A New Unsteady Three Dimensional Model for Macromolecular Transport and Water Filtration Across the Arterial Wall

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水库设计的三维可视化研究

为了提高水库设计的自动化水平,实现模型的三维可视化,本文研究了三维地形的建模方法及其在水库设计中的应用。采用了地性特征点和地性线参与三维建模的方法,提高了数字高程模型DEM的地形逼真度。在此基础上通过一种综合了水平线和覆盖消隐算法的合成消隐算法实现了彻底的消隐以及图像的快速生成。通过三维水库模型,不仅可以得到水库的容量、库水的淹没边界和淹没面积,而且还可以生成地形剖面图。如果地形剖面图与地质图、水文图、构造图等进行叠加,可以形成综合剖面图。文章最后采用三维可视化方法模拟了某水库的部分设计工作,结果表明,通过水库的三维地形模型可以简单直观的完成坝址的选择、水库容量以及蓄水的水位线的确定等方面的工作。     

一种新的玻尔兹曼方程可计算模型构造与分析

临近空间飞行器因各部件尺寸差异较大, 在高空高马赫数条件下飞行会出现多流区共存的多尺度复杂非平衡流动现象, 流场中的气体分子速度分布函数与当地位置、流场分子速度、气体密度、流动速度、温度、热流矢量、应力张量等相关. 通过分析玻尔兹曼方程的一阶查普曼?恩斯科近似解, 构造了一种同时考虑热流矢量和应力张量影响、满足玻尔兹曼方程高阶碰撞矩的跨流域统一可计算模型方程, 并在数学上分析了其守恒性、H定理等基本属性, 证明了新模型方程与玻尔兹曼方程的相容性, 给出了新模型与现有模型如沙克霍夫(Shakhov)模型等的递进关系, 基于碰撞动力学确定了各流域统一气体分子碰撞松弛参数表达式. 在气体动理论统一算法中采用新建模型及现有模型模拟了一维激波结构、二维近空间飞行环境平板和多体圆柱干扰流动, 并与直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法对比分析, 结果表明在流场中粘性效应显著的区域新建模型能更好地捕捉激波位置, 尤其是在激波内部新模型模拟的宏观参数分布与直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法结果符合更好, 验证了新模型的有效性和可靠性, 同时说明在非平衡显著的流动区域碰撞松弛模型受多参数共同作用的影响.      

Three‐dimensional remeshed smoothed particle hydrodynamics for the simulation of isotropic turbulence

We present a remeshed particle‐mesh method for the simulation of three‐dimensional compressible turbulent flow. The method is related to the meshfree smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, but the present method introduces a mesh for efficient calculation of the pressure gradient, and laminar and turbulent diffusion. In addition, the mesh is used to remesh (reorganise uniformly) the particles to ensure a regular particle distribution and convergence of the method. The accuracy of the presented methodology is tested for a number of benchmark problems involving two‐ and three‐dimensional Taylor‐Green flow, thin double shear layer, and three‐dimensional isotropic turbulence. Two models were implemented, direct numerical simulations, and Smagorinsky model. Taking advantage of the Lagrangian advection, and the finite difference efficiency, the method is capable of providing quality simulations while maintaining its robustness and versatility.     

岩石节理粗糙面的分形几何特性与剪切强度关系的实验研究

自然形成的岩石节理面的表面形状具有分形特性，利用分形理论来描述岩石节理的粗糙特性，并确立与岩石节理面的剪切力学特性间的关系对于指导岩体工程设计，和管理具有重要一研究利用开发设计的三维激光测距仪在精确测定岩石节理面的表面形状４ 基础上，依据变量图法建立了 岩石节理面的     

Turbulence in a skewed three‐dimensional wall‐bounded shear flow: effect of mean vorticity on structure modification

