伟大的门捷列夫的预见

今年2月8日是俄罗斯天才的化学家门捷列夫(1834—1907)诞生125周年纪念。特选此译文刊出以为纪念。     

氨的制造的教学法

苏联共产党第十九次代表大会的决议指示出化学教师应该提高关于综合技术教育的教学质量,更密切地联系学习与生活,使学生认识重要化学生产的科学原理。氨的制造是属于重要化学生产之列的。研究氨的制造是具有重要的教育教养意义。这课题的材料,可以提供作复习和更深入地去认识以前所熟悉的物质的性质和扩大瞭解关于反应进行的条件,以及在工业上的管理方法.在八年级末学期已经学过硫酸的制造,从而熟悉了一些化学工业制造原理,如阶段的划分和流水作业的装置,扩大反应物质的表面,逆流原理,温度和压力的影响,热的交换等等,在研究氨的制造中巩固了这些原理,并且增加了关于适当的压力和循环作业的利用等概念。     

一氧化氮的合成的演示及其方法的讨论

一、反应原理在放电条件下,N2和O2能直接化合生成无色的一氧化氮。放电N2+O2（?）2NO一氧化氮在常温下很容易和O2化合,生成棕色并有刺激性气味的NO2。二、仪器及药品打气球、贮气瓶2个（一个标出刻度）、两口玻璃球（容积140ml）、铁架台、铁丝电。     

对公认的Clapeyron方程的推导的不同意见

对公认的Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程的推导的不同意见郭余年，赵凤云（吉林工学院轻化工程系长春１３００１２）Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程问世干热力学第二定律成立之前。第二定律建立以后，赋予了它以新的内容，使其成为描述单元系任意温度（压力）、任意两相平衡的普遍公式。...     

有机试剂的结构与性质的关系的研究

前言有机试剂是用于化学元素和化合物的测定、分离与浓集、掩蔽的有机化合物。这类化合物数量很多,在分析化学中得到极其广泛的应用。有机试剂结构及其与反应性能之间关系的研究是有机试剂理论研究的基本问题。早在本世纪二十年代Feigl就提出了分析功能团的概念。这个概念广泛地应用于有机试剂的研究中,并不断得到丰富和发展。这一概念的出现,为人们研究有机试剂结构与反应性能的关系奠定了基础。随着现代科学技术的不断发展,X射线衍射、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等现代技术也相继用于有机试剂的研究,使人们对有机试剂的认识进一步加深。此外近代迅速发展起来的络合物结构理论、量子化学方法以及计算技术也被用于有机试剂的研究中,从而使得从理论上     

基于Matlab的二元共聚合反应的竞聚率的求解

以直线交叉法为依据,根据最小二乘原理,采用Matlab GUI工具设计了一款用于计算二元共聚合反应竞聚率的图形用户程序。与传统的求解竞聚率方法相比,该图形用户程序具有设计原理简单、计算快捷的特点;同时程序提供界面简洁、交互友好的数据输入平台,实用性强。实际应用表明:采用该款图形用户程序所测得的数据与微机动态搜索法、Tidwell-Mortimer法相近,而比采用斜率截距法计算竞聚率的最小差方和更小,并且也避免了采用斜率截距法由于所用方程的非对称性造成的计算结果的不一致性。     

紫精的负离子对耐水的紫精－聚合物膜的光致变色性能的影响

将合不同负离子的苄基紫精分散在混合有ＰＶＰ的ＭＭＡ－ＨＥＭＡ共聚物基质中可制成耐水的光致变色膜。它们的光致变色速度的大小随紫精负离子的不同而有如下序列：这与这些紫精在ＤＭＦ中的溶解度以及在共聚物基质中的溶解性大小的序列相一致．负离子对这些光致变色膜在空气中的氧化退色速度没有很大影响，对这些膜的光疲劳性能的影响也不大。将Ｖ３～Ｖ６分散在不很有ＰＶＰ的ＭＭＡ－ＨＥＭＡ共聚物基质中制成的膜也表现出光致变色的特性，表明它们的多原子负离子本身在聚合物膜中也能充当电子给体的角色．     

古老的分子 新颖的化学

已有十多年临床使用历史的抗癌络合物cis-DDP,是早在一百四十多年以前就被合成的古老分子。七十年代特别是近年以来,人们围绕它作为一种抗癌药物的作用机理开展了大量的研究工作,从而发现了许多有关它的新颖化学。本文拟介绍其中若干重要方面,主要包括cis-DDP的水解反应、“铂兰”、Pt(Ⅲ)氧化态和金属—金属键、以及cis-DDP与DNA的作用等问题。     

