A model for the dynamics of loop drag by a gliding dislocation

Clusters of self-interstitial atoms are formed in metals by high-energy displacement cascades, often in the form of small dislocation loops with a perfect Burgers vector. In isolation, they are able to undergo fast, thermally activated glide in the direction of their Burgers vector, but do not move in response to a uniform stress field. The present work considers their ability to glide under the influence of the stress of a gliding dislocation. If loops can be dragged by a dislocation, it would have consequences for the effective cross-section for dislocation interaction with other defects near its glide plane. The lattice resistance to loop drag cannot be simulated accurately by the elasticity theory of dislocations, so here it is investigated in iron and copper by atomic-scale computer simulation. It is shown that a row of loops lying within a few nanometres of the dislocation slip plane can be dragged at very high speed. The drag coefficient associated with this process has been determined as a function of metal, temperature and loop size and spacing. A model for loop drag, based on the diffusivity of interstitial loops, is presented. It is tested against data obtained for the effects of drag on the stress to move a dislocation and the conditions under which a dislocation breaks away from a row of loops.     

Ultrasonic attenuation study of erbium in a magnetic field

The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of longitudinal waves propagating along the c-axis of a single crystal of erbium was measured over a temperature range which covers the transition temperature from the paramagnetic to the sinusiodal phase T₆ = 83.8 K and the transition temperature from the sinusoidal to elliptical phase T_⊥ = 53.9 K. These measurements were performed as a function of temperature in the presence of constant magnetic fields and at constant temperatures as a function of applied magnetic fields. A magnetic field parallel to the c-axis shifted T₆ to lower temperatures and reduced the peak attenuation. A broad new maximum emerged on the high temperature side of the field-shifted T₆. Application of H perpendicular to the c-axis produced little change in either T₆ or T_⊥. A model introduced by Tachiki and Mackawa is used to discuss the results.     

Manifestation of quantum statistics in vibrational dynamics of poly(ethylene) crystals

The temperature dependences of the transverse expansion ?_⊥(T) and the longitudinal contraction ?_‖(T) (with respect to the axes of chain molecules) in large-sized poly(ethylene) (PE) crystal grains (100×60×60 nm) are measured using x-ray diffraction in the temperature range 5–380 K. The temperature dependence of the elongation of the molecular skeleton ?_C(T) is obtained by Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the dependences ?_⊥(T), ?_‖(T), and ?_C(T) exhibit a similar specific nonlinear behavior. Analysis of these dependences indicates that the nonlinearity is associated with the quantum statistics of transverse vibrations. The energies and amplitudes of zero-point (at T=0) transverse (torsional and bending) vibrations and the relevant zero-point components ?_‖(0) and ?_C(0) are estimated. It is revealed that the zero-point components make a considerable contribution to the dynamics of the PE crystal up to the melting temperature (～400 K).     

Drag exerted on dislocation kinks in solid solutions

The theory of drag exerted on dislocation kinks by statistical density fluctuations of impurity atoms is generalized to the case of solid solutions. The conditions of the transition to anomalous kink drift, which is characterized by a nonlinear time (t) dependence of the displacement x (x ～ t ^δ, δ < 1), are obtained. The related consequences for the dislocation mobility and the plastic flow of a solid solution are derived. The theory is illustrated through calculating the concentration dependence of the deforming stress in a Ge_1?c Si _c solid solution.     

Fundamentals in generalized elasticity and dislocation theory of quasicrystals: Green tensor,dislocation key-formulas and dislocation loops

The present work provides fundamental quantities in generalized elasticity and dislocation theory of quasicrystals. In a clear and straightforward manner, the three-dimensional Green tensor of generalized elasticity theory and the extended displacement vector for an arbitrary extended force are derived. Next, in the framework of dislocation theory of quasicrystals, the solutions of the field equations for the extended displacement vector and the extended elastic distortion tensor are given; that is, the generalized Burgers equation for arbitrary sources and the generalized Mura–Willis formula, respectively. Moreover, important quantities of the theory of dislocations as the Eshelby stress tensor, Peach–Koehler force, stress function tensor and the interaction energy are derived for general dislocations. The application to dislocation loops gives rise to the generalized Burgers equation, where the displacement vector can be written as a sum of a line integral plus a purely geometric part. Finally, using the Green tensor, all other dislocation key-formulas for loops, known from the theory of anisotropic elasticity, like the Peach–Koehler stress formula, Mura–Willis equation, Volterra equation, stress function tensor and the interaction energy are derived for quasicrystals.     

Dechannelling of 2 MeV He+ at a circular Frank dislocation loop in gold

The dechannelling cross section of a circular Frank dislocation loop of radius 19 Å, and of Burgers vector (a/3)(111) in gold crystal is calculated for (001) channeling of 2 MeV He⁺. The calculated value σ_c = 210 ± 10 Ų is satisfactory compared with the experimental value σ_e = 235 Ų by Merkel et al.     

