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1.
The design of polymer semiconductors possessing effective π–π intermolecular interactions coupled with good solution processability remains a challenge. Structure‐property relationships associated with side chain structure, π–π intermolecular interactions, polymer solubility, and charge carrier transport are reported for a donor–acceptor(1)‐donor–acceptor(2) polymer: 5‐Decylheptadecyl (5‐DH), 2‐tetradecyl (2‐DT), and linear n‐octadecyl (OD) chains are substituted onto a polymer backbone consisting of terthiophene units (T) between two different electron acceptors, benzothiadiazole (B), and diketopyrrolopyrrole (D), pTBTD, to afford pTBTD‐5DH, pTBTD‐2DT, and pTBTD‐OD, respectively. In the 5‐DH side chain, the branching position is remote from the polymer backbone, whereas it is proximal in 2‐DT. This study demonstrates that incorporation of branched side chains where the branching position is remote from the polymer backbone merges the advantages of improved solubility from branched units with effective π–π intermolecular interactions normally associated with linear chains on conjugated polymers. pTBTD‐5DH exhibits superior qualities with respect to the degree of polymerization, solution processability, π–π interchain stacking, and charge carrier transport relative to the other analogs. pTBTD‐5DH exhibits a field‐effect hole mobility of up to 2.95 cm2 V–1 s–1, a factor of 3–7 times that achieved with pBDT6‐DT and pBDT6‐OD.  相似文献   

2.
Systematic creation of polymeric semiconductors from novel building blocks is critical for improving charge transport properties in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). A series of ultralow‐bandgap polymers containing thienoisoindigo (TIIG) as a thiophene analogue of isoindigo (IIG) is synthesized. The UV‐Vis absorptions of the TIIG‐based polymers ( PTIIG‐T , PTIIG‐Se , and PTIIG‐DT ) exhibit broad bands covering the visible to near‐infrared range of up to 1600 nm. All the polymers exhibit unipolar p‐channel operations with regard to gold contacts. PTIIG‐DT with centrosymmetric donor exhibits a maximum mobility of 0.20 cm2 V?1 s?1 under gold contacts, which is higher than those of the other polymers containing axisymmetric donors. Intriguingly, OFETs fabricated with aluminum electrodes show ambipolar charge transport with hole and electron mobilities of up to 0.28 ( PTIIG‐DT ) and 0.03 ( PTIIG‐T ) cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. This is a record value for the hitherto reported TIIG‐based OFETs. The finding demonstrates that TIIG‐based polymers can potentially function as either unipolar or ambipolar semiconductors without reliance on the degree of electron affinity of the co‐monomers.  相似文献   

3.
Alkyl chains are basic units in the design of organic semiconductors for purposes of enhancing solubility, tuning electronic energy levels, and tailoring molecular packing. This work demonstrates that the carrier mobilities of indeno[1,2‐b ]fluorene‐6,12‐dione ( IFD )‐based semiconductors can be dramatically enhanced by the incorporation of sulfur‐ or nitrogen‐linked side chains. Three IFD derivatives possessing butyl, butylthio, and dibutylamino substituents are synthesized, and their organic field‐effect transistors (OFET) are fabricated and characterized. The IFD possessing butyl substituents exhibits a very poor charge transport property with mobility lower than 10?7 cm2 V?1 s?1. In contrast, the hole mobility is dramatically increased to 1.03 cm2 V?1 s?1 by replacing the butyl units with dibutylamino groups ( DBA‐IFD ), while the butylthio‐modified IFD ( BT‐IFD ) derivative exhibits a high and balanced ambipolar charge transport property with the maximum hole and electron mobilities up to 0.71 and 0.65 cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. Moreover, the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor‐like inverters incorporated with the ambipolar OFETs shows sharp inversions with a maximum gain value up to 173. This work reveals that modification of the aromatic core with heteroatom‐linked side chains, such as alkylthio or dialkylamino, can be an efficient strategy for the design of high‐performance organic semiconductors.  相似文献   

4.
A novel semiconductor based on annelated β‐trithiophenes is presented, possessing an extraordinary compressed packing mode combining edge‐to‐face π–π interactions and S…S interactions in single crystals, which is favorable for more effective charge transporting. Accordingly, the device incorporating this semiconductor shows remarkably high charge carrier mobility, as high as 0.89 cm2 V?1 s?1, and an on/off ratio of 4.6 × 107 for vacuum‐deposited thin films.  相似文献   