学习化学元素的电负性的体会

在学习化学元素电负性的概念、化合物的键型和元素的化学活泼性等问题中,我有一些学习心得,现归纳如下: 1.电负性的定义和计算方法L.Pauling在1932年首先提出电负性的概念.元素的电负性就是“元素的原子在化合物分子中把电子吸引向自己的能力”.计算电负性的方法有下列四种: (1)Pauling的热化学方法Pauling     

新发现的危害健康的化学物质

德意志联邦研究协会(DFG)每年公布一次危害健康的物质清单,称为车间空气中有害物质最高容许浓度值表(MAK-Werte-Liste)。在1979年的该表中,     

Heat capacity of superfine oxides of iron under applied magnetic fields

Heat capacity is one of the most characteristic and important properties when the peculiarities of magnetic nanosystems are studied. In these systems the magnetic ordering becomes obvious due to the thermal effects such as heat capacity anomalies. It was considered earlier that heat capacity change under magnetic fields applied is slight and it cannot be taken into account in thermodynamic calculations. However the experimental heat capacity data for ferrofluids under magnetic fields applied show that field and temperature heat capacity dependences have a complicated behavior and in magnetic fields an essential heat capacity change takes place. On the other hand in the literature the contradictory data about heat capacity of nanoparticles appear. According to some papers nanoparticles heat capacity can exceed heat capacity of a bulk material a few times.     

The impact of sampling time on peak capacity and analysis speed in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) offers a number of practical advantages over optimized one-dimensional LC in peak capacity and thus in resolving power. The traditional “product rule” for overall peak capacity for a 2DLC system significantly overestimates peak capacity because it neglects under-sampling of the first dimension separation. Here we expand on previous work by more closely examining the effects of the first dimension peak capacity and gradient time, and the second dimension cycle times on the overall peak capacity of the 2DLC system. We also examine the effects of re-equilibration time on under-sampling as measured by the under-sampling factor and the influence of molecular type (peptide vs. small molecule) on peak capacity. We show that in fast 2D separations (less than 1 h), the second dimension is more important than the first dimension in determining overall peak capacity and conclude that extreme measures to enhance the first dimension peak capacity are usually unwarranted. We also examine the influence of sample types (small molecules vs. peptides) on second dimension peak capacity and peak capacity production rates, and how the sample type influences optimum second dimension gradient and re-equilibration times.     

蛇笼树脂交换量的测定

本文介绍了蛇笼树脂的结构及其离子阻滞作用机理,提出了离子阻滞交换量的概念.研究了残余阴离子交换量、残余阳离子交换量、全阴离子交换量、离子阻滞交换量和全阳离子交换量的测定及计算方法,测定了美国的Retardion 11A-8及本文合成的9种蛇笼树脂的交换量.     

对MDTA中测样品热容量的准恒温法的评述

对用调制差热分析（ＭＤＴＡ）准恒温法测样品热容量的情形进行了讨论。通过结合最基本的热传导定律和ＭＤＴＡ模型，指出了目前国际上测量样品热容量的准恒温法只能得到在所测温度范围内的物质热容量平均值，调制温度的幅度越大或调制频率越高，所得到的热容量数据越平滑。在所测温度范围内样品热容量基本不变时，用ＭＤＴＡ准恒温法较好；但当样品热容量在所测温度范围内有明显变化时，用传统差热分析法（ＤＴＡ）更好一些。     

Cycling parameters of silicon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Integrated analysis of the cycling parameters (reversible specific capacity, Coulomb efficiency, irreversible loss of cycle capacity, accumulated irreversible capacity, and retention of reversible capacity) of synthetic graphite of MAG brand as an active material for the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries was made.     

