多次激波诱导正弦扰动预混火焰界面失稳的数值研究

激波诱导火焰失稳是实际中常见的现象,为深入研究火焰失稳特性,采用三维单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和9阶weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO)的高精度格式,对不同马赫数的入射激波及其反射激波多次诱导正弦型预混火焰界面失稳的现象进行了三维数值模拟,并对计算结果的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果显示,在激波的多次作用下,火焰界面的演变过程主要受Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM)不稳定特性和化学反应特性的双重影响,且随着入射激波强度的增强,上述2种特性均得到进一步强化。为构造体现反应性RM不稳定特性的参数,根据火焰界面混合区平均涡量和化学反应速率,提出了表征界面受不稳定性和化学反应影响的量纲一参数。通过分析发现,在同一入射激波强度下,该参数的对数形式随入射激波和反射激波的多次作用呈基本相同的线性增长趋势;对不同马赫数的入射激波,该参数对数形式的线性增长率也基本一致。这样的变化表明该量纲一参数能够反映反应性RM不稳定过程中火焰界面发展的内在规律。     

Numerical simulations of the process of multiple shock–flame interactions

Based on a weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme, the multiple interactions of a flame interface with an incident shock wave and its reshock waves are numerically simulated by solving the compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations with a single-step Arrhenius chemical reaction. The two-dimensional sinusoidally perturbed premixed flames with different initial perturbed amplitudes are used to investigate the effect of the initial perturbation on the flame evolutions. The results show that the development of the flame interface is directly affected by the initial perturbed amplitudes before the passages of reshock waves, and the perturbation development is mainly controlled by the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability(RMI). After the successive impacts of multiple reshock waves, the chemical reaction accelerates the consumption of reactants and leads to a gradual disappearance of the initial perturbed information. The perturbation developments in frozen flows with the same initial interface as those in reactive flows are also demonstrated.Comparisons of results between the reactive and frozen flows show that a chemical reaction changes the perturbation pattern of the flame interface by decreasing the density gradient,thereby weakening the baroclinic torque in the flame mixing region, and therefore plays a dominant role after the passage of reshock waves.     

INTERFACE EVOLUTIONS AND GROWTH PREDICTIONS OF MIXING ZONE ON PREMIXED FLAME INTERFACE DURING RM INSTABILITY 1)

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.     

RM不稳定过程中预混火焰界面演化及混合区增长预测

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.      

柱形汇聚激波冲击球形重气体界面的实验研究

采用高速纹影法实验研究了柱形汇聚激波与球形重气体界面相互作用的 Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性问题. 激波管实验段基于激波动力学理论设计, 将马赫数为1.2 的平面激波转化为柱形汇聚激波, 气体界面由肥皂膜分隔六氟化硫(内)和空气(外)得到. 采用高速摄影机在单次实验中拍摄激波运动的全过程, 对柱形激波的形成进行了实验验证, 并进一步观测了汇聚激波与球形气体界面相互作用过程中的波系发展和气体界面变形以及反射激波同已变形界面二次作用的流场演化. 结果表明: 当柱形汇聚激波穿过气泡界面以后, 气泡左侧界面极点沿激波传播方向保持匀速运动, 气泡右侧界面发展成为射流结构, 气泡主体发展成为涡环结构; 在反射激波的二次作用下, 流场中无序运动显著增强并很快进入湍流混合阶段.     

Numerical study of three-dimensional developments of premixed flame induced by multiple shock waves

The three-dimensional interactions of a perturbed premixed flame interface with a planar incident shock wave and its reflected shock waves are numerically simulated by solving the compressible, reactive Navier–Stokes equations with the high-resolution scheme and a single-step chemical reaction. The effects of the initial incident shock wave strength (Mach number) and the initial perturbation pattern of interface on the interactions are investigated. The distinct properties of perturbation growth on the flame interface during the interactions are presented. Our results show that perturbation growth is mainly attributed to the flame stretching and propagation. The flame stretching is associated with the larger-scale vortical flow due to Richtmyer–Meshkov instability while the flame propagation is due to the chemical reaction. The mixing properties of unburned/burned gases on both sides of the flame are quantitatively analyzed by using integral and statistical diagnostics. The results show that the large-scale flow due to the vortical motion always plays a dominating role during the reactive interaction process; however, the effect of chemistry becomes more important at the later stage of the interactions, especially for higher Mach number cases. The scalar dissipation due to the molecular diffusion is always small in the present study and can be negligible.     

