Fundamental kinematics laws of interstitial fluid flows on vascular walls

In the previous studies, the phenomenon that the interstitial fluid(ISF) can flow along tunica adventitia of the arteries and veins in both human and animal bodies was reported. On the basis of these studies, this paper aims to:(i) summarize the basic properties of the ISF flows in the walls of arteries and veins,(ii) combine the basic properties with axiomaticism and abstract the axiom for ISF flows, and(iii) propose three fundamental laws of the ISF flow,(i.e., the existence law, the homotropic law and the reverse law). The three laws provide solid theoretical basement for exploring the kinematic patterns of interstitial fluid flow in the cardiovascular system.     

3D phase field modeling of electrohydrodynamic multiphase flows

A 3D phase field model is developed to investigate the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) two phase flows. The explicit finite difference method, enhanced by parallel computing, is employed to solve the coupled nonlinear governing equations for the electric field, the fluid flow field and free surface deformation. Numerical tests indicate that an appropriate interpolation of densities within the interface is critical in ensuring numerical stability for highly stratified flows. The 3D phase field model compares well with the Taylor theory for the deformation of a single dielectric droplet in an electric field. Computed results show that the deformation of a leaky dielectric droplet in an electric field undergoes various stages before it reaches the final oblate shape. This is caused by the free charge relaxation near the fluid–fluid interface. The coalescence of four droplets in an electric field illustrates a truly 3D deformation behavior and a complex evolving fluid flow field associated with the participating droplets. The coalescence is a result of combined actions produced by the global electric force, the circulatory flows generated by the local electrohydrodynamic stress and the electrically-induced deformation. The 3D phase field model is also applied in modeling of an electrohydrodynamic patterning process for manufacturing nanoscaled structures, in which complex 3D flow structures develop as the electrically-induced deformation evolves.     

On the flow field generated by a gradually varying flow through an orifice

The motion of a vortex ring generated by gradually varied flows through a thin-edged orifice has been investigated experimentally using particle image velocimetry. This flow reproduces the primary characteristics of many biological flows, such as cardiac flows through valves or jellyfish and squid propulsion. Even though vortex ring formation has been extensively studied, there is still interest in gradually varying inflows, i.e. the ones that are mostly found in previous conditions. The main purpose of this paper is to extend the time scaling already proposed in the literature to the entire cycle of vortex ring formation, pinch-off and free motion. To this end, eight inflow time laws have been tested, with different acceleration and deceleration phases. They have been selected in relation to practical applications by their resemblance to the main characteristics of cardiovascular and pulsed locomotion flows. Analysis of measured velocity and vorticity fields suggested a general criterion to establish the instant of vortex pinch-off directly from the imposed velocity program. This allows the proper scaling of the entire time evolution of the vortex ring for all tested inflows. Since it is quite easy to identify this instant experimentally, these results give a simple, practical rule for the computation of scales in vortex ring formation and development in the case of gradual inflows. The “slug model” has been used to test the proposed scaling and to obtain predictions for the vortex position, circulation and vorticity which are in agreement with experimental data.     

The influence of cardiovascular dynamic coupling on the blood pulse wave propagation in human body

I.IntroductionPeoplehavedonequiteafewresearchesaboutthepulsewavepropagationinarteries.Womersleyl'lhasputforwardtheformulaofpressureandflowincylilldricaltubesanalytically,Lambertl'l,Streeter,etal.t3]andAnliker,etal.141havecarriedoutsomenumericalcomputationofbloodnowonthebasisofonedimensiontubeflowequation.otherauthorshavestudiedthepropagationcharacterofpulsewaveinarterieswithspreadlinetheoryandcharacteristiclinemethod,andhavemadesomeprogress.However,summarizingallthepreviouswork,theyalltaketh…     

Multidimensional modeling of the stenosed carotid artery: A novel CAD approach accompanied by an extensive lumped model

