更新课程理念 促使学生积极主动地学习——学习化学课程标准的体会

改革课程教材体系是落实素质教育、提高基础教育质量的核心环节。更新课程理念 ,促使学生自主学习是构建课程标准和编制教材的一个重要理念。本文对《全日制义务教育化学课程标准 (实验稿 )》的特点及有待实践检验的几个问题进行了研讨。     

中学化学教师课程观的调查与思考

调查显示,不少化学教师对教科书、课程与课程资源,存在认识不足或错误。建议教育主管部门、学校及教师3方重视教师教学观、课程观的更新;师范院校要让师范生感悟新课程理念,领会新课改精神,建立新课程观念。     

人教版高中化学新教科书中习题的理性认识

普通高中新课程改革实施已近3年,教师对化学新教科书习题的看法是众说纷纭。本文从习题是否符合新课程理念的角度反思,认为令广大师生头疼的新型习题正是符合新课程理念、提高学生科学素养的有效载体,教师很有必要研究新型习题的特点、形式和应用,为更有效地实施新课程服务。     

化学网络课程有效实施的课程观及教学策略

网络环境下教学过程各要素的角色、地位、作用发生了很大变化,必将引起课程和课堂的重构、引起“教”与“学”理念和方式的变革。本文探索新课程改革中构建有新意但又不脱离现实基础、具有个性化的化学网络课程,为学习方式的变革提供学习资源平台、教学管理平台和交互平台。并探讨化学网络课程的开发和实施中教师应有的课程观和教学策略,解决网络课程实施的有效性问题,体现以学生为本的教育价值观和体现学生个性发展的课程和教学目标。     

日本高中新课程"科学与人类生活"和"理科课题研究"概览

日本在2009年公布的"高中学习指导要领"中取消了设置近40年的理科基础和理科综合(A,B)课程,新设了"科学与人类生活"及"理科课题研究"新课程.分析介绍这2门新课程的设置背景、设置理念、课程性质、课程目标及内容构成情况.     

新课程改革背景下的化学案例教学资源库的设计与制作——深化高等师范院校化学教学论课程改革的研究报告

进入新的世纪以来,以信息技术为先导的科学技术的飞速发展,推动着整个社会的各个方面发生深刻而迅速的进展与变化。我国基础教育丰富多彩的新课程与教材、崭新的科学探究方式对高等师范教育的师资培养与培训提出了全新和更高的要求与挑战。在化学教育专业中,课程设置与教学内容、方法必须与时俱进地发生与新课程相匹配的调整与变化,才能培养出具有掌握全新教学理念与教学技能的新型化学教师。作为师资职前、职后培养的主导课程之一的化学教学论课程,     

高师"化学教学论实验"课程改革的尝试

作为新一轮基础教育课程改革的核心目标是课程功能的转变———变革学生学习方式。在此背景下,高等师范院校学科教学论课程改革不仅要积极主动与基础教育课程改革新理念相呼应,更要走在基础教育新课改的前面。为此,我们对高师“化学教学论实验”课程的结构体系、教学模式、教学内容、教学方式和教学评价等方面进行了全面改革,以期适应基础教育课程改革新理念。     

甘肃省"专升本"学员化学教育类课程需求调查与分析

甘肃省“专升本”传统教育的核心是提高学员学科专业理论水平,但其前提往往是弱化教育理论的学习和教学技能的培养。为了适应基础教育课程改革的需要,化学“专升本”教育的课程结构和培养模式均需进行调整和改革。通过在化学“专升本”学员中进行对化学新课程的宏观认识、内容了解、理论需求及技能了解和需求等几方面的调查和分析表明,新时期甘肃省化学“专升本”教育中加强并开设化学新课程理论和技能类课程是必要的,而且是紧迫的。学员的具体需求主要表现在化学新课程基本理念等10个方面。     

浅议我国化学实验教学存在的问题

近几年,笔者有幸参加了一些公开课教学评比活动,并观摩了一些省级优质课。总的感觉是教师的教学理念越来越趋向于新课程理念,教学过程注重师生互动、共同发展,课程资源的开发由单一、封闭变为灵活、开放,很注重现代教育技术在教学中的应用,重视把知识的学习和科学方法教育及能力的培养有机融为一体,强调化学实验在科学探究中的中心地位等等,     

新课程背景下化学书面习题作业向创造性作业的扩展

课程改革的深入进行,化学书面习题作业向创造性作业扩展是一种必然的趋势。剖析了传统的书面习题作业在化学教学中的重要价值,及其与新课程所倡导的教育理念之间存在的差距,并阐述了在编制创造性作业中应遵循的“创新性“等原则。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。