菊花微量及宏量元素分析

用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法测定了药用野菊花和抗白菊及６种人工栽培菊花中Ａｓ，Ｂ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｅ、Ｓｉ、Ｖ、Ｚｎ、Ｐ、Ｓ、Ｋ等元素的含量。结果表明：（１）菊花中Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｓ、Ｋ含量很高，Ｂ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ也有较高的含量；（２）野菊花中Ｂ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ含量较其他品种高、，抗白菊中Ｍｎ、Ｓｅ、Ｓ含量高地其他品种；（３）代栽培的菊花Ｋ、Ｐ含量高于     

健康人及尿石患者头发中微量元素的相关性研究

用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测定了尿石症高发现地区－广东省东莞市尿石症患者发中Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ａｌ，Ｃｄ，Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃｕ，Ｍｏ，Ｚｎ，Ｂａ，Ｓｒ等十三种微量元素，并和健康人进行比较，经ｔ检验发现：Ｂａ，Ｃｄ，Ｍｏ，Ｓｒ，Ｍｎ，Ｚｎ和Ｍｇ／Ｃａ比值间存在显著性差异。     

不同产地高良姜无机元素含量的比较

用等离子体发射光谱法测定了三个不同产地高良姜的元素含量，在２７种被测元素中，除Ａｓ、Ｂｅ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｂ、Ｔｌ７种元素未被检出外，三个产地的高良姜均含有Ａｇ、Ａｌ、Ｂ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｎａ、Ｎｉ、Ｓｅ、Ｓｉ、Ｖ、Ｚｎ、Ｋ、Ｐ、Ｓ２０种元素，湛江产的高良姜大多数元素的含量要高于其它两地。Ｚｎ和Ｍｎ两种人体必需微量元素的含量较丰富。     

端视ICP-AES法测定钕铁硼永磁材料中常量及微量元素

报道了用高灵敏度的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）直接测定钕铁硼永磁材料中常量、少量及微量元素：Ｎｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｂ、Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｐｒ、Ｄｙ、Ｇｄ、Ｓｍ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｇａ和Ｓｉ的分析方法。选择了合适的分析线，研究了基体元素Ｎｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ对被测杂质元素分析线的光谱干扰，采用基体匹配与背景扣除法进行校正。各被测元素的检出限为０．５～３０μｇ／Ｌ，回收率为９２～１１０％，相对标准偏差小于７％。本法已用于钕铁硼产品的快速检验，并获得了满意的结果。     

不同品种的黄芪微量元素比较

采用原子吸收光谱测定了商品黄芪、梭果黄芪、金翼黄芪及云南栽培黄芪中Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｏ、Ａｌ等元素,不同品种的黄芪中微量元素含量均有差异。     

磷酸三丁酯色层分离—电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定U3Si2

本法对Ｕ３Ｓｉ中２２个微量杂质元素的测定，进行了较系统的实验研究，取样１００ｍｇ时，Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｈｆ、Ｉｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｎｂ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｎ、Ｔａ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｙ、Ｚｎ和Ｚｒ的测定范围５μｇ／ｇ－８００μｇ／ｇ，回收率为９４％－１０５％，ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝８）０．４％－１．２％。     

海带中生命元素的ICP－AES研究

应用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ技术测定了Ｓｒ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ和Ｚｎ等８种生命元素在海带中的分布，发现三种分布模式：（１）Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ在叶状体末端和边缘、固着器末端含量高．其余部位含量低；（２）Ｓｒ和Ｃａ的分布规律与第一类相似，但固着器基部高于固着器末端；（３）Ｍｇ和Ｐ均匀分布．Ｓｒ和Ｃａ分布上的相似性提示了它们生理功能上的相似性．这些数据为研究微量元素在海带中的生理功能提供了新资料。     

计算机模式识别法在甲状腺肿瘤患者血清微量元素谱研究中的应用

用马氏距离判别法对５３例甲状腺肿瘤患者和５８例健康人血清中Ｂａ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ和Ｃａ等元素含量进行了分类研究,分类准确度达９２．８％。研究结果表明,甲状腺肿瘤病变可能与人体中Ｍｏ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｃａ和Ｓｒ含量异常有关。文中还计算了患者和健康人血清元素间的相关系数,并讨论了其差异性。     

Ce~（3＋）在钙钛矿型KMF_3（M＝Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba）基质中的发光特性

采用高温固相反应法，在Ａｒ气氛中合成了ＫＭＦ３（Ｍ＝Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ）基质化合物和掺杂Ｃｅ３＋的磷光体。经Ｘ射线衍射分析确定，ＫＭｇＦ３和ＫＣａＦ３属于立方晶系、钙钛矿型结构，ＫＳｒＦ３和ＫＢａＦ３具有类似的结构。测定了ＫＭＦ３∶Ｃｅ３＋的发光光谱，观察到与其结构对应的分为二种不同的光谱结构，讨论了Ｃｅ３＋的取代格位     