5.
High‐performance unipolar n‐type conjugated polymers (CPs) are critical for the development of organic electronics. In the current paper, four “weak donor–strong acceptor” n‐type CPs based on pyridine flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (PyDPP), namely PPyDPP1‐4FBT, PPyDPP2‐4FBT, PPyDPP1‐4FTVT, and PPyDPP2‐4FTVT, are synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation by using 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrafluoro‐2,2′‐bithiophene (4FBT) or (E)‐1,2‐bis(3,4‐difluorothien‐2‐yl)ethene (4FTVT) as weak donor unit. All four polymers exhibit low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (≈ ?5.90 eV) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels (≈ ?3.70 eV). Top‐gate/bottom‐contact organic field‐effect transistors based on all four polymers display unipolar n‐channel characteristics with electron mobility (µe) above 1 cm2 V?1 s?1 in air, and presented linear |ISD|1/2 ?VGS plots and weak dependence of the extracted moblity on gate voltage (VGS), indicative of the reliability of the extracted mobility values. Importantly, the devices based on PPyDPP1‐4FBT and PPyDPP2‐4FBT show a pure unipolar n‐channel transistor behavior as revealed by the typical unipolar n‐channel output characteristics and clear off‐regimes in transfer characteristics. Attributed to its high crystallinity and favorable thin film morphology, PPyDPP2‐4FBT shows the highest µe of 2.45 cm2 V?1 s?1, which is among the highest for unipolar n‐type CPs reported to date. This is also the first report for DPP based pure n‐type CPs with µe greater than 1 cm2 V?1 s?1.  相似文献   

6.
Despite extensive progress in organic field‐effect transistors, there are still far fewer reliable, high‐mobility n‐type polymers than p‐type polymers. It is demonstrated that by using dopants at a critical doping molar ratio (MR), performance of n‐type polymer poly[[N,N9‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,59‐(2,29‐bithiophene)] (P(NDI2DO‐T2)) field‐effect transistors (FETs) can be significantly improved and simultaneously optimized in mobility, on–off ratio, crystallinity, injection, and reliability. In particular, when using the organic dopant bis(cyclopentadienyl)–cobalt(II) (cobaltocene, CoCp2) at a low concentration (0.05 wt%), the FET mobility is increased from 0.34 to 0.72 cm2 V–1 s–1, and the threshold voltage was decreased from 32.7 to 8.8 V. The relationship between the MR of dopants and electrical characteristics as well as the evolution in polymer crystallinity revealed by synchrotron X‐ray diffractions are systematically investigated. Deviating from previous discoveries, it is found that mobility increases first and then decreases drastically beyond a critical value of MR. Meanwhile, the intensity and width of the main peak of in‐plane X‐ray diffraction start to decrease at the same critical MR. Thus, the mobility decrease is correlated with the disturbed in‐plane crystallinity of the conjugated polymer, for both organic and inorganic dopants. The method provides a simple and efficient approach to employing dopants to optimize the electrical performance and microstructure of P(NDI2DO‐T2).  相似文献   

7.
The branching point of the side‐chain of naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐based conjugated polymers is systematically controlled by incorporating four different side‐chains, i.e., 2‐hexyloctyl (P(NDI1‐T)), 3‐hexylnonyl (P(NDI2‐T)), 4‐hexyldecyl (P(NDI3‐T)), and 5‐hexylundecyl (P(NDI4‐T)). When the branching point is located farther away from the conjugated backbones, steric hindrance around the backbone is relaxed and the intermolecular interactions between the polymer chains become stronger, which promotes the formation of crystalline structures in thin film state. In particular, thermally annealed films of P(NDI3‐T) and P(NDI4‐T), which have branching points far away from the backbone, possess more‐developed bimodal structure along both the face‐on and edge‐on orientations. Consequently, the field‐effect electron mobilities of P(NDIm‐T) polymers are monotonically increased from 0.03 cm2 V−1 s−1 in P(NDI1‐T) to 0.22 cm2 V−1 s−1 in P(NDI4‐T), accompanied by reduced activation energy and contact resistance of the thin films. In addition, when the series of P(NDIm‐T) polymers is applied in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) as electron acceptor, remarkably high‐power conversion efficiency of 7.1% is achieved along with enhanced current density in P(NDI3‐T)‐based all‐PSCs, which is mainly attributed to red‐shifted light absorption and enhanced electron‐transporting ability.  相似文献   

