SH_0导波在粘接结构中传播时的相位变化

对粘接结构进行超声导波无损检测与评估是一个有挑战性的前沿性课题.针对此问题,研究了SH_0导波在界面为理想连接的三层板状粘接结构中传播时的相位变化情况.首先基于波传播的控制方程,建立了粘接结构中反射和透射SH_0导波相对于入射SH_0导波的相位差解析模型.然后利用数值模拟计算了铝/环氧树脂/铝粘接结构中反射和透射SH_0导波的相位差曲线.最后分析了入射角度和频厚积的变化对反射和透射SH_0导波相位差的影响.结果表明,对于具体的粘接结构,反射和透射SH_0导波在其中传播时的相位差变化主要依赖于入射角度、频率等参数.在特定的频厚积下,当声波水平入射时,反射和入射SH_0导波同相位.无论入射角度为多大,随着频厚积的增大,反射SH_0导波的相位差曲线均会产生周期性谐振.对于透射SH_0导波,当声波垂直入射时,其相位差曲线的改变无规律可循;但是随着入射角度逐渐增大,透射SH_0导波的相位差曲线逐渐变规则.所得结果可为实验时研究板状粘接结构中SH_0导波的传播特性以及提取SH_0导波回波中的有用信息和定位提供一定的理论指导.     

“三明治”结构强度弱化的反射特性研究

针对铝-胶层-铝结构强度弱化的超声检测问题,采用改进全局矩阵法推导了多层粘接结构中超声传播方程,通过降低胶层的剪切波波速来模拟粘接强度弱化,对不同频率、不同入射角情况下超声纵波入射“三明治”结构时的反射系数与粘接强度的关系进行了仿真计算.仿真结果为:超声纵波以0.5MHz入射,在入射角为65°~73°区域内进行扫描检测,通过角度分辨的方式对强度弱化区域进行定位.第一层与胶层之间的界面出现强度弱化时,检测条件为0.5MHz、65.9°的超声纵波;胶层与第三层之间的界面出现强度弱化时,检测条件为1.0MHz、62.9°的超声纵波.结果表明:在特定的频率和入射角进行组合情况下,采用超声纵波斜入射方法可实现对粘接结构界面的强度弱化区域的定位和粘接强度的定量检测.     

波由单相弹性介质向横观各向同性液体饱和多孔介质传播时的反射与透射

研究了弹性波从单相各向同性弹性介质向双相各向异性液体饱和介质的传播问题。基于Biot的孔隙介质理论，并考虑动态渗透率，对以任意角度，任意频率入射的弹性波，解析地导出了在界面上的透射角，透射波波速和衰减系数，给出了各波在界面上的能量分配，数值计算了反射，透射系数与入射角，孔隙度等的关系曲线。     

基于弱粘接结构中谐振频率的研究

利用弹簧模型方法研究了铝-粘接剂-铝结构中波的反射和透射系数。首先利用粘接层界面的一次反射导出切向和法向刚度比表达式;其次,推导了粘接层界面存在多次反射和透射时刚度比、谐振频率及反射系数之间的关系,得到了弱粘接结构的反射系数随着不同刚度比的变化规律;最后求解了弱粘接层厚度的变化对谐振频率的影响。理论分析和数值计算的结果表明：反射系数取极大值时粘接层厚度与谐振频率的积成奇数倍的关系,反射系数极小值时粘接层厚度与谐振频率的积成整数倍的关系;随着刚度比的增加,谐振频率向高频方向漂移,随刚度比的减小,反射系数逐渐的趋近与1。     

层状粘接复合结构界面力学参数声导波定征方法

在推导层状粘接复合结构良好粘接及存在弱界面、滑移界面和脱层等几种不同界面条件下声导波的广义频散方程的基础上,分析了界面径向与轴向力学参数对声导波传播特性的影响,进一步提出以频散特性为基础的超声导波定征方法和在最小二乘意义下的反向算法对粘接复合结构层间界面力学参数进行了估计,分析了影响估计准确性的各种因素,研究了超声导波定征方法对粘接复合结构层间力学参数的灵敏度及其在误差传递中的意义。     

