计算化学在正丁醚制备实验教学中的应用*

正丁醚的制备是重要的大学有机化学实验,为提高学生对该实验所涉及的反应机理和关键操作要点的深入了解,采用Gaussian计算软件对正丁醇在酸催化下和无催化剂下的反应体系进行了研究,重点考察了酸催化下反应的主、副反应方向的反应机理。结果表明无催化剂下,正丁醇在常压液相下几乎不能发生反应;在酸催化下,正丁醇发生取代反应生成醚的反应路径是优势反应通道;酸催化下正丁醇的取代和消除反应速率常数均随温度增加而迅速增大,但消除反应的反应速率随温度增加更快,温度超过420 K消除反应将变得很明显,综合考虑,制备正丁醚的反应温度应控制在130~140 ℃之间较为合适。利用计算化学以图、表和动图等形式直观、动态、量化地解释了正丁醇成醚和成烯反应的竞争,该结果有助于更好地控制该反应体系,可用作实验教材的补充内容。     

基于正丁醚在纳米氧化锌表面的催化发光设计制造的传感器测定空气中正丁醚的含量北大核心CSCD

基于正丁醚在纳米氧化锌材料表面的催化发光现象设计并制造了正丁醚催化发光传感器,并提出了一种快速测定空气中正丁醚的方法。在检测波长为440nm,反应温度为288℃,载气流量为280mL·min-1条件下,正丁醚的质量浓度在30.0～2 000mg·m-3内与其催化发光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为12.0mg·m-3。将上述方法用于空气样品中正丁醚含量的测定,其测定结果与气相色谱-质谱法所得结果吻合。     

乙酸正丁酯的合成

以乙酸和正丁醇为原料,在硫酸氢钾催化下合成了乙酸正丁酯;考察了反应时间、醇酸比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量及催化剂的重复使用对酯化率的影响.结果表明:当正丁醇用量为0.1mol,乙酸用量为0.135mol,催化剂硫酸氢钾用量为0.8g,带水剂环己烷用量为8mL时,反应的酯化率达95.2%.     

氨基磺酸催化合成氯乙酸正丁酯

氨基磺酸能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂。研究了以氨基磺酸为催化剂,氯乙酸与正丁醇合成氯乙酸正丁酯。研究了反应的影响因素和催化剂的重复使用性能。当氯乙酸、正丁醇和氨基磺酸的摩尔比为0.05:0.15:0.00773,回流分水90min时,酯收率达82.4%。并以氨基磺酸为催化剂合成了氯乙酸异丁酯、氯乙酸仲丁酯、氯乙酸正戊酯、氯乙酸异戊酯和氯乙酸2-戊酯。     

荧光光谱法测定Δ~(1,4)-3-酮类甾体化合物

△~1,~4-3-酮甾体与锌-硫酸在正丁醚中反应形成一种有特性的荧光,而△~4-3-酮甾体,A环饱和甾体和A环芳构化甾体均无荧光产生。此方法可用于定量测定微生物A环脱氢作用所形成的△~1,~4-3-酮甾体。     

酯化反应中 HZSM-5的催化性能——Ⅰ.焙烧温度对HZSM-5催化性能的影响

采用固定床反应器,考察了焙烧温度对HZSM-5酯化活性、选择性及稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,部分正丁醇在HZSM-5上脱水生成丁烯,但乙醇不生成乙烯。三种丁烯异构体的生成说明在HZSM-5上的脱水是按正碳离子的机理进行的。稳定性的实验结果表明,丁烯的聚合结焦主要是在强酸中心上进行的。在不同温度焙烧的HZSM-5上酯化反应表明,酯化反应既可以在B 酸中心上进行,亦可以在L 酸中心上进行;而乙醚、正丁醚和丁烯主要是在B 酸中心上产生的。     

微波辐射下固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化合成没食子酸正丁酯

没食子酸正丁酯为白色或淡褐黄色的结晶粉末,无臭,稍有苦味;难溶于水,易溶于乙醇,是一种油溶性的抗氧化剂,常作为食品稳定剂、感光材料添加剂等[1].没食子酸正丁酯可由没食子酸和正丁醇在硫酸催化下直接合成.硫酸催化活性高,价格低,但对设备腐蚀严重,副反应多,产率低,反应时间长,后处理比较困难.近年来有采用十二烷基苯磺酸、固体超强酸[2,4]等作为替代硫酸的催化剂.固体超强酸的应用研究进展较快,已从单一型向复合型发展.本文在微波辐射下用固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+为催化剂由没食子酸与正丁醇合成没食子酸正丁酯,考察了反应条件对产品产率的影响,并对产品进行了IR分析.     

苏氨酸叔丁醚叔丁酯的制备与纯度的测定

苏氨酸叔丁醚叔丁酯(A)是多肽合成和蛋白质合成中的重要原料,它可以用于人胰岛素半合成过程关键的转肽反应中,优质且高含量的苏氨酸叔丁醚叔丁酯是转肽反应能取得好的结果的一个必不可少的条件。     

粉状白钨酸的研究(Ⅴ)——12-钨磷酸的直接制备以及用正丁醚的提纯法

12-钨磷酸的应用,近年来发展迅速,有从实验室合成转为工业生产的趋势。本报告从E.Drechsel法的以钨酸钠和磷酸氢二钠为原料,改为以活性粉状白钨酸为原料,与磷酸直接反应,即成12-钨磷酸溶液。这样便可以免除Drechscl乙醚萃取法中大量盐酸的使用。在提纯时,把在Drechsel方法中所用的乙醚,改为沸点高的正丁醚,配合适当少量的盐酸,可以得到相应的(钅羊)盐油状物。并由于该(钅羊)盐安定度较差,用水反萃取即可使12-钨磷酸转入水溶液,经过浓缩即可得到12-钨磷酸晶体。回收的正丁醚,毋需蒸馏,可以反复使用。     

聚苯乙烯负载聚乙二醇催化活性下降问题研究

本文研究了三相催化剂聚苯乙烯负载聚乙二醇在苯乙腈（ＰＡＮ）的α－丁基化反应中重复使用时催化活性下降的问题，比较了使用前后的红外光谱，发现催化剂使用后负载聚乙二醇的自由端羟基与正丁基结合形成醚，失去自由羟基，这是催化活性下降的主要原因。同时发现催化剂重复使用８次后负载的聚乙二醇并未从载体脱落。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.