激波诱导火焰变形、混合和燃烧的数值研究

为了深入研究激波诱导的火焰变形以及由此带来的混合和燃烧变化特性,采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高网格分辨率,对平面入射激波及其反射激波诱导球形火焰变形的现象进行了二维数值研究,计算结果与实验结果较好吻合。研究结果显示,在反射激波作用前,火焰的变形和皱褶主要受入射激波诱导等物理过程影响;而在反射激波与失稳火焰作用后,燃烧放热率、火焰有效面积和界面长度均迅速增加,控制火焰变形的机制逐渐向化学反应(燃烧)过程过渡;在失稳火焰发展的后期,增强的燃烧过程能够削弱火焰界面的皱褶,进而抑制未燃气和可燃气的混合。由此可以得出结论,激波诱导的火焰界面通过变形可促进界面两侧未燃气与可燃气的混合,进而强化燃烧过程,但燃烧的增强却反过来能抑制混合;认识两者之间的关系有助于利用或控制激波 火焰相互作用过程。     

EXPERIMENTALLY STUDY OF THE RICHTMYER-MESHKOV INSTABILITY AT N2/SF6 FLAT INTERFACES BY DIFFRACTED INCIDENT SHOCK WAVES AND RESHOCK

利用高速纹影测试实验研究低马赫数入射激波绕圆柱体后冲击N₂/SF₆平面界面,以及来自固壁的反射激波再冲击过程的（Richmyer-Meshkov,R-M）不稳定性特征.与平面激波作用不同的是,绕射后的激波会在界面处生成局部扰动.实验结果显示,入射激波作用下界面宽度增长缓慢,而反射激波再冲击后,局部扰动会产生大的“尖钉”和“气泡”结构;以及反射激波与边界层相互作用产生壁面涡,它们会加剧湍流混合区的增长;实验中反射激波过后混合区增长率不十分依赖于波前状态,增长规律同Mikaelian模型较吻合;来自尾部固壁的反射稀疏波会再次加剧湍流混合区的增长.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SMALL-AMPLITUDE INITIAL PERTURBATIONS ON RM INSTABILITY

采用Navier-Stokes 方程对入射激波及其反射激波连续诱导小振幅扰动界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov 不稳定性增长过程进行了二维数值模拟,分析了单模和随机多模两种不同初始形态的界面上钉结构和泡结构在反射激波作用前后的发展特性. 研究结果发现：单模扰动的初始界面形态对反射激波前、后界面的扰动增长都有影响,反射激波前的界面形态信息可以通过钉和泡结构之间的反转传递到反射激波过后. 扰动界面上钉结构的发展速度控制了界面混合区总体的发展速度,反射激波前界面上发展成具有完整冠部形态的钉,在反射激波后会反转成复杂的泡结构,此泡结构对反射激波后钉的发展不利. 随机多模界面显示了与单模界面类似的发展规律,但随机多模界面上的复杂泡结构分布的不对称性使得其对钉结构增长的拖曳效应相对要弱,这导致了相似扰动波长下多模随机界面的扰动发展相对单模界面扰动发展要快.     

小扰动界面形态对RM不稳定性影响的数值分析

采用Navier-Stokes 方程对入射激波及其反射激波连续诱导小振幅扰动界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov 不稳定性增长过程进行了二维数值模拟,分析了单模和随机多模两种不同初始形态的界面上钉结构和泡结构在反射激波作用前后的发展特性. 研究结果发现:单模扰动的初始界面形态对反射激波前、后界面的扰动增长都有影响,反射激波前的界面形态信息可以通过钉和泡结构之间的反转传递到反射激波过后. 扰动界面上钉结构的发展速度控制了界面混合区总体的发展速度,反射激波前界面上发展成具有完整冠部形态的钉,在反射激波后会反转成复杂的泡结构,此泡结构对反射激波后钉的发展不利. 随机多模界面显示了与单模界面类似的发展规律,但随机多模界面上的复杂泡结构分布的不对称性使得其对钉结构增长的拖曳效应相对要弱,这导致了相似扰动波长下多模随机界面的扰动发展相对单模界面扰动发展要快.      

Formation and evolution of vortex rings induced by interactions between shock waves and a low-density bubble

The deformation and instability of a low-density spherical bubble induced by an incident and its reflected shock waves are studied by using the large eddy simulation method. The computational model is firstly validated by experimental results from the literature and is further used to examine the effect of incident shock wave strength on the formations and three-dimensional evolutions of the vortex rings. For the weak shock wave case (Ma?=?1.24), the baroclinic effect induced by the reflected shock wave is the key mechanism for the formation of new vortex rings. The vortex rings not only move due to the self-induced effect and the flow field velocity, but also generate azimuthal instability due to the pressure disturbance. For the strong shock wave case (Ma?=?2.2), a boundary layer is formed adjacent to the end wall owing to the approach of vortex ring, and unsteady separation of the boundary layer near the wall results in the ejection and formation of new vortex rings. These vortex rings interact in the vicinity of the end wall and finally collapse to a complicated vortex structure via azimuthal instability. For both shock wave strength cases, the evolutions of vortex rings due to the instability lead to the formation of the complicated structure dominated by the small-scale streamwise vortices.     