This study describes a multidimensional 3D/lumped parameter(LP) model which contains appropriate inflow/outflow boundary conditions in order to model the entire human arterial trees. A new extensive LP model of the entire arterial network(48 arteries) was developed including the effect of vessel diameter tapering and the parameterization of resistance, conductor and inductor variables. A computer aided-design(CAD) algorithm was proposed to effciently handle the coupling of two or more 3D models with the LP model, and substantially lessen the coupling processing time. Realistic boundary conditions and Navier–Stokes equations in healthy and stenosed models of carotid artery bifurcation(CAB) were used to investigate the unsteady Newtonian blood flow velocity distribution in the internal carotid artery(ICA). The present simulation results agree well with previous experimental and numerical studies. The outcomes of a pure LP model and those of the coupled 3D healthy model were found to be nearly the same in both cases. Concerning the various analyzed 3D zones, the stenosis growth in the ICA was not found as a crucial factor in determining the absorbing boundary conditions.This paper demonstrates the advantages of coupling local and systemic models to comprehend physiological diseases of the cardiovascular system.     

Assessment of left heart and pulmonary circulation flow dynamics by a new pulsed mock circulatory system

We developed a new mock circulatory system that is able to accurately simulate the human blood circulation from the pulmonary valve to the peripheral systemic capillaries. Two independent hydraulic activations are used to activate an anatomical-shaped left atrial and a left ventricular silicon molds. Using a lumped model, we deduced the optimal voltage signals to control the pumps. We used harmonic analysis to validate the experimental pulmonary and systemic circulation models. Because realistic volumes are generated for the cavities and the resulting pressures were also coherent, the left atrium and left ventricle pressure–volume loops were concordant with those obtained in vivo. Finally we explored left atrium flow pattern using 2C-3D+T PIV measurements. This gave a first overview of the complex 3D flow dynamics inside realistic left atrium geometry.     

Multi-scale modeling of hemodynamics in the cardiovascular system

The human cardiovascular system is a closedloop and complex vascular network with multi-scaled heterogeneous hemodynamic phenomena. Here, we give a selective review of recent progress in macro-hemodynamic modeling, with a focus on geometrical multi-scale modeling of the vascular network, micro-hemodynamic modeling of microcirculation, as well as blood cellular, subcellular,endothelial biomechanics, and their interaction with arterial vessel mechanics. We describe in detail the methodology of hemodynamic modeling and its potential applications in cardiovascular research and clinical practice. In addition,we present major topics for future study: recent progress of patient-specifi hemodynamic modeling in clinical applications, micro-hemodynamic modeling in capillaries and blood cells, and the importance and potential of the multi-scale hemodynamic modeling.     

Numerical simulation of effect of convection-diffusion on oxygen transport in microcirculation

The entire process of oxygen transport in microcirculation by developing a 3D porous media model is calculated numerically with coupled solid deformation-fluid seepage-convection and diffusion . The principal novelty of the model is that it takes into account volumetric deformation of both capillary and tissues resulting from capillary fluctuation. How solid deformation, fluid seepage, and convection-diffusion combine to affect oxygen transport is examined quantitatively: (1) Solid deformation is more significant in the middle of capillary, where the maximum value of volumetric deformation reaches about 0.5%. (2) Solid deformation has positive influence on the tissue fluid so that it flows more uniformly and causes oxygen to be transported more uniformly, and eventually impacts oxygen concentration by 0.1%-0.5%. (3) Convection-diffusion coupled deformation and seepage has a maximum (16%) and average (3%) increase in oxygen concentration, compared with pure molecular diffusion. Its more significant role is to allow oxygen to be transported more evenly.     

Multi-scale modelling of textile reinforced artificial tubular aortic heart valves

Tissue engineered heart valves equivalent to the native aortic heart valves are in development as an alternative to available prostheses. To achieve sufficient mechanical stiffness for application in tissue engineered valves exposed to the systemic circulation, the tissue is reinforced by a textile scaffold. Mechanical testing of structurally different textiles used as reinforcement in tissue engineered heart valves is expensive and time-consuming. The current study seeks to predict the behaviour of textile reinforced artificial heart valves using a multi-scale modelling approach. The complex textile structure was divided into simplified models at different scales. Virtual experiments were conducted on each of these models and their response was fitted by appropriate isotropic and anisotropic hyperelastic material models. The textile response was then used in a macro heart valve model, which was subjected to dynamic cardiac loading. It was shown that the current modelling approach is in good agreement with the real valve behaviour.     

