双层薄膜与弹性梯度基底三层结构表面失稳分析

硬薄膜/软基底结构的表面失稳问题一直是柔性电子器件的难题,基于此,本文考虑了双层结构与弹性梯度基底间的界面剪切力,建立了双层薄膜/弹性梯度基底模型;利用位移协调条件,理论推导得到了双层薄膜/弹性梯度基底结构的临界应变和失稳波长的表达式并通过有限元仿真,验证了本研究解析解的有效性。在此基础上,应用此解析解进一步研究了弹性梯度基底的材料、双层薄膜结构厚度比等参数对临界应变和波长的影响。结果表明：减小器件层的厚度或者增加封装层的厚度,可以提高双层膜/弹性梯度基底结构的稳定性;当弹性梯度材料基底表面“较软”或器件层“较硬”时,器件层与基底界面的剪切力的影响较大,可以提升三层膜/基结构抵抗界面破坏的能力。本研究成果将为硬薄膜/弹性梯度基底结构的柔性电子器件的制备提供理论支撑。     

形状记忆聚合物表面弹性薄膜的屈曲研究

形状记忆聚合物具有形状变化后在特定条件下可恢复的特点,因此作为一种柔性基底材料在柔性电子中得到广泛应用。对于形状记忆聚合物基底和弹性薄膜组成的双层结构,当基底收缩时,其表面的弹性薄膜可以形成屈曲波形。针对基底收缩过程中波形的变化,本文实验测得形状记忆聚合物材料在不同温度下的属性,结合一维应变恢复函数,利用柔性基底表面薄膜屈曲波形参数(波幅、波长等)表达式,求解得到了在基底收缩的过程中,弹性薄膜屈曲波形的变化规律,和实验结果吻合很好。     

BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC FILM BONDED ON SMP SUBSTRATE1)

形状记忆聚合物具有形状变化后在特定条件下可恢复的特点,因此作为一种柔性基底材料在柔性电子中得到广泛应用。对于形状记忆聚合物基底和弹性薄膜组成的双层结构,当 基底收缩时,其表面的弹性薄膜可以形成屈曲波形。针对基底收缩过程中波形的变化, 本文实验测得形状记忆聚合物材料在不同温度下的 属性,结合一维应变恢复函数,利用柔性基底表面薄膜屈曲波形参数(波幅、波长等)表达式,求解得到了在基底收缩的过程中,弹性薄膜屈曲波形的变化规律,和实验结果吻合很好。     

考虑膜厚影响薄膜磁致伸缩系数、泊松比和杨氏模量的同时测量

基于经典层合板理论,建立了一个能同时测量薄膜-基底系统中薄膜的磁致伸缩系数、杨氏模量和泊松比的板模型.以前的研究计算薄膜磁致伸缩系数时,大多假设薄膜的弹性属性与相应的块材一致,由此导致的磁致伸缩系数计算是不准确的.在目前大多数方法中仅仅在使用一个单一的弹性各向同性基底中能够避免这个问题.该文模型在各向异性基底下同样适用,并且不要求薄膜的厚度远远小于基底厚度,因此也能够用来计算磁致伸缩应变和设计微电机械系统和生物微电机械系统.对已有的铁基非晶薄膜的实验数据,在不同磁场强度下,磁致伸缩系数的计算结果与已有模型进行了比较,它们之间的差异得到了解释.同时,还可以得到薄膜的弹性常数.     

超重力作用下软材料薄膜失稳的有限元分析

软材料在自然界和工业应用中无处不在,其显著特点是对外界刺激极其敏感,相对于传统材料其弹性模量更小,容易发生表面形态的失稳现象．现有研究主要把光、声、电等作为诱导材料失稳的因素进行研究,而重力往往作为常量考虑．本文通过有限元模拟,建立超重力作用下环向受限的圆柱状软材料薄膜失稳模型,探究了薄膜材料的密度、厚度、半径、剪切模量等材料和几何参数对失稳临界超重力和临界失稳模态的影响．结果表明,触发薄膜失稳的超重力随薄膜厚度和密度增大而减小,随剪切模量增大而增大,随着薄膜半径增大快速减小并迅速趋于常数．另外,当径厚比R/H较小时,无量纲临界超重力随着径厚比增大而单调减小,但当径厚比R/H大于3 时,此量为一个常数．超重力作用下软材料的临界失稳模态与密度、剪切模量等参数无关,随径厚比R/H增大,临界失稳模态波数增大、波长减小．     

