柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶同工酶的一种高效液相色谱分离新方法

建立一种“疏水界面亲和色谱”分离柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶同工酶的高效液相色谱新方法。将商品化的CRL经离子交换色谱分离为两个同工酶组分 (CRLA和CRLB) ,在极低离子强度下 ,根据同工酶活性中心周围处于“开放”构象的疏水腔具亲疏水界面的特性 ,用疏水界面亲和色谱在NucleosilC4 (10 μ ,3 0 0 ,2 5 0× 4.60mm)柱上将CRLA和CRLB都分离为 4种同工酶组分。疏水界面亲和色谱非常适用于分离这种结构差异轻微的同工酶组分     

聚丙烯酸甲酯载体对柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶固定化的研究（Ⅰ）

合成了一系列不同结构的聚丙烯酸甲酯，考察了它们的固定化酵母脂肪酶催化酯水解反应的效果，得到了载体孔结构对固定化效果影响的一些规律．研究了最佳吸附条件，比较ｐＨ和离子强度对酵母脂肪酶自由酶和固定化酶催化酯水解反应活力的影响．     

AOT/Triton X-100混合反胶束体系中假丝酵母脂肪酶催化蓖麻油水解的活性

研究了二(2-乙基己基)琥珀酸磺酸钠(AOT)/Triton X-100混合反胶束体系中假丝酵母脂肪酶(candida rugosa lipase)催化蓖麻油水解的反应. 考察了Triton X-100占总表面活性剂的摩尔分数(x(Triton X-100))、水与总体表面活性剂的摩尔比(ω0)、pH值、反应温度以及底物蓖麻油的浓度等因素对酶活性的影响. 研究结果表明, 加入非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100可以使假丝酵母脂肪酶的活性得到显著提高, 但是当底物蓖麻油的浓度大于0.24 mol·L-1时, 会对假丝酵母脂肪酶产生抑制作用.     

近平滑假丝酵母细胞催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应

 采用近平滑假丝酵母细胞用于催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应, 可高选择性地生成 (R)-1-三甲基硅乙醇. 结果表明, 固定化于海藻酸钙的细胞催化该反应的产物收率比游离细胞的高. 不同辅底物对该反应的影响显著, 以葡萄糖为辅底物时, 反应的初速率较快, 产物收率较高. 该反应的最适条件为: 辅底物 (葡萄糖) 浓度 110 mmol/L, 振荡速度 180 r/min, 缓冲液 pH 值 6.0, 反应温度 30 oC, 底物浓度 20 mmol/L. 在此反应条件下反应的初速率、产物收率和产物的 ee 值分别为 11.4 μmol/h, 96.5% 和 99.9%.     

高压CO2条件下粗状假丝酵母催化苯乙酮不对称还原合成α-苯乙醇

 研究了在高压CO2条件下利用粗状假丝酵母Candida valida CICC1444活性细胞催化苯乙酮不对称还原合成(R)-α-苯乙醇. 高压CO2条件可对粗状假丝酵母细胞的活性产生一定的影响,但反应的选择性反而有所提高,证实了高压CO2作为该反应环境是可行的. 考察了底物浓度、细胞用量、反应温度和压力等因素对反应的影响. 结果表明,这些因素对反应产率有很大的影响,在最佳反应条件下,反应底物苯乙酮的转化率和产物α-苯乙醇的产率均可达90%以上,对映体过量值(ee)保持在80%左右. 与常压静置条件下的反应相比,高压CO2条件下粗状假丝酵母催化苯乙酮不对称还原反应的转化率和产率分别提高了20%和40%左右,对映体选择性也提高了5%～10%.     

聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯载体固定化酵母脂肪酸在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应的研究

用悬浮聚合法合成了一系列聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯载体，考察了它们固定化酵母脂肪酶活力与载体的交联度和致孔剂用量之间的关系。研究了这些固定化酵母脂肪酶在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应的活性。脂肪酶的固定化使之活力表达更为充分，对亲水性较强的有机溶剂有更强的耐受性，并能为其在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应提供必需水。考察了ｐＨ值，底物种类对固定化酵母脂肪酶催化酯合成反应的影响。     

催化水解反应的肽基模拟酶的活性来源、催化机理及应用

肽基材料由于其与蛋白质高度相似和结构可控等优势,是构建人工模拟酶的一种理想材料;此外,小肽中氨基酸排列的多样性、序列的自组装特性、纳米结构稳定性、结构简单易于设计、良好生物相容性等优势,使得构建具有高效催化活性的肽基模拟酶具有非常好的应用前景。利用肽基材料通过理性设计活性位点来构建模拟酶具有多方面优势:(1) 氨基酸序列可以直接从天然酶中的活性位点获得,保留酶的功能,但降低了酶固有的复杂性;(2) 肽序列中可以嵌入各种具有特定结构及功能的活性位点,便于对模拟酶进行人工理性设计;(3) 肽具有良好的生物相容性,可以在温和条件下催化反应进行。根据催化降解化学键的不同,可将肽基水解模拟酶分为以下几种:催化酯键降解的肽基模拟酶、催化肽键降解肽基模拟酶、催化糖苷键水解的肽基模拟酶。本文主要分析了具有水解酶活性的肽基模拟酶的活性来源、构建方法及微观结构、催化反应类型、催化影响因素、活性改善方法、作用机理及未来潜在应用等;以期为构建具有高效水解催化活性的模拟酶提供借鉴,推进肽基水解模拟酶的研究发展及实际应用。     

