Facile synthesis of a porous network-like silver film for electrocatalytic detection of nitrate

We have developed a method for in-situ construction of a porous network-like silver film on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). It is based on a galvanic replacement reaction where a layer of copper nanoparticles is first electrodeposited as a sacrificial template. The silver film formed possesses a porous network-like structure and consists of an assembly of numerous nanoparticles with an average size of 200 nm. The electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity, good stability, and fast response (within 2 s) toward the reduction of nitrate at a working potential of −0.9 V. The catalytic currents linearly increase with the nitrate concentrations in the range of 0.08–6.52 mM, with a detection limit of 3.5 μM (S/N = 3) and a repeatability of 3.4 % (n = 5).

A facile method was developed for in situ construction of a porous network-like Ag film on a glassy carbon electrode by a galvanic replacement reaction, where a layer of Cu nanoparticles previously electrodeposited as a sacrificial template. Thus-formed Ag film displays excellent electrocatalytic activity, good stability, and fast response (within 2 s) toward nitrate reduction.

     

Facile synthesis of two-dimensional PA-Ag@C film for highly sensitive SERS detection

In this study, the surface of polyamide (PA) films are electrostatically deposited with the carbon-coated silver (Ag@C) nanoparticles, resulting in a two-dimensional (2D) PA-Ag@C film substrate. The TEM images demonstrate that the nanoparticles were successful synthesized. By adjusting the pH of the system, the core–shell structure and the 2D SERS substrate work together to improve the sensitivity, stability, and repeatability of the substrate to be used in complex real-world water samples. The SERS enhancement effect and substrate uniformity were determined using rhodamine 6G (R6G), crystal violet (CV), and malachite green (MG). The results indicate that the 2D PA-Ag@C film substrate in this study has the optimal Raman effect at a system pH of 6. Under ideal pH conditions, the R6G detection limit (LOD) is as low as 10⁻¹⁰ M (D2 attenuation), and the Raman signal intensity deviation of the same substrate is maintained within 9.49%. Overall, the Raman signal of probe molecule on the fabricated PA-Ag@C film possesses excellent sensitivity, repeatability, and stability.     

Facile synthesis of NiCo2O4 nanorods for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol

Fuel cell performance largely relies on the activity of catalyst; hence development of high performance electrocatalysts for the electrooxidation of methanol is highly essential for the further development in fuel cell technology. Herein, we demonstrate a facile hydrothermal approach for the growth of NiCo₂O₄ nanorods and their application in the methanol electrooxidation. The morphology and surface area investigation reveal the growth of NiCo₂O₄ nanorods with an average length of 500 nm and a specific surface area of 123 m²/g, respectively. The NiCo₂O₄ nanorods displayed a larger electrochemical activity towards the electrooxidation of methanol in alkaline pH than the quasi-spherical NiCo₂O₄ nanoparticles. On the NiCo₂O₄ nanorod based electrode a higher catalytic current density of 129 mA/cm² and a high stability with 86% current retention was achieved, signifying that the current non-Pt based catalyst could be a non-expensive alternative candidate for high performance fuel cell application.     

Facile synthesis of biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon microbeads for supercapacitors

Using the facile method of solvent evaporation, the leonardite fulvic acids (LFA)-based porous carbon microbeads (PCM) have been successfully prepared at ambient pressure, followed by carbonization and KOH activation (a low mass ratio alkali/LFA = 1.5) in an inert atmosphere. The effects of KOH treatment on pore structures and the formation mechanism of the PCM were discussed. The results showed that the sample exhibited remarkable improvement in textural properties. The activated carbon microbeads had high surface area (2269 m² g^?1), large pore volume (1.97 cm³ g^?1), and displayed excellent capacitive performances, compared with carbon powder. The porous carbon material electrodes with the “porous core structure” behaved superiorly at a specific capacitance of 320 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.05 A g^?1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, which could still remain 193 F g^?1 when the current density increased to 100 A g^?1. Remarkably, in the 1 M TEABF₄/PC electrolyte, the PCM samples could reach 156 F g^?1 at 0.05 A g^?1, possess an outstanding energy density of 39.50 Wh kg^?1, and maintain at 22.05 Wh kg^?1 even when the power density rose up to 5880 W kg^?1. The balance of structural characteristic and high performance makes the porous carbon microbeads a competitive and promising supercapacitor electrode material.     