负泊松比材料和结构的研究进展

负泊松比材料和结构具有特殊的力学性能,在单轴压力(拉力)作用下发生横向收缩(膨胀).其在抗剪承载力、抗断裂性、能量吸收和压陷阻力等方面比传统材料更有优势,因而负泊松比材料在医疗设备、传感器、防护设备、航空航海及国防工程等领域有广泛的应用前景,但目前负泊松比材料的应用与普及仍面临一些挑战.本文广泛讨论了国内外关于负泊松比材料的研究成果并介绍了负泊松比材料的最新进展,将负泊松比材料大体概括为以下4类:天然负泊松比材料、胞状负泊松比材料、金属负泊松比材料、多重和复合负泊松比材料.主要介绍了各种负泊松比材料的内部结构、负泊松比机理、力学性能以及在各行各业的新发明、新应用.针对目前负泊松比材料研究理论和实验成果多,而实际应用仍然较少的情况,指出了负泊松比材料的缺点及其推广所面临的挑战.目前负泊松比材料面临的主要问题是制造成本高、孔隙率大而承载力不足以及仅适用于小应变情况等.本文针对此情况详细介绍了金属负泊松比材料及其设计和制作的方法,改善负泊松比材料的不足并推广其应用.      

负泊松比材料和结构的研究进展

负泊松比材料和结构具有特殊的力学性能,在单轴压力(拉力)作用下发生横向收缩(膨胀).其在抗剪承载力、抗断裂性、能量吸收和压陷阻力等方面比传统材料更有优势,因而负泊松比材料在医疗设备、传感器、防护设备、航空航海及国防工程等领域有广泛的应用前景,但目前负泊松比材料的应用与普及仍面临一些挑战.本文广泛讨论了国内外关于负泊松比材料的研究成果并介绍了负泊松比材料的最新进展,将负泊松比材料大体概括为以下4类:天然负泊松比材料、胞状负泊松比材料、金属负泊松比材料、多重和复合负泊松比材料.主要介绍了各种负泊松比材料的内部结构、负泊松比机理、力学性能以及在各行各业的新发明、新应用.针对目前负泊松比材料研究理论和实验成果多,而实际应用仍然较少的情况,指出了负泊松比材料的缺点及其推广所面临的挑战.目前负泊松比材料面临的主要问题是制造成本高、孔隙率大而承载力不足以及仅适用于小应变情况等.本文针对此情况详细介绍了金属负泊松比材料及其设计和制作的方法,改善负泊松比材料的不足并推广其应用.     

介电高弹聚合物理论

软材料受刺激会发生变形, 该变形会引起相应的功能, 这种材料称为活性软材料(soft active material, SAM). 本综述主要讨论介电高弹聚合物这一类活性软材料. 当介电高弹聚合物薄膜受到厚度方向的电压作用时, 薄膜厚度减小同时面积增大, 可导致超过100{\%}的应变. 介电高弹聚合物作为转换器被广泛应用, 包括柔性机器人、智能光学器件、盲文显示屏、发电机等. 本文综述了建立在连续介质力学和热力学框架内的、并且基于分子理论描述和经验观测的介电高弹聚合物理论. 该理论耦合了大变形和电势, 描述了非线性和非平衡行为, 如力电失稳和黏弹性. 采用该理论能够通过有限元方法模拟实际构型的转换器, 计算力电能量转换的效率, 给出电致大变形的可行途径. 该理论有助于材料和器件设计.     

求解弹塑性问题时考虑材料可压缩性的影响

求解弹塑性问题时,由于塑性应变的体积不可压缩,而弹性体积应变是可压缩的,求解时就会遇到麻烦。为了求解方便起见,很多著作在所举的弹塑性问题例子中都不考虑材料可压缩性的影响,而就假定材料的弹性泊松比v等于1/2。本文研究采用真实的材料弹性泊松比后对求解方法与结果的一些影响,并对三类问题作了具体的分析。1.等向强化加载条件材料受简单拉伸而进入弹塑性阶段后,我们仍然把横向应变ε_x与轴向应变ε_z的比值记为v     

负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究及应用

本文综述了负泊松比材料与结构研究的发展过程,包括负泊松比材料拉伸膨胀理论研究、天然和人工制备负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究、负泊松比材料与结构的制备以及其在各个领域的广泛应用,并对未来负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究及应用进行了展望.      