酶促水解法拆分布洛芬乙酯的工艺研究

以布洛芬乙酯为反应底物,探索了酶促水解法拆分布洛芬的工艺。以曲拉通X-100为表面活性剂,利用南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（CAL-B）催化拆分外消旋布洛芬乙酯,并对表面活性剂含量、有机溶剂种类和添加量、酶量、缓冲溶液pH、温度及时间等反应条件进行了优化;得到的最佳反应条件为：在pH为9.0的缓冲溶液中,添加80 mg曲拉通X-100、50 μL二氯甲烷和15 mg CAL-B,于30℃下反应48 h;在该条件下,S-布洛芬乙酯的剩余率（C）为65%,布洛芬乙酯的对映体过量值（ees）为94%。     

采用通透性处理的安大略假丝酵母全细胞高效合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇(英文)

考察了利用安大略假丝酵母(Candida ontarioensis)静息细胞不对称催化2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙酮合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的转化反应条件.结果表明,当底物浓度为10g/L时,在最适转化条件下反应72h,产物的ee值和产率分别达到99.9%和99.0%.采用4g/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对Candida ontarioensis细胞于4℃通透性处理20min后,全细胞的酶活提高2倍以上.当底物浓度提高为30g/L,转化24h后,产物的ee和产率分别达到99.9%和97.5%.该研究为高效制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇提供了可行途径,并为生物催化合成芳基手性醇类手性中间体提供了理论指导。     

木糖辅助底物对近平滑假丝酵母催化(R,S)-苯基乙二醇不对称氧化还原合成(S)-苯基乙二醇体系稳定性的促进作用

通过分析近平滑假丝酵母Candida parapsilosis催化外消旋苯基乙二醇(PED)不对称氧化还原合成(S)-苯基乙二醇的反应过程,结合微生物中糖类的代谢路径研究,建立了一种以木糖为辅助底物的NADPH辅酶再生的方法,提高了该催化系统的稳定性.结果表明,相同条件下反应体系中添加8 g/L的木糖可使(S)-PED产物的对映体过量值(ee)和产率分别提高14%和10%;菌体可重复使用3~4次,而产物ee值保持在98%.考察了木糖对表达羰基还原酶重组大肠杆菌体系催化效果的影响,发现木糖是通过强化(S)-羰基还原酶的催化作用提高了催化系统的稳定性,其原因是在磷酸戊糖途径中再生了氧化还原反应所需的NADPH辅酶.     

Immobilization of Candida antarctica Lipase B by Adsorption to Green Coconut Fiber

An agroindustrial residue, green coconut fiber, was evaluated as support for immobilization of Candida antarctica type B (CALB) lipase by physical adsorption. The influence of several parameters, such as contact time, amount of enzyme offered to immobilization, and pH of lipase solution was analyzed to select a suitable immobilization protocol. Kinetic constants of soluble and immobilized lipases were assayed. Thermal and operational stability of the immobilized enzyme, obtained after 2 h of contact between coconut fiber and enzyme solution, containing 40 U/ml in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7, were determined. CALB immobilization by adsorption on coconut fiber promoted an increase in thermal stability at 50 and 60 °C, as half-lives (t _1/2) of the immobilized enzyme were, respectively, 2- and 92-fold higher than the ones for soluble enzyme. Furthermore, operational stabilities of methyl butyrate hydrolysis and butyl butyrate synthesis were evaluated. After the third cycle of methyl butyrate hydrolysis, it retained less than 50% of the initial activity, while Novozyme 435 retained more than 70% after the tenth cycle. However, in the synthesis of butyl butyrate, CALB immobilized on coconut fiber showed a good operational stability when compared to Novozyme 435, retaining 80% of its initial activity after the sixth cycle of reaction.     

Improved Thermostability of Lipase B from Candida antarctica by Directed Evolution and Display on Yeast Surface

To expand the functionality of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB), we used the multi-site saturation mutagenesis methods to create CALB mutants with improved thermal stability. The times of residual activity of the mutants mCALB168 and mCALB7 were 14 and 6 times higher than that of the displayed WT-CALB at 60 °C. Amino acid substitutions at positions 218, 219, 220, and 221 in mCALB7 introduced two additional hydrogen bonds and altered part of the surface domain from 217 to 224. In mCALB168, we introduced mutations T57A/R168K, which formed three additional hydrogen bonds. The mutants displayed on yeast significantly increased the thermostability in an aqueous system at 60 °C. These results indicate that yeast surface display technology could dramatically improve the stability of CALB.     