Richtmyer–Meshkov instability on a low Atwood number interface after reshock

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability after reshock is investigated in shock tube experiments at the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory using planar laser imaging and a new high-speed interface-tracking technique. The interface is a mixture of helium and argon (50% each by volume) stratified over pure argon. This interface has an Atwood number of 0.29 and a near single-mode, two-dimensional, standing wave perturbation with an average amplitude of 0.35?cm and a wavelength of 19.4?cm. The incident shock wave of Mach number 1.92 accelerates the interface before reflecting from the shock tube end wall with M =?1.70 and accelerating the interface in the opposite direction. The amplitude growth after reshock is reported for variations in this initial amplitude, and several amplitude growth rate models are compared to the experimental growth rate after reshock. A new growth model is introduced, based on a model of circulation deposition calculated from one-dimensional gas dynamics parameters. This model compares well with the amplitude growth rate after reshock and the circulation over one-half wavelength of the interface after the first shock wave and after reshock.     

反射激波冲击重气柱的RM不稳定性数值研究

数值研究了二维气柱在入射激波以及反射激波作用下的Richtmyer-Meshkov(RM)不稳定性发展规律, 采用有限体积法结合网格自 适应技术的VAS2D程序, 精确刻画激波和界面的演化. 入射平面激波的马赫数为1.2, 气柱界面内气体为六氟化硫(SF₆), 环境气体为空气, 激波管的尾端为固壁. 通过改变气柱与尾端之间的距离调节反射激波再次作用已经变形的气柱的时间, 获得不同时刻下已经变形的气柱形态、界面尺寸以及环量演化受到反射激波的影响. 结果表明, 反射激波再次作用气柱时, 气柱所处发展阶段不同, 界面演化规律以及环量随时间的变化也不相同, 反射激波与气柱相互作用过程中的涡量产生和分布与无反射情况差异较大, 揭示了不同情况下界面演化的物理机理.     

Experimental study of the shock–bubble interaction with reshock

The interaction of a planar shock wave with a spherical density inhomogeneity is studied experimentally under reshock conditions. Reshock occurs when the incident shock wave, which has already accelerated the spherical bubble, reflects off the tube end wall and reaccelerates the inhomogeneity for a second time. These experiments are performed at the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory, in a 9m-long vertical shock tube with a large square cross section (25.4×25.4 cm²). The bubble is prepared on a pneumatically retracted injector and released into a state of free fall. Planar diagnostic methods are used to study the bubble morphology after reshock. Data are presented for experiments involving two Atwood numbers (A = 0.17 and 0.68) and three Mach numbers (1.35 < M < 2.33). For the low Atwood number case, a secondary vortex ring appears immediately after reshock which is not observed for the larger Atwood number. The post-reshock vortex velocity is shown to be proportional to the incident Mach number, M, the initial Atwood number, A, and the incident shock wave speed, W _i.     

反射激波作用下三维凹气柱界面演化的数值研究

激波与气柱相互作用是Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性研究的经典案例. 单次激波与二维气柱相互作用已得到广泛关注, 但是反射激波再次冲击气柱 (尤其是三维气柱) 的研究较少, 相关演化规律和机理尚不清楚. 反射激波再次冲击演化中的气柱界面会产生新的斜压涡量, 影响涡量的输运和分布, 从而影响界面的演化. 本文采用自主开发的HOWD (high-order WENO and double-flux methods) 程序, 研究了马赫数为1.29的平面激波冲击N激波与气柱相互作用是Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性研究的经典案例.单次激波与二维气柱相互作用已得到广泛关注,但是反射激波再次冲击气柱(尤其是三维气柱)的研究较少,相关演化规律和机理尚不清楚.反射激波再次冲击演化中的气柱界面会产生新的斜压涡量,影响涡量的输运和分布,从而影响界面的演化.本文采用自主开发的HOWD (high-order WENO and double-flux methods)程序,研究了马赫数为1.29的平面激波冲击N_2气柱(气柱外为SF_6)的演化过程,并考察了反射激波对二维和三维凹气柱界面演化的影响规律.在数值模拟中,选取了不同的反射距离(定义为气柱和反射边界的距离),得到了二维和三维凹气柱在反射激波冲击前后的完整演化图像,提取了气柱上特征点位置随时间变化的定量数据,重点分析了不同演化阶段气柱几何特征及斜压涡量分布的变化趋势.研究表明,反射距离决定着反射激波作用气柱时的激波形状和气柱形态,从而影响斜压涡量的生成和分布,进而改变气柱的不稳定性演化过程.对于三维气柱,不同高度截面上的斜压涡量分布不同,从而诱导出复杂的三维演化结构.     