Characterization of dislocation interactions in olivine using electron tomography

We have investigated by electron tomography, in a transmission electronic microscope, the interactions between dislocations in olivine single crystals and polycrystals deformed in axial compression at T < 1000 °C (T < 0.5T_m). Dislocations are mostly of the [0?0?1] type, except in the polycrystal where [1?0?0] and [0?0?1] dislocations have been activated. A few 〈1?0?1〉 junctions have been found and characterized. Many collinear interactions have been identified either involving direct interactions between crossing dislocations of opposite Burgers vectors or indirect interactions between dislocations gliding in parallel planes and sessile dislocation loops. We suggest that collinear interaction, already identified as the primary source of strain hardening in FCC metals, is the main dislocation interaction mechanism in olivine deformed at temperatures below 1000 °C.     

三角畸变立方晶场中d2离子的吸收光谱

用不可约张量方法,由广义Wigner-Eckart定理得出两个推论及有关结果。对三角畸变立方晶场中的d²离子,提出了从统一模型出发,计入V_c及(V_tr+H_s)产生的所有可能的相互作用,全面处理光谱与D,g_‖,g_⊥问题的有效方法。应用于钒刚玉,通过全面拟合光谱与D,g_‖,g_⊥实验值,得到的结果与实验值满意地符合。对所用的模型、方法等问 关键词：     

Effect of isotropic stress on dislocation bias factor in bcc iron: an atomistic study

The effect of externally applied stress on the dislocation bias factor (BF) in bcc iron has been studied using a combination of atomistic static calculations and finite element integration. Three kinds of dislocations were considered, namely, a₀/2〈1 1 1〉{1 1 0} screw, a₀/2〈1 1 1〉{1 1 0} edge and a₀〈1 0 0〉{0 0 1} edge dislocations. The computations reveal that the isotropic crystal expansion leads to an increasing or constant dislocation bias, depending on the Burgers vector and type of dislocation. On the other hand, compressive stress reduces the dislocation bias for all the dislocations studied. Variation of the dislocation BF depending on dislocation type and Burgers vector is discussed by analysing the modification of the interaction energy landscape and the capture efficiency values for the vacancy and self-interstitial atom.     

集中力作用下硅中位错结构

本文用化学侵蚀法研究了硅单晶样品在800—1000℃印压得到的位错“花结”。实验结果说明:印压产生的位错分布在{111}滑移面上;位错线的取向大部分是<110>或<112>方向。分析并观察到在压印下有两种位错环,一种是柏格斯矢量沿<110>方向并平行于(111)印压面;一种是柏格斯矢量沿<110>方向并与印压面相交。对位错环的结构进行了分析。     

High resolution Mössbauer spectroscopy with67Zn in metallic systems

The high energy resolution of the 93.3 keV Mössbauer transition in⁶⁷Zn is used to investigate changes of s-electron density at the Zn nucleus in Cu-Zn alloys with special emphasis on the α-phase and on Zn-metal itself. We observe the presence of short-range order in α-brass with only four different Cu-Zn configurations, instead of the expected binomial distribution. In Zn metal, no change of center shift was observed when crossing the superconducting phase transition. The tremendous anisotropy of the Lamb-Mössbauer factor, as well as the temperature shift found for hexagonal Zn metal, demonstrate that the 93.3 keV resonance is also extremely sensitive to lattice dynamical effects. Our results, as well as specific heat data, are quantitatively described by an extended Debye model characterized by two Debye temperatures, θ_⊥ and θ_‖, which correspond to the lattice vibrations perpendicular and parallel to thec axis, respectively.     

Observation of πo mesons with large transverse momentum in high-energy proton-proton collisions

Invariant cross-sections are presented for the inclusive reaction p + p → π^o + anything, Measurements of large transverse momentum π^o's (2.5 GeV/c<p_⊥<9 GeV/c) were made near 90° at the CERN ISR at five centre-of-mass energies (√s = 23.5, 30.6, 44.8, 52.7 and 62.4 GeV. At large p_⊥, the invariant cross-sections are seem to vary with s and p_⊥, in good agreement with a fit of the form Ap_⊥^?nF(p_⊥/√s), with n≈8 and F(p_⊥/√s)≈exp(?26p_⊥/√s).     

Dynamic interaction of edge dislocations with point defects and prismatic dislocation loops at high-strain-rate deformation of crystals

The motion of an ensemble of edge dislocations at high-strain-rate deformation of a crystal with a high concentration of prismatic dislocation loops and point defects has been analyzed. It has been shown that, under certain conditions, the drag of an edge dislocation by prismatic dislocation loops has the character of dry friction, and the magnitude of the drag force of the dislocation is determined by the relationship between the concentration of prismatic dislocation loops and the density of mobile dislocations. An increase in the density of mobile dislocations leads to an enhancement of their collective interaction, thus facilitating the overcoming of prismatic dislocation loops by edge dislocations. The total drag force of an edge dislocation is a nonmonotonic function of the concentration of point defects, which, under certain conditions, has a minimum.     