Hydrogen evolution assisted deposition of a three-dimensional porous nickel film for the electrocatalytic oxidation of histamine

Microchimica Acta - The authors describe an electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive voltammetric of histamine (HA) by using a gold electrode that was modified with a film consisting of...     

Facile method for synthesis of hollow porous magnetic microspheres with controllable structure

Hollow porous magnetic microspheres with strong magnetization and controllable structure were prepared via a facile electrostatic self-assembly of the positively charged Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles onto the surface of the negatively charged poly(N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) (P(MBAAm-co-MAA)) microspheres with subsequent removal of the polymer core through calcination at high temperature. The shell thickness was facilely tuned through the ratio between Fe(3)O(4) and polymer, and the void space was conveniently changed through the size of polymer microspheres. The hollow magnetic microspheres possessed high saturation magnetization value (51.38 emu/g) and porous structure with high specific surface area (108.04 m(2)/g). Based on these properties, the drug loading and release behaviors were investigated, which indicated that the hollow magnetic microspheres exhibited a controlled release process.     

Facile synthesis of silver core - silica shell composite nanoparticles

Combining metal nanoparticles and dielectrics (e.g. silica) to produce composite materials with high dielectric constant is motivated by application in energy storage. Control over dielectric properties and their uniformity throughout the composite material is best accomplished if the composite is comprised of metal core - dielectric shell structured nanoparticles with tunable dimensions. We have synthesized silver nanoparticles in the range of 40-100nm average size using low concentration of saccharide simultaneously as the reducing agent and electrostatic stabilizer. Coating these silver particles with silica from tetraalkoxysilanes has different outcomes depending on the alcoholic solvent and the silver particle concentration. A common issue in solution-based synthesis of core-shell particles is heterogeneous nucleation whereupon two populations are formed: the desired core-shell particles and undesired coreless particles of the shell material. We report the formation of Ag@SiO(2) core-shell particles without coreless silica particles as the byproduct in 2-propanol. In ethanol, it depends on the silver surface area available whether homogeneous nucleation of silica on silver is achieved. In methanol and 1-butanol, core-shell particles did not form. This demonstrates the significance of controlling the tetraalkoxysilane hydrolysis rate when growing silica shells on silver nanoparticles.     

Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles useful for fabrication of high-conductivity elements for printed electronics

A facile synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles having a particle size of <10 nm is described. The synthesis involved reduction of silver acetate with a substituted hydrazine, such as PhNHNH2, in the presence of a 1-alkylamine, such as C16H33NH2, in toluene at 25-60 degrees C. Spin-coated thin films or printed electronic features of alkylamine-stabilized silver nanoparticles could be easily converted at 120-160 degrees C into highly conductive films or elements with conductivity of 2-4 x 104 S cm-1. Organic thin-film transistors with printed silver source/drain electrodes of this nature exhibited field-effect transistor properties which are similar to those of the devices using vacuum-deposited silver electrodes.     

Boron-iron nanochains for selective electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate

The electrocatalysis of nitrate reduction reaction(NRR) has been considered to be a promising nitrate removal technology.Developing a highly effective iron-based electrocatalyst is an essential challenge for NRR.Herein,boron-iron nanochains(B-Fe NCs) as efficient NRR catalysts were prepared via a facile lowcost and scalable method.The Fe/B ratio of the B-Fe NCs-x can be elaborately adjusted to optimize the NRR catalytic performance.Due to the electron transfer from boron to metal,the metal-metal bonds are weakened and the electron density near the metal atom centers are rearranged,which are favor of the conversion from NO_3~-into N_2.Moreover,the well-crosslinked chain-like architectures benefit the mass/electron transport to boost the exposure of abundant catalytic active sites.Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the optimized B-Fe NCs catalyst exhibits superior intrinsic electrocatalytic NRR activity of high nitrate conversion(～80%),ultrahigh nitrogen selectivity(～99%) and excellent long-term reactivity in the mixed electrolyte system(0.02 mol/L NaCl and 0.02 mol/L Na_2 SO_4 mixed electrolyte),and the electrocatalytic activity of the material shows poor performance at low chloride ion concentration(Nitrate conversion of ～61 % and nitrogen selectivity of ～57% in 0.005 mol/L NaCl and 0.035 mol/L Na_2 SO_4 mixed electrolyte).This study provides a broad application prospect for further exploring the highefficiency and low-cost iron-based functional nanostructures for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.     

Facile synthesis of polyacrylate directed silver nanoparticles for pH sensing through naked eye

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and its salt poly(acrylate) (PA) have been synthesized through modified free radical polymerization in environmentally begin aqueous medium under ultrasound to make the process robust. The synthesized polymer is well-characterized through conventional techniques. Its salt is employed to produce highly stable and stimuli sensitive colloidal silver (Ag-PA sol) without using any additional reducing chemical reagents like sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid, hydrazine, etc or UV/Gamma radiation. A detailed mechanistic path of the polymerization and reduction of Ag⁺ on polyacrylate chains has been evaluated. Finally Ag-PA sol is used for pH sensing through naked eye to eliminate the need for sophisticated instrument for data collection. The present work focuses mainly the development of a low cost pH sensing system based on colorimetric ‘smart polymer’ having high practical utility. The unique structural and photo-physical features of nano-scaled materials open new opportunities for the applications of colorimetric pH sensor. In the present work, Ag nano-clusters capped by PA^? are employed as an effective colorimetric pH sensor for the first time, requiring no further functionalization.     

Facile synthesis and catalytic property of porous tin dioxide nanostructures

Porous tin dioxide (SnO(2)) nanostructures consisting of nanoplates are prepared through thermal decomposition of the mixed solution composed of dibutyltin dilaurate and acetic acid. The aggregations of the nanoplates give rise to large macropores with the size of about 100-300 nm. These nanoplates have a wormhole-like porous structure with the size of about 4 nm and possess high surface area. X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption have been employed to characterize the obtained porous structures. It is found that the obtained nanostructures exhibit excellent catalytic activity toward methanol decomposition. Such porous structures with high surface area have promising industrial applications as catalysts.     

Comparison of nanostructured silver-modified silver and carbon ultramicroelectrodes for electrochemical detection of nitrate

We report the use of silver (Ag)-modified carbon and Ag ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) for electrochemical detection of nitrate. We investigated several methods for electrodeposition of Ag; our results show that the addition of a complexation agent (ammonium sulfate) in the Ag deposition solution is necessary for electrodeposition of nanostructured Ag that adheres well to the electrode. The electrodeposited Ag on both types of electrodes has branch-like structures that are well-suited for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate. The use of UMEs is advantageous; the sigmoidal-shaped cyclic voltammogram allows for sensitive detection of nitrate by reducing the capacitive current, as well as enabling easy quantification of the nitrate reduction current. Both cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to characterize the electrodes; and independent of the electrochemical interrogation technique, both UMEs were found to have a wide linear dynamic range (4–1000 μM) and a low limit of detection (3.2–5.1 μM). More importantly, they are reusable up to ∼100 interrogation cycles and are selective enough to be used for direct detection of nitrate in a synthetic aquifer sample without any sample pretreatment and/or pH adjustment.     

A study on the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of microperoxidase-11 immobilized on a porous network-like gold film: Sensing of hydrogen peroxide

We have prepared porous and network-like nanofilms of gold by galvanic replacement of a layer of copper particles acting as a template. The films were first characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and then modified with cysteamine so to enable the covalent immobilization of the enzyme microperoxidase-11. The immobilized enzyme undergoes direct electron transfer to the underlying electrodes, and the electrode displays high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, owing to the largely enhanced electroactive surface of the porous gold film. The detection limit of H₂O₂ is 0.4 μM (3 S/N).