8.
Monolayer‐thickness two‐dimensional layers of α,ω‐dihexylsexithiophene (α,ω‐DH6T) exhibit field‐effect hole mobility of up to 0.032 cm2 V?1 s?1, higher than previously reported for monolayers of other small‐molecule organic semiconductors. In situ measurements during deposition show that the source‐drain current saturates rapidly after the percolation of monolayer‐high islands, indicating that the electrical properties of α,ω‐DH6T transistors are largely determined by the first molecular monolayer. The α,ω‐DH6T monolayer consists of crystalline islands in which the long axes of molecules are oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of the substrate surface. In‐plane lattice constants measured using synchrotron grazing‐incidence diffraction are larger in monolayer‐thickness films than the in‐plane lattice constants of several‐monolayer films and of previously reported thick‐film structures. Near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) reveals that the larger in‐plane lattice constant of single‐monolayer films arises from a larger tilt of the molecular axis away from the surface normal. NEXAFS spectra at the C 1s and S 2p edges are consistent with a high degree of molecular alignment and with the local symmetry imposed by the thiophene ring. The high mobility of holes in α,ω‐DH6T monolayers can be attributed to the reduction of hole scattering associated with the isolation of the thiophene core from the interface by terminal hexyl chains.  相似文献   

9.
In this paper, a technique using mixed transition‐metal oxides as contact interlayers to modulate both the electron‐ and hole‐injections in ambipolar organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is presented. The cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) and vanadium pentoixide (V2O5) are found to greatly and independently improve the charge injection properties for electrons and holes in the ambipolar OFETs using organic semiconductor of diketopyrrolopyrrolethieno[3,2‐b]thiophene copolymer (DPPT‐TT) and contact electrodes of molybdenum (Mo). When Cs2CO3 and V2O5 are blended at various mixing ratios, they are observed to very finely and constantly regulate the Mo's work function from ?4.2 eV to ?4.8 eV, leading to high electron‐ and hole‐mobilities as high as 2.6 and 2.98 cm2 V?1 s?1, respectively. The most remarkable finding is that the device characteristics and device performance can be gradually controlled by adjusting the composition of mixed‐oxide interlayers, which is highly desired for such applications as complementary circuitry that requires well matched n‐channel and p‐channel device operations. Therefore, such simple interface engineering in conjunction with utilization of ambipolar semiconductors can truly enable the promising low‐cost and soft organic electronics for extensive applications.  相似文献   

10.
The synthesis, characterization, and field‐effect transistor (FET) properties of a new class of thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene derivatives are described. The optical spectra of their films show the presence of stronger interactions between molecules in the solid state. Thermal analyses reveal that the three materials are thermally stable and have no phase transitions at low temperature. The crystal structures are determined, and show π‐stacked structures and intermolecular S···S contacts. These organic materials exhibit p‐type FET behavior with hole mobilities as high as 0.14 cm2 V?1 s?1 and an on/off current ratio of 106. These results indicate that thieno[3,2‐b]thieno [2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene, as a linear π‐conjugated system, is an effective building block for developing high‐performance organic semiconductors.  相似文献   

11.
By changing the packing motif of the conjugated cores and the thin‐film microstructures, unipolar organic semiconductors may be converted into ambipolar materials. A combined experimental and theoretical investigation is conducted on the thin‐film organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) of three organic semiconductors that have the same conjugated core structure of s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐4,9‐dione but with different n‐alkyl groups. The optical and electrochemical measurements suggest that the three organic semiconductors have very similar energy levels; however, their OFETs exhibit dramatically different transport characteristics. Transistors based on compound 1a or 1c show ambipolar transport properties, while those based on compound 1b show p‐type unipolar behavior. Specifically, compound 1c is characterized as a good ambipolar semiconductor with the highest electron mobility of 0.22 cm2 V?1 s?1 and the highest hole mobility of 0.03 cm2 V?1 s?1. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters incorporated with compound 1c show sharp inversions with high gains above 50. Theoretical investigations reveal that the drastic difference in the transport properties of the three materials is due to the difference in their molecular packing and film microstructures.  相似文献   

