两种谷胱甘肽亲和层析介质的制备及其对谷胱甘肽转移酶融合蛋白的纯化

以国产交联琼脂糖6FF为基质,分别以环氧氯丙烷(ECH)、1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚(BDGE)为活化剂,偶联谷胱甘肽(GSH)得到两种连接臂长度不同的GSH亲和层析介质,并以两种自制介质对融合蛋白GST-ADAM15进行了纯化。结果表明:GSH-ECH-琼脂糖凝胶和GSH-BDGE-琼脂糖凝胶的配基密度分别达到了30～35μmol/mL和15～18μmol/mL,经两种介质纯化后的GST融合蛋白,纯度均达到95%以上,BDGE活化对目标蛋白的回收率占总蛋白26%,ECH活化为13%。相对而言,由于连接臂长度的不同,BDGE活化的介质纯化效果优于ECH。     

亲和膜色谱

亲和膜色谱又称亲和膜分离，其在蛋白质的分离纯化中作为一种综合性的技术出现在80年代末。亲和膜色谱主要优点是克服了颗粒状多孔载体扩散传质阻力大的缺点，代之以对流传质，这样就可以在较低的操作压和较高的流速下对目标蛋白进行快速的分离和纯化，从而缩短操作时间、提高纯化效率。本文将就近年来亲和膜色谱及其在蛋白质分离和纯化中的应用作一综述性介绍。     

一种凝血酶亲和色谱介质的制备方法

对凝血酶-琼脂糖亲和色谱介质的制备方法进行了研究。首先使用凝血酶和溴化氰活化的琼脂糖制备凝血酶-琼脂糖亲和色谱介质,然后用生色底物法考察亲和色谱介质上凝血酶的活性,以凝血酶活性为指标对最佳偶联条件进行了优化。结果表明最佳条件为使用pH 8.3的Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃溶液(含0.5 mol/L NaCl)为缓冲溶液,凝血酶用量为每1 g色谱介质加入凝血酶200 U,室温反应10 h。在最佳条件下所制备的色谱介质有较好的稳定性,在4℃条件下存放40天,亲和介质上的凝血酶活性仍有70.6%保留。该亲和色谱介质可广泛用于含凝血酶抑制剂的天然药物筛选和分离纯化。     

α-干扰素的液相色谱/毛细管电泳两维分离分析

用亲和色谱/反相色谱、亲和色谱/毛细管电泳和凝胶色谱/毛细管电泳等两维系统, 对白细胞提取液中的α-干扰素进行分离分析, 并对结果进行比较,充分肯定了亲和色谱/毛细管电泳联用在蛋白质类药物制备纯化中的显著作用,以及毛细管电泳作为此类药物分析工具的可能性。     

亲和色谱纯化超螺旋质粒DNA的研究进展

非病毒载体质粒DNA已被广泛应用于基因治疗和DNA疫苗,目前迫切需要开发其大规模制备和分离纯化方法。亲和色谱是一种高分辨率、高选择性的分离技术,在蛋白质、抗体、核酸等生物大分子的分离纯化方面显示了良好的应用前景。本文综述了亲和色谱技术在超螺旋质粒DNA分离纯化中的研究进展,总结了各种亲和色谱方法分离超螺旋质粒DNA的机理和优缺点,并展望了亲和纯化技术在质粒DNA生产和制备中的应用前景。     

