颗粒物质在黏性流体中运动过程的数值分析

为了研究颗粒物质在黏性流体中整个下落过程的运动规律，对不同半径的颗粒物体运动过程进行了数值模拟分析。在给出颗粒物质下落过程模型的基础上，考虑黏性流体对颗粒物质的黏滞阻力，并通过受力分析建立了下落运动微分方程；利用计算机数值分析了不同半径的颗粒物质在同一种黏性流体中下落速度、入潜深度随时间变化的情况，并分析了不同半径的颗粒物质下落达到的稳态速度与所消耗时间的变化关系。计算结果表明：当颗粒物质半径 r<1mm 时，其在黏性流体中的下落距离与时间近似呈线性关系；随着颗粒物质尺寸的增加，其下落距离会呈现非线性增加；当颗粒物质半径 r>2mm 时，其达到稳态速度后的入潜深度与颗粒物质的半径呈非线性变化，且颗粒物质越大，达到稳态速度后的入潜深度越深；颗粒物质在黏性流体中下落后达到的稳态速度与颗粒物质的半径并非呈线性关系，且颗粒物质越小，达到的稳态速度越小，与黏性流体的深度无关，其相应入潜深度与所需时间呈非线性关系。     

圆管内粗糙壁面处微细颗粒沉积规律研究

针对固体颗粒在圆管中的沉积问题,本文采用DEM(Discrete-Element Method)描述颗粒与壁面的碰撞特征,采用湍流雷诺应力模型结合拉格朗日随机轨道模型对0.01μm~50μm的微细颗粒在壁面的沉积特性进行了研究。考查了颗粒粒径、重力、壁面位置、雷诺数Re、有效表面能、弹性模量对沉积速率的影响。结果表明:下壁面的沉积速率最大,上壁面的最小;颗粒在下壁面的沉积速率随量纲为一的弛豫时间呈V型曲线变化;当空气平均流速为0.5m/s时,颗粒小于1μm时即可忽略重力的影响,并且随着空气流速的增大,需要考虑颗粒重力的临界直径会逐渐增大;颗粒的粘附/反弹特征对沉积有很大影响,有效表面能越大,沉积速率越大;有效弹性模量越大,沉积速率越小;当颗粒小于10μm时,沉积速率随雷诺数Re的增大而增大;当颗粒大于等于10μm时,沉积速率随雷诺数Re的增大而减小。     

双颗粒沉降的动力学分析

采用格子Boltzmann-虚拟区域方法对雷诺数范围为50≤Re≤200的双颗粒自由沉降进行了直接数值模拟。首先,研究发现双颗粒最终沉降的位置分别在通道的1/4和3/4位置附近,且与颗粒的初始间距、雷诺数以及通道宽度无关。其次,重点研究了颗粒沉降过程中所受的侧向力(与沉降方向垂直),首次揭示了侧向力的振动频率与雷诺数呈二次关系,且单颗粒的结果始终小于双颗粒的结果;研究还发现侧向力的振动频率与通道宽度近似呈幂律函数关系,且幂律指数与雷诺数有关,雷诺数越大,幂律指数的绝对值越小。最后还研究了雷诺数及通道宽度对侧向力振动振幅的影响。     

纯弯曲下薄壁圆柱壳屈曲的非线性分析

为解决薄壁圆柱壳在纯弯曲下由于横截面的椭圆化而引起的屈曲几何非线性问题. 基本假设是改良的Brazier 简单理论,把圆柱壳的纯弯曲变形简化成一个两阶段的过程,分别求得纵向弯曲变形应变能和横截面变形应变能,然后利用最小势能原理求出作用力矩与杆端旋转角度的关系,最后分析可知:壳体长度参数越小,对应的圆柱壳壁越薄,非线性的影响越大;剪力大小参数越小,边界条件对椭圆化变形影响越小,非线性的影响越大.     

二维细胞在剪切流中的运动特性

主要模拟二维细胞在剪切流中的运动特性.计算过程采用浸入边界法,将细胞模化成Navier-Stokes方程中的力源,而不是真实物体.假设细胞的初始形状为椭圆,细胞内外流体粘性相同,细胞膜的弹性力模型选用E-S模型.本文模拟四种不同真圆度情况下细胞的形变情况,观测到初始阶段细胞沿着长轴方向做拉伸和旋转运动,达到稳定状态后细胞作类坦克履带式运动;并且发现细胞达到稳定状态所需要的时间随真圆度的增加而增加,而细胞的稳态倾角随真圆度的增加而减少.     