用能量法分析层状材料弹性接触问题

利用能量法分析了层状材料（薄膜／基体）弹性接触问题，得到了具有一阶精度的闭合解，给出了求解薄膜弹性模量和泊松比的表达式，并与有限元的数值解进行了比较。二者比较结果表明：在工程材料范围内，理论解与数值解相差在6％以内；同时表明单相材料中剪切模量与弹性模量之间的关系也适用层状材料中的薄膜材料。在数值解的基础上，讨论了薄膜厚度与压头半径的比值对求解精度的影响，发现此比值对精度影响不大。通过对层状材料等效泊松比与等效弹性模量的定义，给出了用压痕实验测定薄膜泊松比与弹性模量的方法。     

Spontaneous instability of soft thin films on curved substrates due to van der Waals interaction

The linear bifurcation theory is used to investigate the stability of soft thin films bonded to curved substrates. It is found that such a film can spontaneously lose its stability due to van der Waals or electrostatic interaction when its thickness reduces to the order of microns or nanometers. We first present the generic method for analyzing the surface stability of a thin film interacting with the substrate and then discuss several important geometric configurations with either a positive or negative mean curvature. The critical conditions for the onset of spontaneous instability in these representative examples are established analytically. Besides the surface energy and Poisson's ratio of the thin film, the curvature of the substrate is demonstrated to have a significant influence on the wrinkling behavior of the film. The results suggest that one may fabricate nanopatterns or enhance the surface stability of soft thin films on curved solid surfaces by modulating the mechanical properties of the films and/or such geometrical properties as film thickness and substrate curvature. This study can also help to understand various phenomena associated with surface instability.     

Stress-driven interfacial instability of a bilayer structure: The interaction between free surface and interface

The morphological evolution of strained films is of technological importance to microelectronics and nanotechnology. The morphological instability of a bilayer system is analyzed, consisting of an elastic film and an elastic substrate with a misfit strain on the coherent interface. A kinetic model is derived by considering the morphological fluctuations of different perturbation amplitudes along both the free surface and the interface and the coupling effect between the film and the substrate. The couplings include the misfit strain, surface/interface energy, and surface/interface diffusion, which determine the morphological instability of the system. A quadratic dispersion relationship is established for the growth rate of the longitudinal surface and interfacial perturbations along the free surface and the interface, respectively. The propagation of the surface perturbations is revealed from the free surface to the interface, and the characteristic frequencies are identified for the initiation of the morphological instability.     

A Discontinuous Elastic Interface Transfer Model of Thin Film Nanoindentation

A new model of thin film indentation that accounted for an apparent discontinuity in elastic strain transfer at the film/substrate interface was developed. Finite element analysis suggested that numerical values of strain were not directly continuous across the interface; the values in the film were higher when a soft film was deposited on a hard substrate. The new model was constructed based on this discontinuity; whereby, separate weighting factors were applied to account for the influence of the substrate in strain developed in the film and vice-versa. By comparing the model to experimental data from thirteen different amorphous thin film materials on a silicon substrate, constants in each weighting factor were found to have physical significance in being numerically similar to the bulk scale Poisson’s ratios of the materials involved. When employing these material properties in the new model it was found to provide an improved match to the experimental data over the existing Doerner and Nix and Gao models. Finally, the model was found to be capable of assessing the Young’s modulus of thin films that do not exhibit a flat region as long as the bulk Poisson’s ratio is known.     

Fiber Bragg Grating Based Stress Measurement for Films Deposited onto Cylindrical Surfaces

Shape of a substrate directly influences the residual stress in thin film coatings. In this study, a method involving Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) was used to measure residual stress in a film deposited on a cylindrical surface. An FBG has a cylindrical surface and its Bragg wavelength shifts continuously when a film is being deposited on the sensor’s surface. Herein, we calculated the residual strain in the film from the wavelength shift of the Bragg grating by studying the transfer of the residual strain of the cylindrical film to the core of the optical fiber substrate during deposition. By employing the energy method, we derived expressions that related the strain in the core of fiber to the residual strain in single layer films, bilayer films, and multilayer cylindrical films. As an example, we demonstrated a detailed process for testing the stress and the strain distribution across a nickel (Ni) film electrodeposited on the surface of a nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) alloy-coated optical fiber. The results indicated that the measured strain repeatability was less than 500 μ? and the strain sensitivity was more than ?2 × 10^?3 pm/μ?, when the thickness of the film was less than 5 μm. The negative sign on the strain sensitivity indicated that the tensile strain in the film produced compressive strain in the core of the optical fiber. The FBG sensor system has high test speed, and integrates measurement and signal transmission. This method provides an effective and convenient approach to measure stress in a film deposited on a cylindrical surface.     

