锂离子电池正极材料尖晶石LiMn204的研究现状

从制备方法，循环性能，比容量，高温性能等方面对近年来有关LiMn204尖晶石的研究作一综述；讨论合成方法，反应条件，尖晶石的晶体结构及改性对正极材料性能的影响，并预示该类正极材料今后的研究方向。     

Porous V2O5 -SnO2 /CNTs composites as high performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5 ) exhibits high theoretical capacities when used as a cathode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but its application is limited by its structural instability as well as its low lithium and electronic conductivities. A porous composite of V2O5 -SnO2 /carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was prepared by a hydrothermal method and followed by thermal treatment. The small particles of V2O5 , their porous structure and the coexistence of SnO2 and CNTs can all facilitate the diffusion rates of the electrons and lithium ions. Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated higher ionic and electric conductivities, as compared to commercial V2O5 . The V2O5 -SnO2 /CNTs composite gave a reversible discharge capacity of 198 mAh g-1 at the voltage range of 2.05 4.0 V, measured at a current rate of 200 mA g-1 , while that of the commercial V2O5 was only 88 mAh g-1 , demonstrating that the porous V2O5 -SnO2 /CNTs composite is a promising candidate for high-performance lithium secondary batteries.     

Synthesis of spherical LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries by a co-oxidation-controlled crystallization method

Spherical Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05OOH precursor,prepared by a co-oxidation-controlled crystallization method,was used to synthesize LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂.The obtained LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ materials showed excellent electrochemical performance,with an initial discharge capacity of 193.5 mAh/g and capacity retention of 95.1%after 50 cycles when cycled at 0.2℃rate between 2.8 and 4.3 V.     

高容量的Li1.1Mn2O3.95F0.05锂离子二次电池正极材料

以无水乙醇为分散剂在行星式球磨机中对原料进行预处理后,经固相反应制备了富锂化合物Li1.1Mn2O3.95F0.05,并以该化合物作为锂离子二次电池正极材料,进行了电化学测试。结果表明,加氟后的富锂化合物Li1.1Mn2O3.95F0.05可与LiCoO2相比,可逆容量高达143nA·h/g,且具有良好的循环稳定性,循环115次后,容量保持率在95%以上。SEM和TEM的表征,说明该方法制备的样品颗粒均匀,具有较好的晶体外观,XRD表征,说明该化合物具有完美的尖晶石结构。锂含量的原子吸收光谱(AAS)表征说明该化合物为富锂化合物Li1.1Mn2O3.95F0.05。电化学测试结果和SEM,TEM,AAS表征支持掺氟后的富锂化合物Li1.1Mn2O3.95F0.05晶胞内空缺增大,使锂离子的嵌入脱出更加容易,并且使更多的锂离子参与嵌入脱出反应。     

Electrochemical properties and synthesis of LiAl0.05Mn1.95O3.95F0.05 by a solution-based gel method for lithium secondary battery

The cathode materials, LiMn₂O₄, LiAl_0.05Mn_1.95O₄ and LiAl_0.05Mn_1.95O_3.95F_0.05 were firstly prepared by a simple solution-based gel method using the mixture of acetate and ethanol as the chelating agent. The synthesized samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscope and differential and thermal analysis. The as-prepared powders were used as positive materials for lithium-ion battery, whose discharge capacity and cycle voltammogram properties were examined. The results revealed that LiAl_0.05Mn_1.95O_3.95F_0.05 synthesized by the solution-based gel method had higher initial capacity than LiAl_0.05Mn_1.95O₄ and better capacity retention rate (92%) than that of LiAl_0.05Mn_1.95O₄ and LiMn₂O₄, which revealed that Al and F dual-doped LiMn₂O₄ could gain better electrochemical properties of LiMn₂O₄ than only the Al-doped LiMn₂O₄.     