Interaction of a reflected shock from a concave wall with a flame distorted by an incident shock

Observations are presented from calculations where a laminar spherical CH₄/air flame was perturbed successively by incident and reflected shock waves reflected from a planar or concave wall. The two-dimensional axi-symmetric Navier–Stokes equations with detailed chemistry were used. The computational results were qualitatively validated with experiments which were performed in a standard shock tube arrangement. Under the influence of the incident shock wave, a Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is induced in the flame, and the distorted flame finally takes the form of two separated elliptical burning bubbles in the symmetric cross plane. Then, under subsequent interactions with the shock wave reflected from the planar or the concave wall, the flame takes a mushroom-like shape. Transverse waves produced by the shock reflection from the concave wall can compress the flame towards the axis, and the focusing shock generated on the concave wall will lead to a larger mushroom-like flame than that induced by the planar reflection.      

Numerical investigation of ethylene flame bubble instability induced by shock waves

In this paper, the ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen premixed flame instabilities induced by incident and reflected shock wave were investigated numerically. The effects of grid resolutions and chemical mechanisms on the flame bubble deformation process are evaluated. In the computational frame, the 2D multi-component Navier–Stokes equations with second-order flux-difference splitting scheme were used; the stiff chemical source term was integrated using an implicit ordinary differential equations (ODEs) solver. The two ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen chemical mechanisms, namely 3-step reduced mechanism and 35-step elementary skeletal mechanism, were used to examine the reliability of chemistry. On the other hand, the different grid sizes, Δx × Δy = 0.25 × 0.5mm and Δx × Δy = 0.15 × 0.2mm, were implemented to examine the accuracy of the grid resolution. The computational results were qualitatively validated with experimental results of Thomas et al. (Combust Theory Model 5:573–594, 2001). Two chemical mechanisms and two grid resolutions used in present study can qualitatively reproduce the ethylene spherical flame instability process generated by an incident shock wave of Mach number 1.7. For the case of interaction between the flame and reflected shock waves, the 35-steps mechanism qualitatively predicts the physical process and is somewhat independent on the grid resolutions, while the 3-steps mechanism fails to reproduce the instability of ethylene flame for the two selected grid resolutions. It is concluded that the detailed chemical mechanism, which includes the chain elementary reactions of fuel combustion, describes the flame instability induced by shock wave, in spite of the fact that the flame thickness (reaction zone) is represented by 1–2 grids only.      

Explosive-driven shock wave and vortex ring interaction with a propane flame

Experiments were performed to analyze the interaction of an explosively driven shock wave and a propane flame. A 30 g explosive charge was detonated at one end of a 3-m-long, 0.6-m-diameter shock tube to produce a shock wave which propagated into the atmosphere. A propane flame source was positioned at various locations outside of the shock tube to investigate the effect of different strength shock waves. High-speed retroreflective shadowgraph imaging visualized the shock wave motion and flame response, while a synchronized color camera imaged the flame directly. The explosively driven shock tube was shown to produce a repeatable shock wave and vortex ring. Digital streak images show the shock wave and vortex ring propagation and expansion. The shadowgrams show that the shock wave extinguishes the propane flame by pushing it off of the fuel source. Even a weak shock wave was found to be capable of extinguishing the flame.     

Experiments on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with an imposed, random initial perturbation

A vertical shock tube is used to perform experiments on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with a three-dimensional random initial perturbation. A membraneless flat interface is formed by opposed gas flows in which the light and heavy gases enter the shock tube from the top and from the bottom of the shock tube driven section. An air/SF $_{6}$ gas combination is used and a Mach number $ M = 1.2$ incident shock wave impulsively accelerates the interface. Initial perturbations on the interface are created by vertically oscillating the gas column within the shock tube to produce Faraday waves on the interface resulting in a short wavelength, three-dimensional perturbation. Planar Mie scattering is used to visualize the flow in which light from a laser sheet is scattered by smoke seeded in the air, and image sequences are captured using three high-speed video cameras. Measurements of the integral penetration depth prior to reshock show two growth behaviors, both having power law growth with growth exponents in the range found in previous experiments and simulations. Following reshock, all experiments show very consistent linear growth with a growth rate in good agreement with those found in previous studies.     

Shock wave deformation in shock-vortex interactions

An initially planar shock wave can undergo significant distortion to its shape along with changes in its strength during the period of its interaction with a compressible vortex. This phenomenon is studied by numerically simulating the shock wave-vortex interaction with a high resolution shock-capturing scheme. Incident shock waves of various Mach numbers are made to interact with a compressible vortex and the dependence of the shock wave distortion on the strength of the incident shock wave is studied in detail. It is known that the type of complex shock structure formed in the later stages of a compressible vortex-shock wave interaction is dependent on the Mach number of the incident shock wave. A simple physical model based on the principle of shock wave reflection is proposed to explain this complex shock structure formation and its dependence on the relative strengths of the interacting vortex and shock wave. Received July 28, 1997 / Accepted November 17, 1997