共沉淀分离富集-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定高纯氧化钨中痕量金属杂质

提出了以Ｌａ（ＯＨ）３为共沉淀剂，对高纯氧化钨中的痕量金属杂质元素经共沉淀预分离富集后进行ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测定的分析方法。探讨了影响杂质元素回收率和钨残留量的若干因素，确定了合适的分离富集条件。合成试样和标准样品的测试结果表明： Ｂｉ、Ｃａ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｂ、Ｓｎ、Ｔｉ等元素能被定量分离回收，回收率和精密度均令人满意。     

Betalain: a particular class of antioxidant pigment

We have analyzed the stability of betalains in juices prepared from Moroccan yellow cactus pears (Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.) as a function of temperature and pH. The experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 80 to 100 degrees C with juices at pH 3.5, 5 and 6.5. The degree of pigment retention decreased when the temperature increased. The degradation constant rates were determined for thermal degradation rates of pseudo-first order. The Arrhenius plot obtained for the degradation of betaxanthin from the yellow fruits was not linear. Regardless of the temperature of treatment, the lowest degradation was obtained for pH 5. When some stabilizers were tested for the protection of pigments, the results showed that ascorbic acid was a better protective agent at pH 3.5, increasing the protection by 40%. The inhibitive action of betalain pigments extracted from cactus pears towards corrosion of stainless steel in phosphoric acid was investigated using electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. It was found that the presence of natural pigments reduces the corrosion rate of the tested metal, especially on addition of the red pigments (97%). The inhibition efficiency increases as the pigment concentration of extracts increases. It was also found that the pigments tested act as mixed inhibitors. The inhibitive action of the extracts is discussed in term of adsorption and that such adsorption follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated values of the free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous.     

Bioactive Betalain Extracts from Cactus Pear Fruit Pulp,Beetroot Tubers,and Amaranth Leaves

Natural food items and the additional benefits they provide have received considerable attention in recent years. Betalains are nutritious pigments which have valuable biological properties, e.g., antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. In this study, aqueous betalain extracts were obtained from different coloured cactus pears (purple, red/pink, and orange), amaranth, and beetroot, with and without the addition of ascorbic acid, microwave-heated, and freeze-dried and subsequently analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Beetroot samples without the addition of ascorbic acid (AA) had lower phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid content than beetroot samples extracted with the addition of AA. Amaranth had significantly higher contents of antioxidants than all the other plants. Results for phenolic compounds showed that there were no significant differences between cactus pear cultivars, however, significant differences were seen between the two beetroot samples (microwave-heated with and without AA) as well as amaranth. For flavonoid compounds, amaranth had significantly higher values than all other samples. The lowest flavonoid content was found in beetroot without AA (0.49 mgCE/g). For ascorbic acid, significant differences were noticed between amaranth (71.71 mg/100 g) and samples from cactus pear and beetroot. TLC results showed that purple and red cactus pear samples had the most vivid colours, a reflection of the high betacyanin and betaxanthin contents in the cultivars. Moreover, extracts from cactus pear, beetroot, and amaranth were classified according to a decision tree which was designed by the Code of Federal Regulations/Food Additives Regulation of the EU. The classification of betalain pigment extracts as colouring foods was achieved through enrichment factor calculations and the colourant decision tree. The results showed that the betalain pigment extraction method used is inexpensive, time-saving, energy-saving, non-toxic, and chemical solvent free and yields high concentrations of betalains.     

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Capsorubin‐Like Carotenoids from the Red Mamey (Pouteria sapota)

From the ripe fruits of red mamey (Pouteria sapota), two new carotenoids, 3′‐deoxycapsorubin and 3,3′‐dideoxycapsorubin, were isolated and identified based on their UV/VIS, CD, ¹H‐NMR, and mass spectral data.     

The chemical investigations on the ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga (Lam.) Lamarck growing in Turkey

Two furanochromones and one furanochromone glycoside were isolated from the fruits of Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. They were identified as khellin, visnagin, and khellol glycoside by interpretation of spectral analyses. Quantitative determination of furanochromones in A. visnaga (L.) ripe fruits from Hatay region (Turkey) was carried out by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. In addition, photochemical properties of furanochromones and chemical composition of essential oil were determined.     

Chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of Hymenaea courbaril fruit peel

The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the peel of ripe and unripe fruits of Hymenaea courbaril L., obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The main constituents of the essential oil from the peel of the ripe fruits were the sesquiterpenes alpha-copaene (11.1%), spathulenol (10.1%) and beta-selinene (8.2%), while germacrene-D (31.9%), beta-caryophyllene (27.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.5%) were the major compounds in the oil from unripe fruits. The essential oils were tested against Aedes aegypti larvae and showed LC50 values of 14.8 +/- 0.4 microg/mL and 28.4 +/- 0.3 microg/mL for the ripe and unripe fruit peel oils, respectively. From the peel of the ripe fruits, the diterpenes zanzibaric acid and isoozic acid were isolated, along with the sesquiterpene caryolane-1,9beta-diol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this sesquiterpene in the genus. The structures of all compounds isolated were identified on the basis of their spectral data (IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR) and by comparison with literature spectral data.     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the determination of several natural red dyestuff and lake pigments used in art work

