尿液中新型合成大麻素及其代谢物的检验研究

利用液相色谱-高分辨质谱（LC-HRMS）建立了尿液中3种新型合成大麻素及5种代谢物的快速检验方法。前处理分别采用沉淀蛋白和固相萃取2种方法,选用Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.9μm)色谱柱进行分离,以含10 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液和含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液进行梯度洗脱;采用正离子扫描模式,一级质谱全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描（Full MS/dd-MS2）进行检测。结果表明,沉淀蛋白法检出限为1～3 ng/mL,定量限为2～5 ng/mL,固相萃取法检出限为0.1～1 ng/mL,定量限为0.5～2 ng/mL,回收率为76.5%～91.7%,基质效应范围为77.6%～97.3%,日内日间相对标准偏差均小于12%。将建立的方法用于检验疑似合成大麻素吸食者的尿液检材并检出了目标物,表明所建立的方法可应用于公安机关对实际案件的检验。     

吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素的EI质谱特征分析

采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（GC－MS）对 9 种吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素（MDMB－CHMINACA、5F－AB－PINACA、5F－AMB、AB－CHMINACA、AB－FUBINACA、AB－PINACA、MDMB－FUBINACA、AMB－FUBINACA、ADB－BUTINACA）在电子轰击（EI）电离模式下产生的主要碎片离子和碎裂过程进行分析,并对所获得的质谱图进行解析,推测该类物质的EI碎裂规律。结果表明,在EI模式下,吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素的吲唑3号位酰胺基C—N键的断裂是主要碎裂方式,在碎裂过程中还存在麦氏重排。该研究总结了吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素在EI模式下的主要碎片离子和质谱特征,归纳了EI的特征碎裂规律,可为吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素的结构推断与鉴定提供参考。     

吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素检验方法研究进展

合成大麻素作为滥用最广泛、种类最多的新精神活性物质之一,严重影响人类身心健康和社会稳定,当前滥用较严重,常出现在国内外各类案件的侦办中,是世界范围内关于新精神活性物质案件的一个研究焦点,建立合成大麻素的检验方法对侦破相关案件具有重要意义.近几年出现的吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素被称为第八代合成大麻素,其涉案频繁但研究相对...     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定电子烟油中的5种吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素北大核心CSCD

合成大麻素是目前世界上滥用最多的新精神活性物质之一,其结构多变,更新迅速,目前已发展至新型第八代吲哚/吲唑酰胺类。近年来与吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素相关的案件逐渐增多,在实际案件中对缴获物中合成大麻素的定量分析需求随之增多,但相应的检验鉴定技术仍处于发展阶段。本研究针对电子烟油中5种常见的吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素,建立了超高效液相色谱法对其同时进行定量分析测定。实验对流动相的种类、洗脱梯度、柱温、检测波长等色谱条件进行了优化,再结合外标法定量,实现了对5种合成大麻素的定量分析。样品用甲醇提取,在Waters ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱上进行分离,柱温35℃,流速0.3 mL/min,进样量1μL,乙腈和超纯水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为290 nm和302 nm。结果表明,采用该方法,5种合成大麻素可在10 min内完全分离,在1~100 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r^(2))均可以达到0.9999,检出限为0.2 mg/L,定量限为0.6 mg/L,满足实际样品分析需求。采用1、10、100 mg/L 3个水平的5种合成大麻素混合标准溶液进行精密度试验,日内精密度(n=6)均小于1.5%,日间精密度(n=6)均小于2.2%。以空白电子烟油为基质样品,在2、10、50 mg/L 3个加标水平下进行加标回收试验,各待测物的平均加标回收率为95.5%~101.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.2%~1.5%,准确度为-4.5%~1.9%。本方法具有准确、快速、灵敏、分离效果好等优点,适用于电子烟油中5种吲哚/吲唑酰胺类合成大麻素的定量测定,可满足相关鉴定工作的要求,也可为具有相似结构的合成大麻素的液相色谱定量分析提供参考。     