Swell-induced surface instability of hydrogel layers with material properties varying in thickness direction

Upon swelling in a solvent, a thin hydrogel layer on a rigid substrate may become unstable, developing various surface patterns. Recent experimental studies have explored the possibilities to generate controllable surface patterns by chemically modifying the molecular structures of the hydrogel near the surface. In this paper, we present a theoretical stability analysis for swelling of hydrogel layers with material properties varying in the thickness direction. As a specialization of the general procedure, hydrogel bilayers with different combinations of the material properties are examined in details. For a soft-on-hard bilayer, the onset of surface instability is determined by the short-wave limit, similar to a homogeneous layer. In contrast, for a hard-on-soft bilayer, a long-wave mode with a finite wavelength emerges as the critical mode at the onset of surface instability, similar to wrinkling of an elastic thin film on a compliant substrate, and the critical swelling ratio is much lower than that for a homogeneous hydrogel layer. A smooth transition of the critical mode is predicted as the volume fraction of the top layer changes, linking surface instability of a homogeneous layer to thin film wrinkling as two limiting cases. The results from the present study suggest that both the critical condition and the instability mode depend sensitively on the variation of the material properties in the thickness direction of the hydrogel layer.     

Interpretation of experimental data for Poisson's ratio of highly nonlinear materials

The Poisson's ratio of a material is strictly defined only for small strain linear elastic behavior. In practice, engineering strains are often used to calculate Poisson's ratio in place of the mathematically correct true strains with only very small differences resulting in the case of many engineering amterials. The engineering strain definition is often used even in the inelastic region, for example, in metals during plastic yielding. However, for highly nonlinear elastic materials, such as many biomaterials, smart materials and microstructured materials, this convenient extension may be misleading, and it becomes advantageous to define a strainvarying Poisson's function. This is analogous to the use of a tangent modulus for stiffness. An important recent application of such a Poisson's function is that of auxetic materials that demonstrate a negative Poisson's ratio and are often highly strain dependent. In this paper, the importance of the use of a Poisson's function in appropriate circumstances is demonstrated. Interpretation methods for coping with error-sensitive data or small strains are also described.     

Deformability of thin metal films on elastomer substrates

Recent applications in flexible electronics require that thin metal films grown on elastomer substrates be deformable. However, how such laminates deform is poorly understood. While a freestanding metal film subject to tension will rupture at a small strain by undergoing a necking instability, we anticipate that a substrate will retard this instability to an extent that depends on the relative stiffness and thickness of the film and the substrate. Using a combination of a bifurcation analysis and finite element simulations, we identify three modes of tensile deformation. On a compliant elastomer, a metal film forms a neck and ruptures at a small strain close to that of a freestanding film. On a stiff elastomer, the metal film deforms uniformly to large strains. On an elastomer of intermediate compliance, the metal film forms multiple necks, deforms much beyond the initial bifurcation, and ruptures at a large strain. Our theoretical predictions call for new experiments.     

微尺度金属薄膜屈曲稳定性的实验研究

微尺度金属薄膜的脱粘和屈曲严重影响着膜基结构的性能和使用寿命。本文对微尺度的金属铜薄膜在残余应力和外部压力共同作用下的脱粘屈曲和后屈曲模式进行了研究,用自行设计的单轴对称加载装置进行压力加载,用一台光学显微镜观察薄膜表面的屈曲形貌。在外力作用下薄膜会出现垂直于加载方向的直线型屈曲,但在外力卸载过程中该屈曲并不稳定,会演化成电话线型屈曲,完全卸载后形成泡状屈曲。再次加载后,恢复到直线型屈曲。研究表明:直线型屈曲的不稳定现象主要与薄膜的残余应力、基底的泊松比以及薄膜沿纵向与横向的应力比有关。     

Elliptic yield cap constitutive modeling for high porosity sandstone

Field and laboratory investigators have observed thin, tabular zones of localized compressional deformation without shear in high porosity sandstone. These ‘compaction bands’ display greatly reduced porosity, and may affect the withdrawal of fluids from reservoirs. Studies addressing band formation as a type of strain localization predict the onset of the bands in a range of constitutive parameters roughly consistent with experiments, but are highly dependent on the constitutive relation used. In particular, the hardening modulus in shear and the slope of the yield surface in a plot of shear stress versus mean compressive stress are critical to localization predictions. Previous yield cap constitutive models employed a single deformation criterion, linking hydrostatic and shear response. In this work, we propose an elliptic yield cap model employing separate inelastic deformation parameters along each axis of the ellipse. The two deformation parameters allow the proposed surface to change in aspect ratio as it deforms, and allow a negative hardening modulus in shear without a negative hydrostatic modulus. Some cases with simplified modeling are shown for illustrative purposes, followed by a comparison with existing models. The proposed model displays similar strain behavior to the other models, but predicts localization under less restrictive conditions.