Mean‐flow three‐dimensionalities affect both the turbulence level and the coherent flow structures in wall‐bounded shear flows. A tailor‐made flow configuration was designed to enable a thorough investigation of moderately and severely skewed channel flows. A unidirectional shear‐driven plane Couette flow was skewed by means of an imposed spanwise pressure gradient. Three different cases with 8°, 34°and 52°skewing were simulated numerically and the results compared with data from a purely two‐dimensional plane Couette flow. The resulting three‐dimensional flow field became statistically stationary and homogeneous in the streamwise and spanwise directions while the mean velocity vector V and the mean vorticity vector Ω remained parallel with the walls. Mean flow profiles were presented together with all components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The mean shear rate in the core region gradually increased with increasing skewing whereas the velocity fluctuations were enhanced in the spanwise direction and reduced in the streamwise direction. The Reynolds shear stress is known to be closely related to the coherent flow structures in the near‐wall region. The instantaneous and ensemble‐averaged flow structures were turned by the skewed mean flow. We demonstrated for the medium‐skewed case that the coherent structures should be examined in a coordinate system aligned with V to enable a sound interpretation of 3D effects. The conventional symmetry between Case 1 and Case 2 vortices was broken and Case 1 vortices turned out to be stronger than Case 2. This observation is in conflict with the common understanding on the basis of the spanwise (secondary) mean shear rate. A refined model was proposed to interpret the structure modifications in three‐dimensional wall‐flows. What matters is the orientation of the mean vorticity vector Ω relative to the vortex vorticity vector ω _v, that is, the sign of Ω · ω _v. In the present situation, Ω · ω _v > 0 for the Case 1 vortices causing a strengthening relative to the Case 2 vortices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

由Bezier曲线构造的聚合物熔体剪切黏度模型

为提高聚合物熔体剪切黏度模型的描述精度,提出了一个基于二次Bezier 曲线的黏度模型. 模型采用分段函数描述,在对数坐标系中,低剪切速率时的牛顿区和高剪切速率时的幂律区采用线性函数,介于二者之间的过渡区采用二次Bezier 曲线. 通过牛顿区和幂律区的直线延长线构造Bezier 曲线的控制多边形,从而保证三段曲线的光滑过渡. 模型可以明确给出任意温度下低剪切速率时牛顿区的结束点,以及高剪切速率时幂律区的开始点. 拟合算例表明,所提出模型的拟合精度明显高于Cross-Arrhenius 黏度模型.      

Turbulence in a three‐dimensional wall‐bounded shear flow

A new turbulent flow with distinct three‐dimensional characteristics has been designed in order to study the impact of mean‐flow skewing on the turbulent coherent vortices and Reynolds‐averaged statistics. The skewing of a unidirectional plane Couette flow was achieved by means of a spanwise pressure gradient. Direct numerical simulations of the statistically steady Couette–Poiseuille flow enabled in‐depth explorations of the turbulence field in the skewed flow. The imposition of a modest spanwise gradient turned the mean flow about 8° away from the original Couette flow direction and this turning angle remained nearly the same over the entire cross section. Nevertheless, a substantial non‐alignment between the turbulent shear stress angle and the mean velocity gradient angle was observed. The structure parameter turned out to slightly exceed that in the pure Couette flow, contrary to the observations made in some other three‐dimensional shear flows. Coherent flow structures, which are known to be associated with the Reynolds shear stress in near‐wall regions, were identified by the λ₂‐criterion. Instantaneous and ensemble‐averaged vortices resembled those found in the unidirectional Couette flow. In the skewed flow, however, the vortex structures were turned to align with the local mean‐flow direction. The conventional symmetry between Case 1 and Case 2 vortices was broken due to the mean‐flow three‐dimensionality. The turning of the coherent vortices and the accompanying symmetry‐breaking gave rise to secondary and tertiary turbulent shear stress components. By averaging the already ensemble‐averaged shear stresses associated with Case 1 and Case 2 vortices in the homogeneous directions, a direct link between the educed near‐wall structures and the Reynolds‐averaged turbulent stresses was established. These observations provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the structural model proposed for two‐dimensional turbulent boundary layers remains valid also in flows with moderate mean three‐dimensionality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRIC COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER UNIAXIAL EXTENSION AND IN－PLANE PURE SHEAR