超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱法检验4种酰胺类合成大麻素同分异构体

同分异构现象在合成大麻素中普遍存在，因其结构与性质上的差异并不显著，当同时存在时分离鉴定较为困难，为公安实践中合成大麻素的检验鉴定带来了一定的挑战。本研究利用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术(UHPLC-HRMS)建立了5F-EMB-PICA与5F-MDMB-PICA、ADB-BINACA与AB-PINACA这2对酰胺类合成大麻素同分异构体的检验方法。选用Hypersil GOLD C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9μm)进行UHPLC分离，以含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液和含10 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱。高分辨质谱采用一级质谱全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描(Full MS/dd-MS²)进行检验。结果表明，采用上述仪器条件，能够实现4种合成大麻素同分异构体的分离分析，5F-EMB-PICA和5F-MDMB-PICA的分离度为2.06, ADB-BINACA和AB-PINACA的分离度为1.22,均达到了有效分离的目的。研究进一步开展了方法学指标考察，5F-EMB-PICA、5F-MDMB-PICA、...     

气相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定"电子烟油"中9种吲唑类新型合成大麻素

针对“电子烟油”中的吲唑类新型合成大麻素物质,建立了气相色谱－质谱联用（GC－MS）分析方法。以地西泮为内标物,待测样本经甲醇提取后,采用HP－5MS色谱柱（30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm）,设置起始温度200 ℃（保持1 min）,以20 ℃/min升至260 ℃（保持1 min）,再以5 ℃/min升至300 ℃（保持10 min）的程序升温条件对9种吲唑类合成大麻素同时进行定性和内标法定量检测,并对目标物的质谱碎片碎裂方式进行解析。结果表明,9种目标物质在20 min内得到有效分离,并在1.0～100.0 μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r2）均大于0.997,检出限和定量下限分别为0.04～0.25 μg/mL和0.15 ~ 0.85 μg/mL;加标回收率为95.1%～104%,日内相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于4.6%,日间RSD均小于8.4%。该方法快速、准确,灵敏度高,适用于实际案件检验。     

苯基异丙基-酰胺系列合成大麻素质谱特征的研究

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法和超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)法对新一代合成大麻素苯基异丙基(CUMYL)-酰胺系列化合物进行分析。GC-MS分析采用Aglient DB-5MS石英毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),以140℃为初温进行程序升温,在电子轰击源(EI)模式下采集数据;UPLC-QTOF-MS分析采用Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm),以0.1%甲酸(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)-碰撞诱导解离(CID)模式下采集数据。通过总结此类物质在两种模式下获得的碎片离子与分子结构的关系,推测其可能的碎裂途径,并归纳了通过特征性离子快递筛查未知CUMYL-酰胺系列合成大麻素的方法,为此类物质的鉴定提供了参考。     

分散固相萃取-液相色谱质谱法测定环境介质中的吲唑磺菌胺及其代谢产物

建立水、土壤和沉积物中吲唑磺菌胺及代谢产物IT-4、IT-15的残留分析方法。环境样品采用QuEChERS前处理方法,并利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)在多反应离子扫描模式(MRM)下进行检测,外标法定量。吲唑磺菌胺及2种代谢产物在一定浓度范围内线性良好(R²≥0.995);添加浓度为0.001～0.1 mg·kg ^-1时,其平均回收率为79.9%～107%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.56%～6.6%;吲唑磺菌胺及2种代谢产物的方法检出限(LOD)为0.01～0.35μg·kg^-1,定量限(LOQ)为0.001 mg·kg^-1.该方法易操作、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于环境介质中吲唑磺菌胺及代谢产物IT-4、IT-15的快速检测和确证。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定果蔬中6种酰胺类农药残留量