生物芯片中周期性电渗驱动液体薄膜的流动特性

研究了二维周期性电渗驱动液体薄膜的流动特性. 以Debye-Hückel 假设近似下线性化的Poisson-Boltzmann方程描述双电层电动势分布和电荷密度的分布关系, 与黏性不可压缩流体Navier-Stokes方程相耦合, 得到流体在自由面与固壁之间的周期电渗流流场的精确解. 结果显示, 薄膜内速度振幅与流体黏性密切相关, 雷诺数越大, 速度振幅就越小. 该文还细致分析了雷诺数和自由面ζ电势对自由面的流速振幅和薄膜内速度相位差的影响.     

表面活性剂流体弹性应力对颗粒沉降的影响

颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中的沉降问题是复杂固液两相流研究的基础问题。采用实验和数值模拟的方法研究了单颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中的沉降过程。实验结果表明,粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘弹性会引起颗粒的终端速度随时间产生波动。Giesekus本构方程可以描述颗粒在表面活性剂流体中沉降的非线性剪切变稀行为和弹性导致的拉伸变形。颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中沉降时其尾部会出现负尾迹现象,负尾迹区随着松弛时间的增大向下游延伸,表征流体弹性的松弛时间越大,负尾迹区越长。颗粒表面剪切速率大于临界剪切速率时,负尾迹的出现使颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中沉降所受曳力减小,沉降速度增加;颗粒表面剪切速率小于临界剪切速率时,粘弹性表面活性剂流体负尾迹区的拉伸效应与颗粒表面的弹性应力的共同作用,导致颗粒终端速度随着松弛时间的增加先增大后减小。     

多颗粒在牛顿流体中沉降的模拟研究

采用格子Boltzmann-虚拟区域方法对多颗粒在牛顿流体中沉降的过程进行了直接数值模拟,颗粒之间的碰撞采用弹性力模型。考察了颗粒初始间距、雷诺数对颗粒沉降形态及沉降速度等的影响。结果表明,奇数与偶数颗粒群的沉降形态及沉降速度差异较大。对于奇数颗粒群(5个),当雷诺数较低时颗粒群呈"凹"形沉降,而当雷诺数增大时中间颗粒会脱离颗粒群,剩下的颗粒群或呈"凹"形或呈"凸"形,这与初始间距有关,文献中仅获得雷诺数较低时的情况。对于偶数颗粒群(6个),当雷诺数较小时呈"凸"形沉降,而当雷诺数增大时颗粒会发生"DKT(DriftingKissing-Tumbling)"现象,且当初始间距增大时发生"DKT"的对象不再是靠近壁面的颗粒对,已有文献中没有观察到这一现象。     

生物芯片微通道周期性电渗流特性

以双电层的Poisson-Boltzmann方程和黏性不可压缩流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程为 基础,提出二维均匀微通道周期电渗流的解析解. 分析结果表明,周期电渗流速度大 小不但与双电层特性和外电场有关, 而且与流动雷诺数(Re = \omega h^2/\nu )密切相关. 随雷诺数增加,双电层滑移速度下降. 当离开固壁距离增加时,双电层以外区域流动速度快 速衰减,速度滞后相位角明显增加. 研究发现在微通道有波浪状速度剖面. 给出在低雷 诺数时的周期电渗流渐近解,它的速度振幅与定常电渗流速度相同,并具有柱栓式速度分布 形态. 还得到在微通道宽对双电层厚的比值(\kappa h)很小时,Debye-H\"{u}ckel近似 的周期电渗流解, 并与解析解进行分析比较 微通道,双电层,周期电渗流,雷诺数     

重力和接触角对表面张力贮箱内液体流动的影响

采用流体体积函数方法数值模拟板式表面张力贮箱内液体的流动过程. 主要考虑了不同重力加速度和接触角等因素的影响. 发现在接触角等于10° 的前提下, 重力加速度小于10-2g₀, 液体沿着外侧导流叶片爬升至贮箱顶部; 当重力加速度小于10-3g₀ 时, 重力加速度的减小对液体爬升速度的影响较小. 在爬升过程中, 导流叶片附近液体的速度呈逐渐减小的趋势, 且重力加速度越小, 初始速度越大. 接触角对液体的爬升高度也会产生影响,接触角越小, 液体爬升至顶部的时间越短; 当接触角大于45° 时, 外侧导流叶片附近的液面不能爬升至顶端. 另外, 接触角越大, 液面高度的斜率越小,导流叶片附近液体的初始速度也越小.      