Fundamental characteristics of synthetic adsorbents intended for industrial chromatographic separations

With the aim of obtaining comprehensive information on the selection of synthetic adsorbents for industrial applications, effect of pore and chemical structure of industrial-grade synthetic adsorbents on adsorption capacity of several pharmaceutical compounds was investigated. For relatively low molecular mass compounds, such as cephalexin, berberine chloride and tetracycline hydrochloride, surface area per unit volume of polystyrenic adsorbents dominated the equilibrium adsorption capacity. On the contrary, effect of pore size of the polystyrenic adsorbents on the equilibrium adsorption capacity was observed for relatively high molecular mass compounds, such as rifampicin, Vitamin B12 and insulin. Polystyrenic adsorbent with high surface area and small pore size showed small adsorption capacity for relatively high molecular mass compounds, whereas polystyrenic adsorbent with relatively small surface area but with large pore size showed large adsorption capacity. Effect of chemical structure on the equilibrium adsorption capacity of several pharmaceutical compounds was also studied among polystyrenic, modified polystyrenic and polymethacrylic adsorbents. The modified polystyrenic adsorbent showed larger adsorption capacity for all compounds tested in this study due to enhanced hydrophobicity. The polymethacrylic adsorbent possessed high adsorption capacity for rifampicin and insulin, but it showed lower adsorption capacity for the other compounds studied. This result may be attributed to hydrogen bonding playing major role for the adsorption of compounds on polymethacrylic adsorbent. Furthermore, column adsorption experiments were operated to estimate the effect of pore characteristics of the polystyrenic adsorbents on dynamic adsorption behavior, and it is found that both surface area and pore size of the polystyrenic adsorbents significantly affect the dynamic adsorption capacity as well as flow rate.     

Linear peak capacity of a comprehensive multi-dimensional separation

In order to resolve (quantifiably and identifiably separate) the same number of peaks in the analysis of the same mixture yielding statistically uniform peak distribution, a comprehensive 2-D separation needs a two times larger peak capacity than a 1-D separation does. Each additional dimension further reduces the utilization of the peak capacity of comprehensive multi-dimensional (MD) separation by a factor of two per dimension. As a result, the same peak capacity means different things for separations with different dimensionalities. This complicates the use of the peak capacity for comparison of the potential separation performance of the separations with different dimensionalities. To facilitate the comparison, a concept of a linear peak capacity has been proposed. The linear peak capacity of an MD separation is the peak capacity of a 1-D separation that, in the analysis of the same mixture, is statistically expected to resolve the same number of peaks as the MD separation is. There are other factors that differently affect the performance of the separations that have different dimensionalities. Peak capacity of a 2-D separation with a rectangular separation space is 27% larger than the product of the peak capacities of its first and second dimension. This advantage of a 2-D separation is essentially nullified by the fact that the peak capacity of the first dimension of an optimized 2-D separation cannot be higher than 80% of the peak capacity of its first dimension standing alone. All in all, the incremental peak capacity gained from addition of a second dimension will not exceed 50% of the peak capacity of the added second dimension. All results are valid for arbitrarily shaped (not necessarily Gaussian) peaks.     

Cycling parameters of MAG graphite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Integrated analysis of the cycling parameters (reversible specific capacity, Coulomb efficiency, irreversible loss of cycle capacity, accumulated irreversible capacity, and retention of reversible capacity) of synthetic graphite of MAG brand as an active material for the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries was made.     

电化学浸渍法制备空间氢镍电池用镍电极的循环寿命研究

以空间储能电源4.5’镍极板为对象,研究了过充电、高倍率及极板孔径对电化学浸渍电极循环寿命的影响.结果表明,5C过充电70%,电极初始容量为2.7 Ah,150次循环后容量逐渐下降,300次循环,放电容量约为1.7 Ah(保持率约63%).5C无过充电,300次循环其容量保持率约100%,1000次循环,容量保持率仍可达76%.无过充电,极板孔径及小电流活化均可改善电极循环性能.     

Evaluation of The Peak Capacity of Various RP-Columns for Small Molecule Compounds in Gradient Elution

Peak capacity is the commonly used measure of separation efficiency in gradient elution. This study focuses on the effect of column characteristics (particle size and column length) and operating parameters (gradient time and flow rate) on the peak capacity for small molecule compounds in gradient elution. The goal of this study is to develop a practical strategy to maximize the separation efficiency (i.e., peak capacity) under different constraints (analysis time or pressure limit). Using both experimental data and theoretical modeling, the current study reveals that the peak capacity increases with both gradient time and column length in a non-linear fashion. Marginal peak capacity is proposed to characterize the non-linear increase of peak capacity over the gradient time and column length. This study also attempts to understand the maximum peak capacity achievable under certain pressure limits using Neue’s peak capacity model. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the UPLC technology, and can also help to develop practical strategies to maximize the separation efficiency in gradient elution to meet the separation needs.