12.
A series of dicyanomethylene‐substituted 2,5‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thieno‐quinoids, in which soluble alkyl chains (2‐decyltetradecyls) are substituted at different positions (namely, 2,2′‐positions (Compound 1 ); 3,3′‐ positions (Compound 2 ); 6,6′‐positions (Compound 3 )), are strategically designed and successfully synthesized. The photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as molecular packing of these new compounds are thoroughly investigated. Thin film transistor measurements reveal that Compounds 1–3 display markedly different charge transport performance. The solution processed thin film transistors of Compound 2 exhibits the highest electron mobility of up to 0.22 cm2 V?1 s?1 under ambient conditions, one and three orders of magnitude higher than those of Compounds 3 and 1, respectively, demonstrating the strong impact of alkyl chain orientations on transistor performance.  相似文献   

13.
A new high‐performing small molecule n‐channel semiconductor based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), 2,2′‐(5,5′‐(2,5‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐dioxo‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐diyl)bis(thiophene‐5,2‐diyl))bis(methan‐1‐yl‐1‐ylidene)dimalononitrile (DPP‐T‐DCV), is successfully synthesized. The frontier molecular orbitals in this designed structure are elaborately tuned by introducing a strong electron‐accepting functionality (dicyanovinyl). The well‐defined lamellar structures of the crystals display a uniform terrace step height corresponding to a molecular monolayer in the solid‐state. As a result of this tuning and the remarkable crystallinity derived from the conformational planarity, organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) based on dense‐packed solution‐processed single‐crystals of DPP‐T‐DCV exhibit an electron mobility (μe) up to 0.96 cm2 V?1 s?1, one of the highest values yet obtained for DPP derivative‐based n‐channel OFETs. Polycrystalline OFETs show promise (with an μe up to 0.64 cm2 V?1 s?1) for practical utility in organic device applications.  相似文献   

14.
To achieve semiconducting materials with high electron mobility in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), low‐lying energy levels (the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)) and favorable molecular packing and ordering are two crucial factors. Here, it is reported that the incorporation of pyridine and selenophene into the backbone of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based copolymer produces a high‐electron‐mobility semiconductor, PDPPy‐Se. Compared with analogous polymers based on other DPP derivatives and selenophene, PDPPy‐Se features a lower LUMO that can decrease the electron transfer barrier for more effective electron injection, and simultaneously a lower HOMO that, however, can increase the hole transfer barrier to suppress the hole injection. Combined with thermal annealing at 240 °C for thin film morphology optimization to achieve large‐scale crystallite domains with tight molecular packing for effective charge transport along the conducting channel, OFET devices fabricated with PDPPy‐Se exhibit an n‐type‐dominant performance with an electron mobility (μe) as high as 2.22 cm2 V?1 s?1 and a hole/electron mobility ratio (μhe) of 0.26. Overall, this study demonstrates a simple yet effective approach to boost the electron mobility in organic transistors by synergistic use of pyridine and selenophene in the backbone of a DPP‐based copolymer.  相似文献   

15.
A donor–acceptor (D–A) semiconducting copolymer, PDPP‐TVT‐29, comprising a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivative with long, linear, space‐separated alkyl side‐chains and thiophene vinylene thiophene (TVT) for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) can form highly π‐conjugated structures with an edge‐on molecular orientation in an as‐spun film. In particular, the layer‐like conjugated film morphologies can be developed via short‐term thermal annealing above 150 °C for 10 min. The strong intermolecular interaction, originating from the fused DPP and D–A interaction, leads to the spontaneous self‐assembly of polymer chains within close proximity (with π‐overlap distance of 3.55 Å) and forms unexpectedly long‐range π‐conjugation, which is favorable for both intra‐ and intermolecular charge transport. Unlike intergranular nanorods in the as‐spun film, well‐conjugated layers in the 200 °C‐annealed film can yield more efficient charge‐transport pathways. The granular morphology of the as‐spun PDPP‐TVT‐29 film produces a field‐effect mobility (μ FET) of 1.39 cm2 V?1 s?1 in an OFET based on a polymer‐treated SiO2 dielectric, while the 27‐Å‐step layered morphology in the 200 °C‐annealed films shows high μ FET values of up to 3.7 cm2 V?1 s?1.  相似文献   

