in analysis of other bound wine flavor compounds, especially those potent odorants present in trace amounts.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定海洋沉积物中的苯系物

利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用建立了测定海洋沉积物中的苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯以及苯乙烯等7种常见苯系物的检测分析方法。对无机盐的加入、平衡时间、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸温度和时间等多个固相微萃取条件以及色谱条件进行了优化,内标法定量。结果表明：在0.500~20.0 ng/g范围内7种苯系物的线性关系良好,相关系数在0.995~0.999之间;方法检出限为0.0818~0.175 ng/g（干重）;日内和日间重现性较好,相对标准偏差分别为1.2%~3.6%（n=5）和0.4%~6.3%（n=3）;在每1.00 g海洋沉积物样品中2.0和15.0 ng加标水平下,平均加标回收率分别为61.7%~79.5%和77.1%~85.6%,相对标准偏差分别为5.4%~9.6%和3.9%~7.6%（n=5）。该方法快速、灵敏、简便,准确度高,重现性好,适合海洋沉积物样品中苯系物的痕量分析。     

Determination of aromatic compounds in eluates of pyrolysis solid residues using HS-GC-MS and DLLME-GC-MS

A method for the determination of 15 aromatic hydrocarbons in eluates from solid residues produced during the co-pyrolysis of plastics and pine biomass was developed. In a first step, several sampling techniques (headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), static headspace sampling (HS), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) were compared in order to evaluate their sensitivity towards these analytes. HS-SPME and HS sampling had the better performance, but DLLME was itself as a technique able to extract volatiles with a significant enrichment factor.HS sampling coupled with GC-MS was chosen for method validation for the analytes tested. Calibration curves were constructed for each analyte with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.66-37.85 ng/L. The precision of the HS method was evaluated and good repeatability was achieved with relative standard deviations of 4.8-13.2%. The recoveries of the analytes were evaluated by analysing fortified real eluate samples and were in the range of 60.6-113.9%.The validated method was applied in real eluate samples. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were the compounds in higher concentrations.The DLLME technique coupled with GC-MS was used to investigate the presence of less volatile contaminants in eluate samples. This analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of alkyl phenols and other aromatic compounds with appreciable water solubility.     

Determination of ethylphenol compounds in wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection

Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was investigated as a solvent-free alternative method for the extraction and determination of 4-ethylphenol (EP) and 4-ethylguaiacol (EG) in red wine by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID) and compared to liquid-liquid extraction.For HS-SPME, better results were obtained with saturated sodium chloride samples, at 55 °C, using a 85 μm polyacrylate fiber. An absorption time of 40 min was needed to reach the absorption equilibrium for EG. This 40-min duration corresponds to the beginning of EP equilibrium and was selected for the experiments. In these conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range 5-5000 μg l⁻¹ and the sensitivity was nearly the same for the two compounds. The detection limits were in the low μg l⁻¹ range. In model wine solutions, result obtained with the liquid-liquid extraction method exhibit a linear calibration between 25 and 10,000 μg l⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1 μg l⁻¹, but, the relative standard deviations of the EP and EG result in the low concentration range (<50 μg l⁻¹) are higher than those obtained by HS-SPME (15% compared to 2% for EP and 12% compared to 5% for EG). Taking into account the numerous volatile compounds in wine, HS-SPME is a rapid and valid alternative technique for use in the determination of ethylphenols at trace levels.