On The Validation of LES Applied to Internal Combustion Engine Flows: Part 1: Comprehensive Experimental Database

Improved understanding of in-cylinder flows requires knowledge from well-resolved experimental velocimetry measurements and flow simulation modeling. Engine simulations using large eddy simulations (LES) are making large progress and the need for well documented velocimetry measurements for model validation is high. This work presents velocimetry measurements from PIV, high-speed PIV, stereoscopic PIV, and tomographic PIV to extensively describe the in-cylinder flow field in a motored optical engine operating at 800 RPM. These measurements also establish a comprehensive database designed for LES model development and validation. Details of the engine, engine accessory components, and well-controlled boundary conditions and engine operation are presented. The first two statistical moments of the flow field are computed and show excellent agreement among the PIV database. Analysis of statistical moments based on limited sample size is presented and is important for modeling validation purposes. High-speed PIV resolved the instantaneous flow field throughout entire engine cycles (i.e. 719 consecutive crank-angles), while tomographic PIV images are further used to investigate the 3D flow field and identify regions of strong vortical structures identified by the Q-criterion. Principle velocity gradient components are computed and emphasize the need to resolve similar spatial scales between experimental and modeling efforts for suitable model validation.     

Simulation of adaptation of blood vessel geometry to flow and pressure: Implications for arterio-venous impedance

Aortic input impedance relates pressure to flow at the aortic entrance distal to the aortic valve. We designed the CircAdapt three-element model of this impedance, consisting of resistive wave impedance, arterial compliance and peripheral resistance. Direct association of the elements with physical properties facilitated incorporation of nonlinear elastic properties of wall material and adaptation of vessel geometry to mechanical load. Use of the CircAdapt impedance model is extended to all arterial and venous connections to the heart. After incorporation in the existing CircAdapt model of whole circulation dynamics, vascular geometry was determined by adaptation to hemodynamic load as generated by the CircAdapt model itself. Model generated vascular geometry and hemodynamics appear realistic. Since the same adaptation rules are used for arteries and veins, all vascular impedances are determined mainly by two parameters only. Thus, large changes in hemodynamic load, like exercise or hypertension, were simulated realistically without the need to change parameter values. Simulation of adaptation enables to predict consequences of chronic change in hemodynamics, e.g. due to pathology or proposed therapy.     

脑循环脉动流的集中参数模型

脑血管疾病和脑循环动力学异常改变密切相关．脑循环系统和体循环系统具有不完全相同的血液动力学特性．因此，临床上迫切需要一种既能反映脑循环的基本特性，又容易从中分析脑血管动力学参数的力学模型．本文在Ｗｉｌｉｓ环定常流模型的基础上，建立了描述脑循环血液脉动特性的集中参数模型，归结出了模型控制方程及求解方法．通过实例计算发现：理论计算结果和实验检测数据相当吻合，说明模型是符合生理实际的．这将为脑循环研究提供一个较理想的血液动力学模型     

Applications of URANS on predicting unsteady turbulent separated flows

Accurate prediction of unsteady separated turbulent flows remains one of the toughest tasks and a practi cal challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, a 2D flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3,900 is numerically investigated by using the technique of unsteady RANS （URANS）. Some typical linear and nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models （LEVM and NLEVM） and a quadratic explicit algebraic stress model （EASM） are evaluated. Numerical results have shown that a high-performance cubic NLEVM, such as CLS, are superior to the others in simulating turbulent separated flows with unsteady vortex shedding.     

A NON-ISOTROPIC MULTIPLE-SCALE TURBULENCE MODEL

This paper describes a newly developed non-isotropic multiple-scale turbulence model(MS/ASM)for complex flow calculations.This model focuses on the direct modeling of Reynolds stresses and utilizes split-spectrum concepts to model multiple-scale effects in turbulence.Validation studies on free shear flows,rotating flows and recirculating flows show that the current model performs significantly better than the single-scale k-εmodel.The present model is relatively inexpensive in terms of CPU time which makes in suitable for broad engineering flow applications.     