16.
Considering there is growing interest in the superior charge transport in the (E)‐2‐(2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐vinyl)thiophene (TVT)‐based polymer family, an essential step forward is to provide a deep and comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationships with their polymer analogs. Herein, a carefully chosen set of DPP‐TVT‐n polymers are reported here, involving TVT and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units that are constructed in combination with varying thiophene content in the repeat units, where n is the number of thiophene spacer units. Their OFET characteristics demonstrate ambipolar behavior; in particular, with DPP‐TVT‐0 a nearly balanced hole and electron transport are observed. Interestingly, the majority of the charge‐transport properties changed from ambipolar to p‐type dominant, together with the enhanced hole mobilities, as the electron‐donating thiophene spacers are introduced. Although both the lamellar d‐spacings and π‐stacking distances of DPP‐TVT‐n decreased with as the number of thiophene spacers increased, DPP‐TVT‐1 clearly shows the highest hole mobility (up to 2.96 cm2 V?1 s?1) owing to the unique structural conformations derived from its smaller paracrystalline distortion parameter and narrower plane distribution relative to the others. These in‐depth studies should uncover the underlying structure–property relationships in a relevant class of TVT‐like semiconductors, shedding light on the future design of top‐performing semiconducting polymers.  相似文献   

17.
A series of naphthalene diimide‐based conjugated polymers are prepared with various molar percentage of low molecular weight polystyrene (PS) oligomer of narrow polydispersity as the side chain. The PS side chains are incorporated through preparation of a macromonomer by chain termination of living anionic polymerization. The effects of the PS side chains amount (0–20 mol%) versus overall sidechain on the electrical properties of the resulting polymers as n‐type polymer semiconductors in field‐effect transistors are investigated. We observe that all the studied polymers show similarly high electron mobility (≈0.2 cm2 V?1 s?1). Importantly, the polymers with high PS side chain content (20 mol%) show a significantly improved device stability under ambient conditions, when compared to the polymers at lower PS content (0–10 mol%). By comparing this observation to the physical blending of the conjugated polymer with PS, we attribute the improved stability to the covalently attached PS side chains potentially serving as a molecular encapsulating layer around the conjugated polymer backbone, rendering it less susceptible to electron traps such as oxygen and water molecules.  相似文献   

18.
The selective tuning of the operational mode from ambipolar to unipolar transport in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) by printing molecular dopants is reported. The field‐effect mobility (μFET) and onset voltage (Von) of both for electrons and holes in initially ambipolar methanofullerene [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) OFETs are precisely modulated by incorporating a small amount of cesium fluoride (CsF) n‐type dopant or tetrafluoro‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) p‐type dopant for n‐channel or p‐channel OFETs either by blending or inkjet printing of the dopant on the pre‐deposited semiconductor. Excess carriers introduced by the chemical doping compensate traps by shifting the Fermi level (EF) toward respective transport energy levels and therefore increase the number of mobile charges electrostatically accumulated in channel at the same gate bias voltage. In particular, n‐doped OFETs with CsF show gate‐voltage independent Ohmic injection. Interestingly, n‐ or p‐doped OFETs show a lower sensitivity to gate‐bias stress and an improved ambient stability with respect to pristine devices. Finally, complementary inverters composed of n‐ and p‐type PCBM OFETs are demonstrated by selective doping of the pre‐deposited semiconductor via inkjet printing of the dopants.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, polymer‐based organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) that exhibit alignment‐induced mobility enhancement, very small device‐to‐device variation, and high operational stability are successfully fabricated by a simple coating method of semiconductor solutions on highly hydrophobic nanogrooved surfaces. The highly hydrophobic nanogrooved surfaces (water contact angle >110°) are effective at inducing unidirectional alignment of polymer backbone structures with edge‐on orientation and are advantageous for realizing high operational stability because of their water‐repellent nature. The dewetting of the semiconductor solution is a critical problem in the thin film formation on highly hydrophobic surfaces. Dewetting during spin coating is suppressed by surrounding the hydrophobic regions with hydrophilic ones under appropriate designs. For the OFET array with an aligned terrace‐phase active layer of poly(2,5‐bis(3‐hexadecylthiophene‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene), the hole mobility in the saturation regime of 30 OFETs with channel current direction parallel to the nanogrooves is 0.513 ± 0.018 cm2 V?1 s?1, which is approximately double that of the OFETs without nanogrooves, and the intrinsic operational stability is comparable to the operational stability of amorphous‐silicon field‐effect transistors. In other words, alignment‐induced mobility enhancement and high operational stability are successfully achieved with very small device‐to‐device variation. This coating method should be a promising means of fabricating high‐performance OFETs.  相似文献   

20.
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