多层圆柱体锚固结构中超声导波频散特征的研究

超声导波无损检测技术因其高效和快捷的优点成为检测锚杆锚固质量的有效方法。但锚固锚杆结构中超声导波的多模态性、频散性与能量泄露导致完整的锚杆底端反射信号的获得具有不确定性。应用弹性动力学理论并采用全局矩阵法建立超声导波在多层圆柱体锚固结构中的频散方程的通用表达式,然后通过非线性外推法和二分法两步算法求解频散方程的精确解,解决了频散曲线的分类和相交等难题,获得了具有自主知识产权的求解多层圆柱体锚固结构频散曲线的程序。利用该程序计算了不同锚固锚杆结构的频散曲线,并与商用软件Disperse计算的结果吻合较好。同时用本程序计算了实验室有限锚固结构中的频散曲线,验证了低频导波在有限与无限结构中的巨大差异,而这一结构特征的频散特性Disperse并未给出相关算例。     

基于超声导波技术对板表面缺陷的无损检测研究

本文通过数值计算与实验,研究了薄钢板内导波的传播及其频散、多模态特征以及被激励模态与斜探头入射角的关系.利用所建立的实验系统,对钢板表面的人工缺陷进行了检测.结果表明,对特定频率,选择A1模态的超声导波检测钢板表面缺陷是可行的.     

EXPERIMENTALLY STUDY OF THE RICHTMYER-MESHKOV INSTABILITY AT N2/SF6 FLAT INTERFACES BY DIFFRACTED INCIDENT SHOCK WAVES AND RESHOCK

利用高速纹影测试实验研究低马赫数入射激波绕圆柱体后冲击N₂/SF₆平面界面,以及来自固壁的反射激波再冲击过程的（Richmyer-Meshkov,R-M）不稳定性特征.与平面激波作用不同的是,绕射后的激波会在界面处生成局部扰动.实验结果显示,入射激波作用下界面宽度增长缓慢,而反射激波再冲击后,局部扰动会产生大的“尖钉”和“气泡”结构;以及反射激波与边界层相互作用产生壁面涡,它们会加剧湍流混合区的增长;实验中反射激波过后混合区增长率不十分依赖于波前状态,增长规律同Mikaelian模型较吻合;来自尾部固壁的反射稀疏波会再次加剧湍流混合区的增长.     

基于导波技术的螺柱轴力无损检测

根据弹性动力学理论,采用纵向导波与弯曲导波相结合的方法对螺柱所受轴向应力进行无损检测。计算了M22螺柱中纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度频散曲线。根据频散曲线,确定了采用导波对螺柱轴向应力进行无损检测的最优检测信号频率范围(50~80 kHz),此频率范围的纵向导波与弯曲导波模态单一,并且频散性较低。分别计算了不同轴向应力σ作用下,多种频率的纵向导波和和弯曲导波在螺柱中传播的群速度值cgσrL和cgσrF。结果表明,随着轴向应力的增大,同频率纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度皆呈线性递减趋势。利用纵向导波和弯曲导波群速度与轴向应力的线性关系及纵向导波和弯曲导波在轴向应力作用螺柱端面的反射时间tLσ和tσF,可以迅速确定螺柱所受轴向应力值。     

高频纵向导波在钢杆中传播特性的研究

计算了钢杆中纵向轴对称导波模态的衰减频散曲线和群 速度频散曲线. 分析了1~3MHz范围内高频纵向轴对称超声导波在钢杆中的传播特 性. 理论分析表明,各高阶纵向模态都存在一个衰减最小值,在此衰减最小值所对应频率下 的高阶模态能传播较远距离,可用于钢杆导波检测. 建立实验系统,采用轴对称同端激 励接收的方法,根据第1次端面回波做出群速度和端面回波幅值随频率变化曲线,实验结 果与理论分析基本吻合. 表明考虑材料衰减特性的钢杆频散曲线可以作为实验指导依据.     

连续分层流体中垂直薄板的水动力特性

研究了在线性连续分层流体中水波与半潜式刚性垂直薄板相互作用的问题. 在 Boussinesq近似下,基于分离变量法,导出了具有自由面的平面前进波的色散关系,建立 了半潜式刚性垂直薄板的反射与透射能量、水平波浪力的计算方法. 对给定的频率,当它大 于浮力频率时,流场中只有一种模态的平面前进波,当它小于浮力频率时,流场 中有无数多个模态的平面前进波,并证明了对每一种模态的入射波,其它每个模态水波的反射与透射能量是 相等的. 对水面漂浮和座底半潜式薄板的反射与透射能量,以及作用在薄板上的水平波浪力 进行了数值计算分析,表明了流体的线性连续分层效应对这些水动力的影响是不可忽视 的. 特别地,在入射波频率小于浮力频率时,与第1模态入射波的能量转化量及其对薄板产 生的水平波浪力相比,其它模态入射波的能量转化量及其对薄板产生的水平波浪力都要大得 多.     