The upper critical field of superconducting polysulfur nitride, (SN)x

A measurement of the temperature and angular dependence of the upper critical magnetic field H_c² in crystals of polymeric (SN)_x is reported. A large anisotropy is observed at all temperatures with H_c²6 = 8.1 ± 0.4 kOe parallel to, and H_c²⊥ = 870 ± 80 Oe perpendicular to, the polymer axis at 0°K. The results are explained in terms of the polymeric crystal structure and fibrous morphology of (SN)_x.     

Localized magnon gap modes in the 2-d Ising antiferromagnets K2CoF4 and Rb2CoF4

The defect (Mn²⁺,Ni²⁺,Fe²⁺) induced magnon gap modes in the layered antiferromagnets K₂CoF₄ and Rb₂CoF₄ were investigated with the methods of FIR absorption-and IR emission spectroscopy. The anisotropic exchange-parameters describing the strongly localized Mn²⁺ spin excitations far below the host lattice magnon band and the Ni²⁺ excitations in the vacinity of this band are presented. In the diluted system K₂Co_1-cMn_cF₄ localized Mn²⁺ cluster modes up to about C≈0.1 were observed. The excitation energy of these modes can only be explained by assuming an anisotropic Mn²⁺-Mn²⁺ exchange which is in contrast to the pure isomorphous system K₂MnF₄. In the spin mismatch system K₂CoF₄: Fe the magnetic moments of the isolated Fe²⁺ impurities are pulled from the plane perpendicular to the c-axis and aligned parallel to the easy axis of the magnetic crystal.     

Defect aggregates in neutron-irradiated β-Si3N4

Abstract

Microstructural analysis of the defect aggregates formed in bulk samples of polycrystalline β-Si₃N₄ neutron-irradiated to a dose of ～2.0 × 10²⁶n/m² at temperatures of 1100 K and 925 K has been carried out. This study has shown that the defect aggregates formed are faulted dislocation loops lying on the {1010} planes with a Burgers vector of b ? 1 /10<1125>. The vector is non-rational but corresponds to the insertion of an extra layer of [SiN4] tetrahedra on the {10l0} planes plus an additional shear in the loop plane. The formation of these loops is dependent upon the temperature of irradiation. In the sample irradiated at 1100 K their formation is additionally dependent upon whether or not a particular grain contains pre-existing c-axis dislocations. If no c-axis dislocations are present then independent nucleation of the loops is apparent; if there are pre-existing c-axis dislocations then the loops form from an apparent dissociation between the arcs of the irradiation-induced helical c-axis dislocation. In the sample irradiated at 925 K only independent nucleation of the loops occurs, regardless of whether or not there are any pre-existing c-axis dislocations in the grains.     

Resistance to expansion of dislocation loop in fcc metal

In the paper we calculate the strength of dislocation compounds in fcc metals for dislocations of different orientation relative to the Burgers vector. A study is made of the dependence of the coefficient _r, which characterizes the contribution of the reactive component of a dislocation forest to the flow stress, and the probability _r of formation of dislocation compounds on the angle II of orientation of glissile dislocations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 35–38, August, 1982.     

Anisotropy in the magnetic susceptibility of 2H-TaSe2

The magnetic susceptibility of 2H-TaSe₂ is temperature dependent and anisotropic. The susceptibility with H parallel to the c axis is approximately 2.5 times that perpendicular. The decrease in susceptibility below the charge density wave transition at 122 K is also anisotropic with [χ₆(122 K) ? χ₆(4.2 K]?[χ_⊥(122 K) ? χ_⊥(4.2 K)] ≈ 4. Consequently, this change cannot be simply interpreted as a change in the density of states at the Fermi level, unless very anisotropic electron g values are assumed.     

Formation of the image of an edge dislocation in an absorbing crystal

The specific features of the formation of a diffraction image of a single edge dislocation in the case where the defect region can be located at different points of the scattering triangle are investigated by computer simlation and experimentally. The dislocation images are experimentally obtained at different wavelengths and for different reflections. The diffraction geometry in which the dislocation line is perpendicular to the sample surface and the Burgers vector is parallel or perpendicular to the reciprocal lattice vector is studied. From analysis of the experimental and theoretical images, inferences are made regarding the image symmetry, as well as the angular resolution and the sensitivity of section topography to the formation of the dislocation image. Special attention is focused on the dependence of the image contrast and the image size on the radiation wavelength, the magnitude of the reciprocal lattice vector, and the interference absorption.     

Cleavage of C<Subscript>60</Subscript> fullerite crystals

It is found that, under certain conditions, C₆₀ fullerite crystals can be cleaved along cleavage planes that are close-packed planes of the {111} type. Rigid gas-phase grown crystals exhibit good cleavage properties. In experiments with active compressive deformation, these crystals showed a high yield point τ_y = 2.65 MPa, a “parabolic” stress-strain curve, and brittle fracture after attaining a shear strain of about 8%. The fracture surface was clearly seen to have fragments parallel to the (111) plane. Typical microstructures observed in the cleavage plane are discussed: crystallographic cleavage steps, an indentation pattern, and a dislocation prick rosette. The fact that the activation volume V ? 60b³ is small (b is the Burgers vector of a dislocation) and strain-independent indicates the Peierls character of fullerite deformation or dislocation drag in a dense network of local defects.