鱼类自主游动水动力学特性的数值模拟

通过对推力和阻力进行重新定义, 从根本上解决了鱼游研究中推力和阻力无法区分的难题.在此基础上, 利用自适应网格下的ghost-cell浸没边界方法, 模拟了鱼类以鲹科模式在黏性流体(309 \le Re \le 14\,581)和无黏流体 (相当于雷诺数无穷大情形)中的二维自主游动.结果表明: (1) Strouhal数随雷诺数增大而减小,当雷诺数趋向于无穷时, Strouhal数趋向于0.25; (2)在所有雷诺数情况下, 推力主要来源于压力分量; 当Re<3000时, 阻力的压力分量小于黏性力分量, 而当Re>3000, 二者的关系就会反过来; (3)推进效率随着雷诺数的增大而增大,当雷诺数趋向于无穷大时, 推进效率最高可以达到70%, 说明鲹科模式适用于较高雷诺数下的游动.      

Steady flow of a power-law non-Newtonian fluid across an unconfined square cylinder

A two-dimensional flow of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid directed normally to a horizontal cylinder with a square cross section is considered in the present paper. The problem is investigated numerically with a finite volume method by using the commercial code Ansys Fluent with a very large computational domain so that the flow could be considered unbounded. The investigation covers the power-law index from 0.1 to 2.0 and the Reynolds number range from 0.001 to 45.000. It is found that the drag coefficient for low Reynolds numbers and low power-law index (n ≤ 0.5) obeys the relationship C_D = A/Re. An equation for the quantity A as a function of the power-law index is derived. The drag coefficient becomes almost independent of the power-law index at high Reynolds numbers and the wake length changes nonlinearly with the Reynolds number and power-law index.     

Unsteady Laminar to Turbulent Flow in a Spacer-Filled Channel

A combined numerical and experimental investigation has been carried out to study the flow behaviour in a spacer-filled channel, representative of those used in spiral-wound membrane modules. Direct numerical simulation and particle image velocimetry were used to investigate the fluid flow characteristics inside a 2 × 2 cell at Reynolds numbers that range between 100 and 1000. It was found that the flow in this geometry moves parallel to and also rotates between the spacer filaments and that the rate of rotation increases with Reynolds number. The flow mechanisms, transition process and onset of turbulence in a spacer-filled channel are investigated including the use of the velocity spectra at different Reynolds numbers. It is found that the flow is steady for Re < 200 and oscillatory at Re ～ 250 and increasingly unsteady with further increases in Re before the onset of turbulent flow at Re ～ 1000.     

Particle-turbulence interaction in a boundary layer

Particle-turbulence interaction in wall turbulent flows has been studied. A series of experiments varying particle size, particle density, particle loading and flow Re has been conducted. The results show that the larger polystyrene particles (1100 μm) cause an increase in the number of wall ejections, giving rise to an increase in the measured values of the turbulence intensities and Reynolds stresses. On the other hand, the smaller polystyrene particles (120 μm) bring about a decrease in the number of wall ejections, causing a decrease in the measured intensities and Reynolds stresses. These effects are enhanced as the particle loading is increased. It was also found that the heavier glass particles (88 μm) do not bring about any significant modulation of turbulence. In addition, measurements of the burst frequency and the mean streak-spacing show no significant change with increase in particle loading. Based on these observations, a mechanism of particle transport in wall turbulent flows has been proposed, in which the particles are transported (depending on their size, density and flow Re) by the bursting events of the wall regions.     