The identification of organic colorants used in artistic paintings is an important information source for reconstructing the working techniques found in a particular work and for defining a programme for the restoration and conservation of the painting. In this work, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a surfactant in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for separating a broad range of red organic pigments, based on their colouring matters: madder (colouring matters: alizarin, quinizarin and purpurin), cochineal (colouring matter: carminic acid), red sandalwood (colouring matter: santalin), brazilwood (colouring matter: brazilin), lac dye (colouring matter: laccaic acid) and dragon's blood (colouring matter: dracorhodin). The running electrolyte used was 20 mM borax (pH 9), containing 20 mM SDS and 10% acetonitrile as organic modifier. Separation was carried out by applying a +20 kV voltage at the injection end, 25 degrees C and 214 nm/254 nm as detection wavelengths. All colorants were separated within less than 13 min with a good baseline resolution. The method was applied to the analysis of paint samples obtained from the Diocesan Museum of Holy Art of Bilbao.     

Volatiles emission patterns of different plant organs and pollen of Citrus limon

The volatiles emitted in vivo by different plant parts of Citrus limon (Rutaceae) have been identified by mean of head space-solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. In particular, the profiles of flower buds, mature flowers, petals, stamens, gynaecium, pericarp of unripe and ripe fruits, young and adult leaves and pollen have been examined. Furthermore, the essential oil obtained from expression of ripe pericarp was studied. Volatiles were produced in distinctive amounts by the different plant organs, creating an interesting contrast, particularly within the flower parts: the highest amount of limonene (62.5%) was emitted by gynaecium, followed by stamens (22.9%) and petals (3.1%). Pollen did not produce limonene at all. The same compound is contained in higher amounts in the young leaves than in old ones (65.3% versus 30.1%). A possible defensive role of limonene and other volatiles, mainly terpene aldehydes, produced by young leaves has been hypothesized.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea L. berries

This study is designed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea L. ripe and unripe berries. GC and GC/MS analyses resulted in the detection of 42 components representing approximately 96.50-99.57% of the oils. Major components of the oils were α-pinene (58.61-77.39%), camphene (0.67-9.31%), δ-3-carene (0-10.01%) and trans-verbenol (0-5.24%). Antioxidant activities were determined by two different test systems, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In both systems ripe berries exhibited better activity potential than the unripe ones.     

The Effect of Maturity and Extraction Solvents on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mulberry (Morus alba) Fruits and Leaves

Cultivation location, maturity levels, and extraction solvents could affect the bioactive compounds and biological activities of mulberry (Morus alba Linnaeus). The lack of study on Malaysia-grown mulberry causes its underutilization. This study investigated the bioactive compound content and the antioxidant activity of Sabah-grown mulberry at two different maturity stages (fruits: red mature and black fully ripe; leaves: young and mature) extracted using 70% (v/v) methanol, 60% (v/v) ethanol, and 65% (v/v) acetone. Analyses showed that mulberry fruits demonstrated maturity-dependent increment (except UHPLC-DAD quantification), while the leaves revealed maturity-dependent reduction. Principal component analysis (PCA) displayed 65% (v/v) acetone black fully ripe fruits as the best phenolics and antioxidant sources. However, the 60% (v/v) ethanol black fully ripe fruits contained 20.08–68.43% higher total anthocyanins. Meanwhile, the 65% (v/v) acetone and 70% (v/v) methanol red mature fruits were higher in chlorogenic acid (27.53–47.12%) and rutin (31.42–35.92%) than other fruit extracts, respectively. For leaves, 65% (v/v) acetone young leaves were the best phenolics and antioxidant sources. However, the 60% (v/v) ethanol young leaves possessed greater chlorogenic acid (19.56–74.11%) than other leaf extracts. Overall, Malaysia-grown mulberry is rich in phenolics and antioxidants, suggesting its potential application in food and pharmaceutical products.     

Statistical optimization of an RP‐HPLC method for the determination of selected flavonoids in berry juices and evaluation of their antioxidant activities

An isocratic RP‐HPLC method for the separation and identification of selected flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside) in commercial berry juices (blackcurrant, blueberry, red raspberry and cherry) was developed with the aid of central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal separation conditions were a mobile phase of 85:15 (% v/v) water–acetonitrile, pH 2.8 (adjusted with formic acid), flow rate 0.5 mL min⁻¹ and column temperature 35°C. The obtained levels of bioflavonoids (mg per 100 mL of juice) were as follows: for quercetin, ca. 0.21–5.12; for kaempferol, ca. 0.05–1.2; for rutin, ca. 0.4–6.5; for luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside, ca. 5.6–10.2; and for kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside, ca. 0.02–0.12. These are considerably lower than the values in fresh fruits. Total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Total flavonoid content varied as follows: blackcurrant > blueberry > red raspberry > cherry. The antioxidant activity of juice extracts (DPPH and ABTS methods) expressed as IC₅₀ values varied from 8.56 to 14.05 mg L⁻¹. These values are ~2.5–3 times lower than quercetin, ascorbic acid and Trolox®, but compared with rutin and butylhydroxytoluene, berries show similar or better antioxidant activity by both the DPPH and ABTS methods.