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Wall effects in simple shear of dilute polymer solution: exact results for very narrow and very wide channels

The effect of the presence of walls for simple shear of a dilute macro-molecular solution is studied. For Gaussian dumbbell model macromolecules, exact analytic results for all rheological quantities are obtained for very small and very large (but finite) channels, respectively. The concept of a slip velocity and of a pure solvent layer close to either wall, though useful for the shear stresses, cannot be used for the normal stresses.     

ANALYSIS OF SHEAR LAG EFFECT OF TWIN-CELL BOX GIRDERS

针对单箱双室箱梁,考虑各翼板间剪力滞翘曲的差异,并结合全截面轴力自平衡条件,定义了箱梁各翼板的剪滞翘曲位移函数. 利用最小势能原理,建立了双室箱梁考虑剪力滞效应的控制微分方程. 对一典型的单箱双室简支箱梁,利用空间板壳数值方法和本文解析解方法,研究了满跨均布载荷和跨中集中力作用下截面的剪力滞分布规律. 结果表明,本文提出的剪力滞翘曲位移模式能够反映双室箱梁各翼板间剪力滞翘曲的差异,本文解析解与有限元数值解吻合良好. 双室箱梁中腹板部位顶、底板处的剪力滞效应与边腹板部位有一定差异,对算例结构,中腹板部位的顶、底板应力小于边腹板部位的应力.     

水垫塘三元流态及消能特征的数值和实验研究

采用数值模拟和实验测试相结合的方法对水利工程中高拱坝泄洪水垫塘三元流场进行研究．获得了详细的流态特征，得到了水垫塘三元典型流态概化图．研究了水垫塘消能特性，并据此将塘内水体划分为剪切消能区、撞击消能区和混掺消能区．计算和实验所得的速度场及底板最大冲击动压相比较，二者基本一致．     

THE ANALYSES OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS STRUCTURE NEAR THE CRACK TIP OF MODE I CT SPECIMENS IN ELASTICPLASTIC STATE(Ⅰ)—THE ANALYSES OF CONSTRAINT PARAMETERS AND FRACTURE PARAMETERS

In the present paper, three dimensional analyses of some general constraint parameters and fracture parameters near the crack tip. of Mode I CT specimens in two different thicknesses are carried out by employing ADINA program. The results reveal that the constraints along the thickness direction are obviously separated into two parts: the keeping similar high constraint field (Z₁) and rapid reducing constraints one (Z₂). The two fields are experimentally confiremed to correspond to the smooth region and the shear lip on the fracture face respectively. So the three dimensional stress structure of Mode I specimens can be derived through discussing the two fields respectively. The distribution of the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) along the thickness direction and the three dimensional distribution of the void growth ratio (V_g) near the crack tip are also obtained. The two fracture parameters are in similar trends along the thickness direction, and both of them can reflect the effect of thickness and that of the loading level to a certain degree.     

The study of quadruple integral equations involving inverse Mellin transforms and its application to a contact problem for a wedge shaped elastic solid in antiplane shear distribution

Closed form solution of quadruple integral equations involving inverse Mellin transforms has been obtained. The solution of quadruple integral equations is used in solving a two dimensional four-part mixed boundary value contact problem for an elastic wedge-shaped region as an application. Closed form expression for shear stress has been obtained. Finally, numerical results for shear stress are obtained and shown graphically.     