Reflection and Transmission of Elastic Waves from the Interface of a Fluid-saturated Porous Solid and a Double Porosity Solid

The reflection and transmission characteristics of an incident plane P1 wave from the interface of a fluid-saturated single porous solid and a fluid-saturated double porosity solid are investigated. The fluid-saturated porous solid is modeled with the classic Biot’s theory and the double porosity medium is described by an extended Biot’s theory. In a double-porosity model with dual-permeability there exist three compressional waves and a shear wave. The effects of the incident angle and frequency on amplitude ratios of the reflected and transmitted waves to the incident wave are discussed. Two boundary conditions are discussed in detail: (a) Open-pore boundary and (b) Sealed-pore boundary. Numerical results reveal that the characteristics of the reflection and transmission coefficients to the incident angle and the frequency are quite different for the two cases of boundary conditions. Properties of the bulk waves existing in the fluid-saturated porous solid and the double porosity medium are also studied.     

Reflection and transmission of plane waves at an imperfectly bonded interface between piezoelectric and piezomagnetic media

The paper analyzes the reflection and transmission of plane waves at an imperfect interface between piezoelectric (PE) and piezomagnetic (PM) media. The materials are assumed to be transversely isotropic. The linear spring model is used to describe the imperfection of bonding behavior at the interface. According to this model, the properties of the interface can be characterized by the normal and tangential interfacial stiffnesses. Numerial examples are performed for BaTiO₃/CoFe₂O₄ material combination. Four cases, a perfect, slip, normal weak bonding and unbonding interfaces for the coupled quasi-pressure (QP) wave incidence from BaTiO₃ medium are compared in detail. Numerical results of the reflection and transmission coefficients (RTCs) varying with incident angle for different interfacial stiffnesses are presented. Results show that the transmitted QP/reflected QSV waves are the strongest in the perfect/unbonded cases, respectively. The scattered waves in the slip and normal weak bonding cases are between those of the perfect and unbonded cases generally. Critial angles have noticeable effect on the RTCs and energy coefficients for the coupled scattered waves of the perfect and slip cases but have a little/no effect on those of the normal weak bonding/unbonded cases. It is found that the sum of the energy carried by the transmitted/reflected QP and QSV waves is less than unit for the imperfect bonding between BaTiO₃/CoFe₂O₄ solids. These results may provide some useful reference datum for the imperfection measurment at the PE and PM interface.     

Reflection and refraction of plane quasi-P waves at a corrugated interface between distinct triclinic elastic half spaces

The reflection and refraction pattern of elastic waves at a corrugated interface between two triclinic half-spaces is discussed. The incident wave is taken to be the cause of the interface disturbance and the reflected and refracted waves are effects. This leads to the causality requirement that the reflected and refracted waves must propagate away from the interface. Closed form expressions of reflection and transmission coefficients are derived using Rayleigh’s method of approximation. The formulae of reflection and transmission coefficients are derived in closed form for the first-order approximation of the corrugation. The analytical expressions of all the three phase velocities of qP, qSV and qSH waves have been derived. The variation of reflection and refraction coefficients with the angle of incidence and also with the corrugation parameter is shown. In this paper we have developed Graphical User Interface (GUI) Software in MATLAB which shows the variation of reflection and refraction coefficients with respect to incident angle and corrugation parameter. This software can be generalized to show the variation of reflection and refraction coefficients. Numerical computations are performed for a scientific model and the results obtained are shown graphically.     

An analytical approach to reconstruction of axisymmetric defects in pipelines using T(0, 1) guided waves

Torsional guided waves have been widely utilized to inspect the surface corrosion in pipelines due to their simple displacement behaviors and the ability of longrange transmission. Especially, the torsional mode T (0, 1), which is the first order of torsional guided waves, plays the irreplaceable position and role, mainly because of its non-dispersion characteristic property. However, one of the most pressing challenges faced in modern quality inspection is to detect the surface defects in pipelines with a high level of accuracy. Taking into account this situation, a quantitative reconstruction method using the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) is proposed in this paper. The methodology for defect reconstruction consists of three steps. First, the reflection coefficients of the guided wave T (0, 1) scattered by different sizes of axisymmetric defects are calculated using the developed hybrid finite element method (HFEM). Then, applying the boundary integral equation (BIE) and Born approximation, the Fourier transform of the surface defect profile can be analytically derived as the correlative product of reflection coefficients of the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) and the fundamental solution of the intact pipeline in the frequency domain. Finally, reconstruction of defects is precisely performed by the inverse Fourier transform of the product in the frequency domain. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach is suitable for the detection of surface defects with arbitrary shapes. Meanwhile, the effects of the depth and width of surface defects on the accuracy of defect reconstruction are investigated. It is noted that the reconstructive error is less than 10%, providing that the defect depth is no more than one half of the pipe thickness.     