尖晶石型LiMn2O4的制备及超级电容性能研究

采用高温固相法制备LiMn₂O₄。X射线衍射结果表明800 ℃下得到尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄。利用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗等研究了LiMn₂O₄电极材料在2 mol·L^-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄溶液中的超级电容性能。循环伏安测试结果表明LiMn₂O₄电极材料在0～1 V电位窗口范围内具有较好的方形特征；恒流充放电结果表明充放电曲线呈现出较规整的三角形对称分布，放电曲线呈直线关系，5 mA·cm^-2下的放电比容量为141 F·g^-1，具有较高的充放电效率，循环性能稳定；交流阻抗结果也显示LiMn₂O₄电极材料在2 mol·L^-1 (NH₄)₂SO₄中具有典型的电容阻抗特性。     

Preparation and characterization of LiMn2O4/Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3/LiMn2O4 thin-film battery by spray technique

Solid-state thin-film lithium-ion battery of LiMn₂O₄/Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃/LiMn₂O₄ is prepared by spray technique using Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ sintered pellet as both electrolyte and substrate. The thin-film battery is heat-treated by rapid thermal annealing. Phase identification, morphology and electrochemical properties of the sintered pellets and thin-film battery are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments, respectively. The results show that LiMn₂O₄ films with some pores are well deposited on the surface of Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ sintered pellet. The discharge current density and temperature have considerable effect on discharge capacity of the thin-film battery. LiMn₂O₄/Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃/LiMn₂O₄ thin-film battery can be easily cycled with a capacity loss of 0.213% per cycle when 50 cycles are carried out.     

LiMn2O4 nanorods as a super-fast cathode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries

LiMn₂O₄ nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method in combination with traditional solid-state reactions and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Their electrochemical behavior was tested by cyclic voltammetry and repeated charge/discharge cycling. Results show that the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li-ions into/from LiMn₂O₄ cathode can yield up to 110 mAh/g at 4.5 C, and still retains 88% at the very large charge rate of 90 C with well-defined charge and discharge plateaus. It presents very high power density, up to 14.5 kW/kg, and very excellent cycling behavior, 94% capacity retention after 1200 cycles. It is thus a competitor for LiFePO₄.     

掺碳制备锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4

采用固相法合成LiFePO4和掺碳的LiFePO4,并对不同掺碳量的LiFePO4进行电化学性能测试,室温条件下,在0.1 C倍率下充放电,样品d(ωC=8.5%)的初始放电容量为151.7 mA·h/g.10次循环后,其放电比容量仍有149.5 mA·h/g,容量损失较小.这表明,在合适的制备工艺条件下,掺碳能获得结构稳定、电化学性能良好的锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4.     

A simple and effective strategy to synthesize Al2O3-coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode materials for lithium ion battery

A facile method has been developed to synthesize Al₂O₃-coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ cathode materials. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). Electrochemical tests show that the cycling stability of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ at room temperature is effectively improved by Al₂O₃ coating. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high temperature (60 °C) cycling tests indicate that Al₂O₃ coating can also improve the thermal stability of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂, which is attributed to that the coating layer can protect the LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ particles from reacting with the electrolyte.     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO(OH)₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。     

Synthesis of SiO2/Y2O3:Eu core-shell materials and hollow spheres

The SiO₂/Y₂O₃:Eu core-shell materials and hollow spheres were first synthesized by a template-mediated method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the broadened diffraction peaks result from nanocrystals of Y₂O₃:Eu shells and hollow spheres. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that the Y₂O₃:Eu shells are linked with silica cores by Si-O-Y chemical bond. SEM and TEM observations showed that the size of SiO₂/Y₂O₃:Eu core-shell structure is in the range of 140-180 nm, and the thickness of Y₂O₃:Eu hollow spherical shell is about 20-40 nm. The photoluminescence spectra of SiO₂/Y₂O₃:Eu core-shell materials and Y₂O₃:Eu hollow spheres have better red luminescent properties, and the broadened emission bands came from the size effects of nanocrystals composed of Y₂O₃:Eu shell.     

Acidity of SiO2, SiO2?Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 supports and supported molybdena catalysts

Acidity of SiO₂, -Al₂O₃ and SiO₂–Al₂O₃ supports and supported Mo-catalysts in oxidized and reduced state are characterized by IR-spectroscopic and gravimetric pyridine (py) adsorption measurements. Differences in surface acidities are interpreted as results of differences in chemical compositions, molybdena-support interactions and molybdena dispersities.

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SiO₂, -Al₂O₃ SiO₂–Al₂O₃, Mo -- . , .