标签谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的二价亲和标记试剂的制备与应用

设计合成融合表达标签谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的二价亲和标记试剂,用于功能化磁珠后位点选择性固定化标签GST,为磁分离筛选配体混合物库提供固定化融合靶蛋白的候选方案。 为减少疏水配体在标签GST活性位点的结合,需同时占据标签GST双活性中心内疏水结合位点并发生共价修饰的二价亲和标记试剂。以双苯环为疏水定位基、溴乙酰基为巯基修饰基团、羧基为连接官能团得单价标记试剂,以二乙基三胺为连接臂将单价标记试剂与连接臂两端伯胺连接得标签GST的对称二价亲和标记试剂,再以线性三胺连接臂中间的氨基与羧基磁珠偶联得功能化磁珠。 表征目标化合物对标签GST的标记动力学、结合比;功能化磁珠对标签GST的不可逆固定化动力学和固载容量,及将磁珠表面二价亲和标记试剂转变成还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)加合物后对标签GST可逆固定化的效果;以碱性磷酸酶及疏水荧光配体为模型考察磁珠固定化标签GST后的非特异结合。 目标化合物对标签GST半抑制浓度为(22±0.2) μmol/L,其与GSH的饱和加合物半抑制浓度为(0.41±0.06) μmol/L,二者与标签GST二聚体结合比接近1：1。 功能化磁珠对标签GST不可逆及可逆固定化的容量均接近25 mg/g磁珠。 偶联GST的磁珠对蛋白非特异吸附很弱,再进一步用单价亲和标记试剂和GSH加合物封闭固定化标签GST剩余的活性位点后对疏水小分子也无显著结合。 结果表明,所设计二价亲和标记试剂功能化磁珠适合用于标签GST及其融合表达蛋白的位点选择性固定化。     

重组蛋白A亲和填料的制备及其性能评价

为了获得一种优良的抗体纯化介质,制备了重组金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(rProtein A)亲和填料,并考察了所制备的亲和填料的纯化性能。利用自行构建的rProtein A工程菌,经诱导表达、纯化获得rProtein A纯品,将其偶联到经环氧氯丙烷活化的Sepharose 4 Fast Flow凝胶上,得到rProtein A亲和填料,并使用兔抗尿酸氧化酶抗体对该填料的性能进行验证。结果显示,在自制的rProtein A亲和填料上rProtein A浓度为1.5×10~4 mol/L。采用Scatchard模型分析,得到其解离常数和最大表观吸附量分别为2.28×10~7 mol/L和20.697 g/L,说明制得的rProtein A亲和填料对抗体有很好的结合能力。将该填料于0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中浸泡1 h,其色谱性能未见变化。将该填料用于纯化兔抗体,湿胶结合抗体量可达19 mg/mL;一步柱色谱即可得到电泳纯度的抗体样品,回收率高于96%。本研究为rProtein A亲和填料的国产化奠定了基础。     

蛋白A连续床亲和毛细管色谱柱的制备及性能考察

人免疫球蛋白 G(HIg G)是一种重要的生物大分子 ,是人血浆中的主要成分之一 ,通常采用免疫学的方法测定 .蛋白 A(Protein A)与免疫球蛋白 (HIg G)的 Fc区之间具有很强的特异性亲和作用 ,因而固载蛋白 A的亲和介质可用于免疫球蛋白及单克隆抗体的分离、纯化和分析测定[1～ 3 ] .根据固定相存在形式的不同 ,毛细管色谱柱主要有开管、填充和连续床柱 3种方式 .连续床具有相比高、易制备 (一步合成 )、孔径易控制、不需烧塞子和易改性等优点 .连续床与其它常用的亲和介质 (如球型凝胶颗粒、灌流色谱基质 [4、 5] 、膜介质 [6,7] 等 )相比具…     

膜亲和色谱的现状、发展和应用

文章对膜亲和色谱的原理、特点、设备、过程和发展情况做了介绍，并对亲和膜在整个膜分离技术中的地位、所占的比重及市场预测做了述评，对膜亲和色谱与其它色谱分离技术的优缺点进行了比较。重点介绍了制备亲和膜的材料，活化方法，间隔臂和配基的种类、选择和共价键合方法，配基和配合物产生亲和作用的机理及解离过程和方法。并对膜亲和色谱在酶、蛋白质、核糖核酸等生物大分子纯化分离方面的应用情况做了述评。     