建立了同时测定果蔬中6种酰胺类农药的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)方法。样品经乙腈高速匀浆提取、Florisil固相萃取柱净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定6种农药。质谱分析采用电喷雾电离,正负双离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式。结果表明:6种农药在0.0005~1.00 mg/L范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;在0.01、0.1和1.0 mg/kg(氟苯虫酰胺为0.001、0.01和0.1 mg/kg) 3个浓度添加水平下的平均回收率为72.4%~119.4%,相对标准偏差(n=5)小于15%;定量限为0.01 mg/kg(溴氰虫酰胺、双炔酰菌胺、啶酰菌胺、氟吡菌胺和噻呋酰胺)和0.001 mg/kg(氟苯虫酰胺)。该方法简单、快速、重现性好、灵敏度高,可满足果蔬中6种酰胺类农药残留检测的要求。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定新型香料毒品中的10种合成大麻素

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定新型香料毒品中10种合成大麻素的分析方法。样品以甲醇提取,离心、过滤后,采用Shim-pack XR-ODS C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离,以甲醇-乙腈(50∶50)和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温45℃,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长220 nm。结果表明,该方法可在33 min内实现对常见10种合成大麻素的完全分离和定量,在1~100 mg/L线性范围内,相关系数均为0.999 9,检出限为0.10~0.50 mg/L。加标回收率为98.2%~102.1%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.15%~1.37%,日间相对标准偏差为0.55%~1.96%。样本在室温放置96 h、-20℃放置15 d以及在室温和-20℃反复冻融3次条件下稳定性均良好。该方法准确、快速、灵敏、分离效果好,适用于新型香料毒品中常见合成大麻素成分的检测。     

Simple approach for evaluation of matrix effect in the mass spectrometry of synthetic cannabinoids

A simple approach for studying and identifying matrix effect is described. This method for the determination of matrix effect combines the advantages of two most popular traditional methods while eliminating their disadvantages. A postcolumn infusion system was used to observe the MS signal alterations of synthetic cannabinoids: UR-144, XLR-11 and STS-135. Protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction and solid phase extraction sample preparation methods were tested. The results of the experiments showed that the discussed method of matrix effect estimation can have practical application in the development of analytical methods. The comparison of the normalized matrix effect profiles can be done even for data obtained over time. Obtained results also indicated that matrix effect was highly dependent on sample preparation. Although similar structure, significant differences were observed for different synthetic cannabinoids.     

Simultaneous analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in the materials seized during drug trafficking using GC-MS

A rapid and simple gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated to identify and quantify synthetic cannabinoids in the materials seized during drug trafficking. Accuracy and reproducibility of the method were improved by using deuterated JWH-018 and JWH-073 as internal standards. Validation results of the GC-MS method showed that it was suitable for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analyses of synthetic cannabinoids, and we analyzed synthetic cannabinoids in seized materials using the validated GC-MS method. As a result of the analysis, ten species of synthetic cannabinoids were identified in dried leaves (n?=?40), bulk powders (n?=?6), and tablets (n?=?14) seized in Korea during 2009–2012, as a single ingredient or as a mixture with other active co-ingredients. JWH-018 and JWH-073 were the most frequently identified compounds in the seized materials. Synthetic cannabinoids in the dried leaves showed broad concentration ranges, which may cause unexpected toxicity to abusers. The bulk powders were considered as raw materials used to prepare legal highs, and they contained single ingredient of JWH-073, JWH-019, or JWH-250 with the purity over 70 %. In contrast, JWH-018 and JWH-073 contents in the tablets were 7.1–13.8 and 3.0–10.2 mg/g, respectively. Relatively low contents in the tablets suggest that the synthetic cannabinoids may have been added to the tablets as supplements to other active co-ingredients.     

Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds

Herbal mixtures like ‘Spice’ with potentially bioactive ingredients were available in many European countries since 2004 and are still widely used as a substitute for cannabis, although merchandized as ‘herbal incense’. After gaining a high degree of popularity in 2008, big quantities of these drugs were sold. In December 2008, synthetic cannabinoids were identified in the mixtures which were not declared as ingredients: the C₈ homolog of the non‐classical cannabinoid CP‐47,497 (CP‐47,497‐C8) and a cannabimimetic aminoalkylindole called JWH‐018. In February 2009, a few weeks after the German legislation put these compounds and further pharmacologically active homologs of CP‐47,497 under control, another cannabinoid appeared in ‘incense’ products: the aminoalkylindole JWH‐073. In this paper, the results of monitoring of commercially available ‘incense’ products from June 2008 to September 2009 are presented. In this period of time, more than 140 samples of herbal mixtures were analyzed for bioactive ingredients and synthetic cannabimimetic substances in particular. The results show that the composition of many products changed repeatedly over time as a reaction to prohibition and prosecution of resellers. Therefore neither the reseller nor the consumer of these mixtures can predict the actual content of the ‘incense’ products. As long as there is no possibility of generic definitions in the controlled substances legislation, further designer cannabinoids will appear on the market as soon as the next legal step has been taken. This is affirmed by the recent identification of the aminoalkylindoles JWH‐250 and JWH‐398. As further cannabinoids can be expected to occur in the near future, a continuous monitoring of these herbal mixtures is required. The identification of the synthetic opioid O‐desmethyltramadol in a herbal mixture declared to contain ‘kratom’ proves that the concept of selling apparently natural products spiked with potentially dangerous synthetic chemicals/pharmaceuticals is a continuing trend on the market of ‘legal highs’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

LC-QTOF-MS as a superior strategy to immunoassay for the comprehensive analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in urine

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an immunoassay screening for synthetic cannabinoids with a newly developed confirmation method using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The screening included metabolites from JWH-018, JWH-073, and AM-2201. The confirmation included metabolites from AM-2201, JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-210, JWH-250, JWH-398, MAM-2201, RCS-4, and UR-144. The immunoassay was tested and found to have no cross-reactivity with UR-144 metabolites but considerable cross-reactivity with MAM-2201 and JWH-122 metabolites. Sensitivity and specificity for the immunoassay were evaluated with 87 authentic urine samples and found to be 87 % and 82 %, respectively. With a cutoff at 2 ng/ml, the confirmation showed 80 positive findings in 38 cases. The most common finding was JWH-122 5-OH-pentyl, followed by JWH-018 5-OH-pentyl. There were 9 findings of UR-144 metabolites and 3 of JWH-073 metabolites. In summary, the immunoassay performed well, presenting both high sensitivity and specificity for the synthetic cannabinoids present in the urine samples tested. The rapid exchange of one cannabinoid for another may pose problems for immunoassays as well as for confirmation methods. However, we consider time-of-flight mass spectrometry to be superior since new metabolites can be quickly included and identified.

LC/ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid and its application to preliminary studies on their detection windows

Serum and urine samples are commonly used for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in biofluids; however, their utilization as analytical matrices for drug abstinence control features some substantial drawbacks. While for blood collection invasive sampling is inevitable, the urinary analysis of synthetic cannabinoids is limited by the lack of available reference standards of the respective major metabolites. Moreover, the long detectability of synthetic cannabinoids in both matrices hampers the identification of a recent synthetic cannabinoid use. This article describes the development, validation and application of an LC/ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid (OF) samples. OF samples were prepared by protein precipitation using ice-cold acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution on a Luna Phenyl Hexyl column (50?×?2 mm, 5 μm), while detection was carried out on a QTrap 4000 instrument in positive ionization mode. The limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.40 ng/mL, whereas the lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.2 to 4.0 ng/mL. The method was applied to authentic samples collected during two preliminary studies in order to obtain insights into the general detectability and detection windows of synthetic cannabinoids in this matrix. The results indicate that synthetic cannabinoids are transferred from the blood stream into OF and vice versa only at a very low rate. Therefore, positive OF samples are due to contamination of the oral cavity during smoking. As these drug-contaminations could be detected up to approximately 2 days, neat oral fluid appears to be well suited for detection of a recent synthetic cannabinoid use.

New synthetic technology for efficient construction of alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino amides via the Passerini reaction

[reaction: see text] The Passerini reaction of N-protected amino aldehydes, isonitriles, and TFA using pyridine-type bases proceeds under mild conditions and directly affords alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino amide derivatives in moderate to high yields. These adducts are readily hydrolyzed to alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino carboxylic acids. Application of these key intermediates to concise syntheses of P(1)-alpha-ketoamide protease inhibitors is illustrated.