Fluid trapping by two partially shrouded rotating cylinders

In this paper we examine the prospect of using localized flow control for biomimetic fluid trapping. The problem is of interest for applications that call for guided transport of fluid volumes.The study shows that trapping can be achieved with the help of two partially shrouded rotating cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement. Secondary flows that manifest successful trapping resemble recirculation zones forming under the crests of peristaltic deformation waves, in particular with respect to their response to increasing incident flow velocity. Varying the rotation speed of the cylinders provides means to control the amount of trapped fluid.Numerical calculations to support these conclusions are presented in the paper for 0≤Re≤100 and h≈2, where Re and h are, respectively, the Reynolds number and the center-to-center distance between two cylinders divided by the cylinder diameter. Experimental validation of numerical results is performed for 0≤Re≤4.     

Solution of general dynamic equation for nanoparticles in turbulent flow considering fluctuating coagulation

A new averaged general dynamic equation (GDE) for nanoparticles in the turbulent flow is derived by considering the combined effect of convection, Brownian diffusion, turbulent diffusion, turbulent coagulation, and fluctuating coagulation. The equation is solved with the Taylor-series expansion moment method in a turbulent pipe flow. The experiments are performed. The numerical results of particle size distribution correlate well with the experimental data. The results show that, for a turbulent nanoparticulate flow, a fluctuating coagulation term should be included in the averaged particle GDE. The larger the Schmidt number is and the lower the Reynolds number is, the smaller the value of ratio of particle diameter at the outlet to that at the inlet is. At the outlet, the particle number concentration increases from the near-wall region to the near-center region. The larger the Schmidt number is and the higher the Reynolds number is, the larger the difference in particle number concentration between the near-wall region and near-center region is. Particle polydispersity increases from the near-center region to the near-wall region. The particles with a smaller Schmidt number and the flow with a higher Reynolds number show a higher polydispersity. The degree of particle polydispersity is higher considering fluctuating coagulation than that without considering fluctuating coagulation.     

SIMULATION OF SEDIMENTATION OF TWO CIRCULAR PARTICLES WITH COLLISION CONSIDERED IN VERTICAL CHANNEL

D2Q9 model of lattice Boltzmann equation method was used to simulate the sedimentation of two circular particles in a bounded two dimension channel. The characteristics of the sedimentation shows some periodicity for the Reynolds number Re chosen, 0.1-20. The larger the Reynolds number, the stronger the interaction between the two particles and the larger the transversal displacements. For large Re, the two particles leading alternately; for small Re, the initially leading particle will keep its leading position and for moderate Re, the initially upper particle will get leading position and keep it. The influence of the initially relative position of the two particles on sedimentation is small. The width of the channel won＇t change the characteristics of the sedimentation as a whole, but will change the period of the sedimentation. The wider the channel, the longer the period will be.     

Supersonic viscous perfect-gas flow past a slender sharp elliptic cone

The supersonic M_∞ = 5 flow past slender elliptic cones with the semi-vertex angle in the plane of the major semi-axis ? _c = 4° and an isothermal surface is investigated under the assumption of the flow symmetry. Calculations on the basis of the time-dependent three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and Reynolds equations are carried out on the Reynolds number and angle of attack ranges 10⁴ ≤ Re ≤ 108 and 0 ≤ α ≤ 15° for cones with ellipticity coefficients 1/32 ≤ δ= b/a ≤ 1. The effect of the relevant parameters of the problem on the flowfield structure and the aerodynamic characteristics of the cones is demonstrated.     

Stationärer Stoff- und Wärmeübergang an stationär quer angeströmten Zylindern

The steady forced convection mass and heat transfer from circular cylinders has been investigated. The full mass transport differential equation has been integrated numerically. The employed velocity distributions are known [1]. The most important result is reproduced in a correlation for the mass transfer, which regards the turbulence intensity in the flow of the cylinders. This mass transfer law is proofed theoretically and experimentally in the range of Schmidt numbers from Sc=0.73 up to S=3.3×10⁴; however it is valid for 0≤Sc∞. It can be used for all values of Re Sc greater than Re Sc=7.3×10^?5 and for all values of the Reynolds number less than the critical value, Re_kr. The critical Reynolds number, Re_kr, is a known function of the turbulence intensity [1]. For values of Re Sc less than Re Sc=7.3 x10^?5 the mass transfer can be predicted by an analytical equation that based on Oseen type linearization of the differential equation. The conditions are illustrated, which allow to calculate the quantities for heat transfer by means of the correlations for the mass transfer.