膜亲和色谱的现状、发展和应用

文章对膜亲和色谱的原理、特点、设备、过程和发展情况做了介绍，并对亲和膜在整个膜分离技术中的地位、所占的比重及市场预测做了述评，对膜亲和色谱与其它色谱分离技术的优缺点进行了比较。重点介绍了制备亲和膜的材料，活化方法，问隔臂和配基的种类、选择和共价键合方法，配基和配合物产生亲和作用的机理及解离过程和方法。并对膜亲和色谱在酶、蛋白质、核糖核酸等生物大分子纯化分离方面的应用情况做了述评。     

Incorporation of Tellurocysteine into Glutathione Transferase Generates High Glutathione Peroxidase Efficiency

A rival to native peroxidase! An existing binding site for glutathione was combined with the catalytic residue tellurocysteine by using an auxotrophic expression system to create an engineered enzyme that functions as a glutathione peroxidase from the scaffold of a glutathione transferase (see picture). The catalytic activity of the telluroenzyme in the reduction of hydroperoxides by glutathione is comparable to that of native glutathione peroxidase.

     

Electrochemical Determination of Glutathione

Procedures were developed for determining glutathione by voltammetry and coulometric titration with electrogenerated oxidants using the biamperometric indication of the titration end-point. Possible mechanisms of the glutathione reaction with electrogenerated halogens are discussed. Microgram amounts of glutathione can be determined in model solutions with an RSD of 1–2%. The oxidation wave of glutathione in the voltammogram is observed at 0.95 V. At higher glutathione concentrations, the wave takes the shape of a peak. Glutathione concentration in the range between 9.15 × 10^–5 and 2.14 × 10^–3 M is a linear function of its oxidation wave height at a stationary platinum electrode in a 0.05 M H₂SO₄ solution. The determination limit for glutathione is 1.9 × 10^–5 M. The procedures for determining glutathione in human blood were proposed.     

氧化型谷胱甘肽对还原型谷胱甘肽清除自由基的协同作用

利用分光光度法和基质辅助飞行质谱法研究了谷胱甘肽对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基的清除作用.通过比较不同浓度和不同配比的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)以及Na2SeO3混合溶液的自由基清除率,发现GSH/GSSG的配比对自由基清除率有明显影响.当GSH/GSSG的配比大于50∶ 1时,自由基清除率比同浓度的GSH大,且自由基清除率随GSH和GSSG的绝对浓度的增加而明显增加,说明适量的GSSG可协同催化GSH清除自由基过程.质谱测定结果表明: 此协同作用与GSSG 参与自由基清除过程中的自由基反应有关.Na2SeO3对GSH的清除自由基的影响主要是通过与GSH反应生成GSSG来调控GSH/GSSG配比的结果.通过测定和分析一定配比的GSH+GSSG混合溶液与DPPH作用前后的质谱图,提出了少量的GSSG共存下,GSH催化清除DPPH自由基的作用机理.     

An Overview of Biosensors Based on Glutathione Transferases and for the Detection of Glutathione

Glutathione transferases are enzymes involved in the detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds. These enzymes catalyse a variety of reactions on many physiological and xenobiotic compounds using glutathione as a co-substrate. Moreover, many compounds are inhibitors of such enzymes. A wide array of biosensors based on glutathione transferases have been developed for analysing a variety of noxious compounds, as well as several biosensors devoted to the detection and quantification of glutathione and of glutathione transferases themselves. Here, we review the state of the art in this active field of research, highlighting the possible applications of such devices.     

Glutathione complexed Fe-S centers

Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is a major thiol-containing peptide with cellular levels of up to 10 mM. (1) Several recent reports have demonstrated glutaredoxins (Grx) to form [Fe(2)S(2)] cluster-bridged dimers, where glutathione provides two exogenous thiol ligands, and have implicated such species in cellular iron sulfur cluster biosynthesis. We report the finding that glutathione alone can coordinate and stabilize an [Fe(2)S(2)] cluster under physiological conditions, with optical, redox, M?ssbauer, and NMR characteristics that are consistent with a [Fe(2)S(2)](GS)(4) composition. The Fe-S assembly protein ISU catalyzes formation of [Fe(2)S(2)](GS)(4) from iron and sulfide ions in the presence of glutathione, and the [Fe(2)S(2)] core undergoes reversible exchange between apo ISU and free glutathione.     