无机杂化脂肪酶的制备及其催化性能研究

采用脂肪酶为有机组分,Ca2+、Zn2+、Mn2+和Cu2+等4种金属磷酸盐为无机组分,制备脂肪酶-无机杂化纳米花,系统研究4种杂化脂肪酶的结构和催化活性。结果表明,制备的杂化脂肪酶具有花状的层级片状结构,并探究了无机杂化脂肪酶的最优反应时间为10 min,反应温度为40 ℃,pH为8。4种金属离子制备的杂化脂肪酶包封率达到90%以上。相比于游离脂肪酶,杂化脂肪酶的催化水解活性、催化反应速率、耐温性、耐变性剂均有所提高,其中Ca2+金属磷酸盐合成的杂化脂肪酶催化效率是游离脂肪酶的1.87倍,合成的杂化脂肪酶表现出良好的重复使用性。     

Polycondensation of Sebacic Acid with Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups Containing Diols Catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase B

Abstract

The aliphatic polyesters are normally synthesized by ester interchange reactions or direct esterification of hydroxyacids or diacid/diol combinations. Biotransformation, utilizing the enzymes as catalysts, was accepted as an alternative route for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters and offers various advantages compared with the conventional, metal-catalyzed polymerization reactions. Previous studies indicated that lipase-catalyzed polycondensation reactions between diols and diacids occurred preferentially at primary hydroxyl groups of diols, when diols contained both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. In this work, we investigated lipase-catalyzed polycondensation of diacids and secondary hydroxyl group–containing diols, and successfully synthesized polyesters by polycondensation with secondary hydroxyl groups as well as primary hydroxyl groups. Various diols, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and 2,4-pentanediol were tested for the polycondensation. The polymerization was achieved by heating a mixture of lipase B, sebacic acid, and the diols in anhydrous toluene at 100 °C for 72 h. The resulting polymers were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography.     

AEOT反胶束中脂肪酶的催化活性

反胶束已广泛应用于膜模拟化学和蛋白质的液 液萃取中[1～ 3] ,反胶束酶反应作为实现有机相酶催化的方法之一 ,具有许多独特的优点 ,反胶束独特的结构特征使表面活性剂分子组成的膜将油水相隔开 ,从而有利于保持酶的活性和稳定性。酶在反胶束的微水环境中比在水溶液中更接近天然的细胞内环境 ,在这里酶和底物分子均可得到有效的分散 ,接触几率大大提高 ,因而催化效率也得到很大提高。反胶束可以适用于各种类型的 (亲水的、疏水的和双亲的 )底物[4] ,已逐步形成“胶束酶学”的研究分支 ,研究胶束酶学的Martinek等[3] 曾预言 :反胶束体系有可…     

Activity Enhancement of Candida antarctica Lipase B by Flexibility Modulation in Helix Region Surrounding the Active Site

The activity of Candida antarctica lipase B was improved by mutation of the area surrounding the active site. We changed the edges of four helices surrounding the active site to flexible amino acids. Two mutants, V139E and I255E, obtained as a result of Pichia pastoris expression, showed enhanced specific activity of 9.9 and 8.1 U/mg while that of wild type was 2.3 U/mg for p-nitrophenyl caprylate hydrolysis. It was nearly 5.4-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. The stability of both mutants on organic solvent was slightly decreased but almost similar with that of wild type. In the kinetic assay, k _cat values were shown as dominant factor for the enhancement of catalytic efficiency, k _cat/K _m, since it was 4.1-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively.     

微乳液中脂肪酶和含明胶的微乳液凝胶中固定化脂肪酶的催化特性

在双2-乙基己基琥珀酸酯磺酸钠(AOT)油包水微乳液中Calytical脂肪酶催化月桂酸和戊醇的酯化反应动力学研究表明,反应符合乒乓(BiBi)机制.表观速率常数k_m酸=0.13518mol/L,k_m醇=0.22423mol/L,最大反应速度v_max=1.3873×10^-5mol/(L·min·mg).将该脂肪酶固定于含明胶的微乳液凝胶(MBGs)中,制得固定化脂肪酶,含酶MBGs在非极性溶剂中可作为固相催化剂,并研究了其在辛烷中催化酯化的性能.所制得的含酶MBGs物理稳定性好,重复利用10次以上,其转化率仍达初始转化率的90%.     

核苷酸锆固定化脂肪酶的制备及其催化性能

开发了以核苷酸锆纳米颗粒为载体固定化脂肪酶的方法,考察了固定化时间、缓冲液pH值及浓度和酶载量等因素对固定化酶在有机相中催化烯丙醇酮酯交换反应性能的影响.结果表明,一元尿苷酸锆(粒径30～50nm)是较佳的载体,在磷酸缓冲液pH=8.0和浓度为0.03mol/L时,酶与载体质量比为4,固定化6h制得的固定化酶效果最佳....