Axially sheared and pre-stressed hollow cylinder within the context of the theory of interacting continua

Investigating the effects of altered transmural pressure is of great importance. Indeed, many data obtained from experiments on isolated dog carotid arteries and jugular veins serve to provide a foundation describing the collapse of both arteries and veins for both positive and negative transmural pressures. It has been also reported that transmural pressure induces matrix-degrading activity in porcine arteries ex vivo. An illustrative example dealing with the application of a transmural pressure and the resulting transmural filtration of fluid through a pre-strained hollow conduit subjected to combined finite deformations is investigated here. Some results that can provide additional useful insight can help in improving the method for performing prosthesis conduit material for use with living tissue, understanding problems which involves the diffusion of ideal fluid-saturated wall for various mechanical parameters such as the pre-stress/strain and applied or induced axial shear are discussed.     

A sensitivity analysis of the point reference global correlation (PRGC) technique for spatio-temporal correlations in turbulent flows

The point reference global correlation (PRGC) technique which combines single and global measurements as proposed by Chatellier and Fitzpatrick (Exp Fluids 38(5):563–757, 2005) is of significant interest for the analysis of the turbulent statistics for noise source modeling in jet flows as it allows the 2D spatio-temporal correlation functions to be obtained over a region of the flow. This enables the statistical characteristics including inhomogeneous and anisotropic features to be determined. The sensitivity of the technique is examined in some detail for the specific case of laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Simulated data are used to enable a parametric study of the accuracy of the PRGC technique to be determined as a function of the various measurement parameters. The sample frequencies and the number of samples of both the LDV and PIV signals are shown to be critical to errors associated with the estimated spatio-temporal correlations and that low data rates can lead to significant errors in the estimates. Measurements performed in single stream and co-axial jet flows at Mach 0.24 using PIV and LDV systems are reported and the 2D space–time correlation functions for these flows are determined using the PRGC technique. The results are discussed in the context of noise source modeling for jet flows.     

对二维分离流涡黏性系数非线性分布的新认识

以弱非线性涡黏性模型为出发点,对Delery分离流动实验结果进行分析并获得了非平衡态分离区涡黏性系数与形状因子J之间的非线性关系. 该非线性关系显示在分离起始阶段,涡黏性系数较平衡态先减小,后增大;再附阶段,涡黏性系数较平衡态数值逐渐增大,并在再附点位置接近最大,而后又逐渐减小,恢复到平衡态水平. 总结涡黏性系数的这种非线性发展数学关系式,并将它应用于BL模型,在不添加微分方程的情况下发展出一种适用于分离流动的改进代数湍流模型. 对低速平板流动,跨声速,超声速以及高超声速分离流动的计算结果表明,该改进湍流模型可以较准确地模拟各类复杂分离流动,计算精度明显优于传统代数模型以及一些两方程模型,而计算工作量仍与BL模型相当. 这表明所提出的涡黏性系数非线性发展规律是正确的,且应用在二维分离流动中具有一定的普适性.      

Modal decomposition‐based global stability analysis for reduced order modeling of 2D and 3D wake flows

The method for computation of stability modes for two‐ and three‐dimensional flows is presented. The method is based on the dynamic mode decomposition of the data resulting from DNS of the flow in the regime close to stable flow (fixed‐point dynamics, small perturbations about steady flow). The proposed approach is demonstrated on the wake flows past a 2D, circular cylinder, and a sphere. The resulting modes resemble the eigenmodes computed conventionally from global stability analysis and are used in model order reduction of the flow. The designed low‐dimensional Galerkin model uses continuous mode interpolation between dynamic mode decomposition mode bases and reproduces the dynamics of Navier–Stokes equations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A heterogeneous modeling method for porous media flows

This paper presents a new heterogeneous multiscale modeling method for porous media flows. Physics at the global level is governed by one set of PDEs, while features in the solution that are beyond the resolution capacity of the global model are accounted for by the next refined set of governing equations. In this method, the global or coarse model is given by the Darcy equation, while the local or refined model is given by the Darcy–Stokes equation. Concurrent domain decomposition where global and local models are applied to adjacent subdomains, as well as overlapping domain decomposition where global and local models coexist on overlapping domains, is considered. An interface operator is developed for the case where global and local models commute along the common interface. For the overlapping decomposition, a residual‐based coupling technique is developed that consistently facilitates bottom‐up embedding of scale effects from the local Darcy–Stokes model into the global Darcy model. Numerical results are presented for nonoverlapping and overlapping domain decompositions for various benchmark problems. Computed results show that the hierarchically coupled models accurately account for the heterogeneity of the medium and efficiently incorporate local features into the global response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.