Glutathione Amperometric Enzyme Microsensor

Abstract

Glutathione micro-enzyme sensors were developed based on the immobilization of glutathione oxidase at the tip of a 25 μm Pt wire sealed in glass. An inner membrane constructed from cellulose acetate (CA) was deposited onto the tip of the Pt microelectrode prior to enzyme immobilization with glutaraldehyde. The final outer diameter of the microelectrodes is approximately 30 μm. The analytical characteristics of the microelectrodes, including calibration curves, apparent K_M′, pH response curves, stability and selectivity over enzymatic interferences were determined. The response was linear in the concentration range 1.0 × 10^?5 M - 1.9 × 10^?4 M glutathione, reaching 95% steady-state current in 15–20 seconds. The microelectrodes were useful for more than two months.     

电化学测定谷胱甘肽方法的研究

采用循环伏安扫描的方法, 促进谷胱甘肽与邻苯醌亲核加成产物在玻碳电极表面的生成和富集. 在此后的差分脉冲分析中, 邻苯醌的还原峰与谷胱甘肽-邻苯醌加合物的还原峰完全分开, 实现了谷胱甘肽的单独测定. 研究了溶液pH值, 邻苯二酚浓度及循环伏安扫描条件对谷胱甘肽测定的影响. 在优化的条件下, 测定谷胱甘肽的检测限为0.05 µmol/L, 线性范围是0.1 µmol/L～1.7 µmol/L, 同时抗坏血酸, 甘氨酸, L-酪氨酸, L-赖氨酸和半胱氨酸对测定没有干扰. 此电化学测定谷胱甘肽方法选择性好、灵敏度高.     

Substrate Profiling of Glutathione S‐transferase with Engineered Enzymes and Matched Glutathione Analogues

The identification of specific substrates of glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) is important for understanding drug metabolism. A method termed bioorthogonal identification of GST substrates (BIGS) was developed, in which a reduced glutathione (GSH) analogue was developed for recognition by a rationally engineered GST to label the substrates of the corresponding native GST. A K44G‐W40A‐R41A mutant (GST‐KWR) of the mu‐class glutathione S‐transferases GSTM1 was shown to be active with a clickable GSH analogue (GSH‐R1) as the cosubstrate. The GSH‐R1 conjugation products can react with an azido‐based biotin probe for ready enrichment and MS identification. Proof‐of‐principle studies were carried to detect the products of GSH‐R1 conjugation to 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and dopamine quinone. The BIGS technology was then used to identify GSTM1 substrates in the Chinese herbal medicine Ganmaocongji.     

环糊精包结谷胱甘肽的机理

使用分子动力学模拟结合自由能计算的方法在原子水平上研究了谷胱甘肽与α-,β-和γ-环糊精的包结模式,计算了谷胱甘肽与3种环糊精之间6种可能包结过程的自由能变化.结果表明,谷胱甘肽的谷氨酸残基从α-环糊精大口端进入空腔最终形成的包结复合物最稳定;在该复合物中,谷氨酸残基的亚甲基链部分被完全包结在疏水空腔中,其氨基与羧基位于与α-环糊精的小口端,并与环糊精的伯羟基形成了氢键,同时半胱氨酸中的巯基位于环糊精的大口端,得到了有效的保护.因此,疏水相互作用和氢键相互作用构成了包结的主要驱动力.β-环糊精的优势包结模式与α-环糊精类似,但形成复合物的稳定性次之,而γ-环糊精由于空腔较大,优势的包结模式是谷氨酸残基从γ-环糊精小口端进入空腔,但所形成的复合物结构的稳定性最弱.