     

介孔SiO_2/Fe_3O_4中空磁性复合微球的制备与表征

采用多步包覆法在自制的240nm的单分散SiO2微球表面进行β-FeOOH的包覆,在5wt%的NaOH溶液中去除核心SiO2后,得到β-FeOOH纳米结构空心微球。将单分散的β-FeOOH空心球作为内核,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,经水解缩聚反应得到空心核壳复合微球。在空气中焙烧(500℃,5h)对样品去除模板剂,并在还原气氛(5%H2/95%Ar,350℃,3h)下焙烧得到介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空磁性复合微球。结果表明,所制得的介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空磁性复合微球中的Fe3O4层厚度约60nm,是由Fe3O4纳米棒搭接而成的三维网络结构,复合微球的整体平均直径为390nm,比表面积较高约693m2·g-1,孔体积为0.63cm3·g-1,平均孔径为3.6nm,其饱和磁化强度可达13.6emu·g-1,同时较低的矫顽力(50Oe)有利于颗粒的再分散。     

Co-Mo/SiO2-Al2O3润滑油加氢处理催化剂的制备

以Pluronic P₁₂₃作结构导向剂,采用Al （NO₃）₃-NaAlO₂双水解法合成氧化铝,在成胶过程中加入正硅酸乙酯,制备硅质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%的SiO₂-Al₂O₃载体,并通过共浸渍法制备出Co-Mo/SiO₂-Al₂O₃润滑油加氢处理催化剂。通过XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、Py-FTIR、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、TEM和XRF等手段对载体及催化剂的性质进行表征。结果表明,硅质量分数为10%的SiO₂-Al₂O₃具有优良的孔结构、较多的中强酸以及部分有序的介孔结构。以此为载体制备的Co-Mo/10% SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂中,MoS₂颗粒均匀地分散在载体上,具有更多的B酸性位和Ⅱ型CoMoS活性相。以减二线蜡油为原料油的固定床活性评价结果表明,生成油中主要组分为链烷烃与环烷烃;尤其Co-Mo/10% SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有优良的加氢性能,在15 MPa、380℃、氢油比为1000、空速为0.6 h^-1的反应条件下,其HDS和HDN数值均超过99%,产品中S含量小于10 μg/g,N含量小于2 μg/g,可以满足后续异构脱蜡等对原料的要求。     

尖晶石LiMn2O4的改性研究

由于资源丰富、价格便宜、易制备、对环境无污染、可回收利用等优点,尖晶石型LiMn2O4成为锂离子二次电池中最有希望的正极材料[1~3]。然而,在高电压充、放电条件下,由于电极中锰的溶解和Jahn鄄Teller效应的发生,会造成LiMn2O4容量迅速衰减[4~6]。为了改善LiMn2O4的电化学性能,研究者主要通过优化合成条件及合成方法来控制产品的粒径分布与形貌,以利于锂离子的脱、嵌[7,8];用掺杂的方法以稳定其结构,抑制Jahn鄄Teller效应的发生[9,10];用表面修饰的方式来减少活性物质与电解液的直接接触从而降低Mn的溶解[11,12]。掺杂方面,Co3 不仅有…     

KCl熔盐法制备LiMn2O4

采用熔盐法合成了LiMn₂O₄。熔盐的使用可以使原来固相反应的高温焙烧时间缩短。合成获得的材料结晶良好，颗粒大小在数百个纳米左右，有较明显的团聚现象。该材料的初始容量为113 mAh·g^-1，循环性能优良，前100次的容量平均衰减率在0.05%左右；倍率性能亦非常优秀，8 C放电时的容量为1 C放电容量的93%以上。熔盐的用量在4倍于Li⁺以上时，对材料的结构形貌和性能都没有明显影响。     

LiCoO2对LiMn2O4改性过程的研究

在LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2这三种锂离子电池正极材料中,尖晶石LiMn2O4由于具有价廉、对环境友好、使用安全的显著优点,被普遍认为是最有希望的新型正极材料。但该材料在高温下较快的容量衰减制约了其规模应用[1~3]。为改善LiMn2O4的高温性能,各国学者普遍采用掺杂法,即在制备L