Facile synthesis of silver nano particles with highly efficient anti-microbial property

A simple surfactant assisted aqueous solution approach, based on the conventional Tollen’s reaction has been applied for the facile syntheses of silver nano-assembly. Nano particle morphologies strongly depend on the temperature adopted during the synthesis. Two-dimensional (2 D) nano-disks and three-dimensional (3D) nano-globules with “Cauliflower” like morphology were observed. The unique and distinctive feature of the synthesized silver nano particle in solution is its very high anti-microbial activity. This is evident in very low (4 μg/ml) inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium and three varieties of Staphylococcus aureus. This low MIC value is comparable to that of Penicillin and in the cases of E. coli and S. aureus (ML 422), the MIC value is as low as 2 μg/ml which beats even Penicillin.     

PVP-assisted synthesis of porous CoO prisms with enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution properties

Hollow metal oxide materials with nanometer-to-micrometer dimensions have attracted tremendous attention because of their potential applications in energy conversion and storage systems. Numerous efforts have been focused on developing versatile methods for the rational synthesis of various hollow structures to act as efficient water oxidation catalysts. In this work, a unique porous and hollow CoO tetragonal prism-like structure has been successfully synthesized via a facile and efficient co-precipitation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP K30) followed by a heating treatment of the resulted precipitates.The as-prepared porous and hollow CoO microprisms displayed a high activity and stability for water oxidation in 1.0 M KOH solution. To reach a current density of 10 m A/cm~2, a low overpotential of 280 m V is required. The remarkable activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect between two different but well-distributed CoO crystalline phases, uniform particle size, ameliorative crystallinity, high surface area and the low mass transfer resistance benefitted from the unique porous structure.     

Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels for electrochemical detection of dopamine

Nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels with three-dimensional network structures are fabricated using hydrothermal method which includes the reduction of graphene oxide by organic amine and self-assembly of reduced graphene oxide. The effect of amine-containing compounds including aniline, 2-aminoethanol, ethylenediamine, melamine and chitosan on the assembly of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel is investigated. The microstructure and chemical composition of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels are characterized. The results reveal that nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel prepared using aniline as nitrogen source possesses a large specific surface area, high nitrogen content, good mechanical strength and excellent electrical conductivity. Based on these features, the as-prepared nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel shows high performance in electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. Given the facile and scalable processability of aerogels, the proposed nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels are expected to have potential applications in sensors and other related devices.     

Facile synthesis and photoelectrochemical performance of the bush-like ZnO nanosheets film

Bush-like ZnO nanosheets film is fabricated on conductive transparent oxide substrates using a facile hydrothermal method without any surfactant or further heat treatment. The morphology, structure and photoluminescence property of the products are characterized in detail. The ZnO nanosheets are composed of numerous grains with the 5 nm average diameter, and most of the sheets present the relative uniform arrangement. These nanosheets construct a porous network which is favorable for the photoelectrochemical properties and applications in dye-sensitized solar cells. The photoelectrochemical performances of the bush-like ZnO nanosheets film are investigated, and a high open-circuit voltage of 0.69 V is achieved.     

Facile synthesis of ultra-long Cu microdendrites for the electrochemical detection of glucose

Ultra-long Cu microdendrites (MDs) were prepared by one-step electrodeposition on a glassy carbon electrode. The results demonstrated that the reduction potential, pH, and temperature of the electrolysis solution, as well as the amount of Cu²⁺ and citrate ions, play important roles in the formation of the Cu MDs. Notably, the X-ray diffraction experiments confirmed that the aggregations of the Cu nanocrystals preferred to grow along (111) direction. In addition, the resulting Cu MDs-modified electrode showed good electrochemical performance as a non-enzyme glucose sensor in alkaline media.