Reflection and transmission of plane waves at the interface of an elastic half-space and a fractional order thermoelastic half-space

The problem of reflection and transmission due to longitudinal and transverse waves incident obliquely at a plane interface between uniform elastic solid half-space and fractional order thermoelastic solid half-space has been studied. It is found that the amplitude ratios of various reflected and refracted waves are functions of angle of incidence and frequency of incident wave and are influenced by the fractional order thermoelastic properties of media. The expressions of amplitude ratios and energy ratios have been computed numerically for a particular model. The variation of amplitude and energy ratios with angle of incidence is shown graphically. The conservation of energy at the interface is verified.     

A special solution of wave dissipation by finite porous plates

The reflection and transmission of water waves caused by a small amplitude incident wave through finite fine porous plates with equal spacing and permeability in an infinitely long open channel of constant water depth and zero slope are studied. A special solution is obtained when the distance between the two neighbouring plates is an integral multiple of the half-wavelength of the incident wave. It is found, that when the dimensionless porous-effect parameter G_0 is equal to half the total plate number, the wave dissipation reaches a maximum, and only 50% of the incident wave energy remains in the reflected and transmitted waves. Meanwhile, the reflected and transmitted waves have the same amplitude.     

Reflection and transmission of quasi-plane waves at the interface of piezoelectric semiconductors with initial stresses

We examine the reflection and transmission phenomena of quasi-longitudinal plane(QP) waves in an AlN-ZnO laminated composite structure. The structure is designed under the influence of the initial stresses in which one carrier piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC) half-space is in welded contact with another PSC half-space.The secular equations in the transversely isotropic PSC material are derived from the general dynamic equation, taking the initial stresses into consideration. It is shown that the incident quasi-longitudinal wave(QP-mode) at the interface generates four types of reflected and transmitted waves, namely, QP wave, quasi-transverse(QSV) wave,electric-acoustic(EA) wave, and carrier plane(CP) wave. The algebraic equations are obtained by imposing the boundary conditions on the common interface of the laminated structure. Reflection and transmission coefficients of waves are obtained by implementing Cramer's rule. Profound impacts of the initial stresses and exterior electric biasing field on the reflection and transmission coefficients of waves are investigated and presented graphically.     

Critical angles and grazing incidence: the breakdown of regular shock reflection in solids

The regular pattern for shock reflection in a nonlinear hyperelastic solid is a centered array of shocks and simple wave fans. As the angle of incidence approaches grazing incidence or a critical angle, the reflection pattern overtakes the incident wave until finally the regular pattern can no longer be sustained. By expanding the reflection solution in powers of amplitude about the linear reflection solution, it is possible to develop a procedure to solve the reflection problem for weak but finite shocks for any material symmetry. Explicit solutions can be exhibited for isotropic materials, including relationships between amplitude and limiting angle for various boundary conditions and incident waves. Some problems require consideration of a nonlinear boundary condition even in the first approximation. Typically, these cases lead to considerable amplification in the leading reflected wave.     

Propagation of plane P-waves at interface between elastic solid and unsaturated poroelastic medium

A linear viscoporoelastic model is developed to describe the problem of reflection and transmission of an obliquely incident plane P-wave at the interface between an elastic solid and an unsaturated poroelastic medium, in which the solid matrix is filled with two weakly coupled fluids (liquid and gas). The expressions for the amplitude reflection coefficients and the amplitude transmission coefficients are derived by using the potential method. The present derivation is subsequently applied to study the energy conversions among the incident, reflected, and transmitted wave modes. It is found that the reflection and transmission coefficients in the forms of amplitude ratios and energy ratios are functions of the incident angle, the liquid saturation, the frequency of the incident wave, and the elastic constants of the upper and lower media. Numerical results are presented graphically. The effects of the incident angle, the frequency, and the liquid saturation on the amplitude and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients are discussed. It is verified that in the transmission process, there is no energy dissipation at the interface.