Finite element Galerkin Approach for a Computational Study of Arterial Flow

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Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of transient fluid flow with free‐surface using marker surface method and adaptive grid refinement

For three‐dimensional finite element analysis of transient fluid flow with free‐surface, a new marker surface method is proposed, in which the fluid flow is represented by the marker surface composed of marker elements instead of marker particles used in the marker particle method. This also involves an adaptive grid that is created under a new criterion of element categorization of filling states and the locations in the total region at each time step. The marker surface is used in order to represent the free‐surface accurately, as well as to decrease the memory and computation time, and to effectively display the predicted three‐dimensional free‐surface. By using the adaptive grid in which the elements, finer than those in internal and external regions, are distributed in the surface region through refinement and coarsening procedures, the analysis of three‐dimensional transient fluid flow with free‐surface is achieved more efficiently. Through three‐dimensional analysis of two kinds of problems using several grids, the efficiency of the proposed marker surface method and the adaptive grid are verified. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An apparent viscosity function for shear thickening fluids

A new apparent viscosity function for shear thickening fluids is proposed, contemplating the three characteristic regions typically exhibited by these materials: slight shear thinning at low shear rates, followed by a sharp viscosity increase over a threshold shear rate value (critical shear rate), and a subsequent pronounced shear thinning region at high shear rates. The proposed function has a continuous derivative, making it appropriate in numerical simulations. Moreover, the function is shown to provide an excellent fit to several independent experimental data sets.     

A new crystal plasticity scheme for explicit time integration codes to simulate deformation in 3D microstructures: Effects of strain path,strain rate and thermal softening on localized deformation in the aluminum alloy 5754 during simple shear

The predominant deformation mode during material failure is shear. In this paper, a crystal plasticity scheme for explicit time integration codes is developed based on a forward Euler algorithm. The numerical model is incorporated in the UMAT subroutine for implementing rate-dependent crystal plasticity model in LS-DYNA/Explicit. The sheet is modeled as a face centered cubic (FCC) polycrystalline aggregate, and a finite element analysis based on rate-dependent crystal plasticity is implemented to analyze the effects of three different strain paths consisting predominantly of shear. Finite element meshes containing texture data are created with solid elements. The material model can incorporate information obtained from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and apply crystal orientation to each element as well as account for texture evolution. Single elements or multiple elements are used to represent each grain within a microstructure. The three dimensional (3D) polycrystalline microstructure of the aluminum alloy AA5754 is modeled and subjected to three different strain rates for each strain path. The effects of strain paths, strain rates and thermal softening on the formation of localized deformation are investigated. Simulations show that strain path is the most dominant factor in localized deformation and texture evolution.     

应力分量变化范围的描述方程及其图形

过应力空间一点的不同斜面上的正应力、剪应力以及全应力会随着斜面的变化而变化。全应力的变化范围常用应力椭球方程和应力椭球面来描述。首次给出了过一点不同斜面上正应力、剪应力变化的描述方程及其三维图形。该方程和应力椭球方程共同构成了所有应力分量的描述方程。针对剪应力、全应力作用方向与斜面的法向并不一致的问题,给出了一种能够直接描述不同斜面上正应力、剪应力和全应力变化的三维图形,该图形能够非常直观地表示正应力、剪应力以及全应力数值的变化。     

An experimental study on the coherent structures and chaotic phenomena in the axisymmetric countercurrent shear flow

The coherent structures and the chaotic phenomena in the transition of the axisymmetric countercurrent mixing shear flow were investigated experimentally. Two kinds of self-excited oscillation modes could exist in the axisymmetric countercurrent mixing shear flow. One is the shear layer self-excited oscillation mode corresponding to the high Reynolds number regime and the other is the jet column self-excited oscillation mode corresponding to the low Reynolds number regime in the case of the velocity ratio ranging from 1 to 1.5. Analyzing the auto-power spectrum, self-correlation-function and three dimensional reconstructed phase trajectory, the route to chaos through three Hopf bifurcations intercepted by an intermittence of the dynamical system corresponding to the axisymmetric countercurrent mixing shear flow was discovered when the velocity ratio is equal to 1.32.