铝和碳酸钠溶液反应的探讨

通过实验观察到铝和碳酸钠溶液可以反应并冒出气泡,为此,设计了几组对比实验并进行了理论分析。发现常温下,铝与浓度在6.5×10-6 mol/L以上的碳酸钠溶液（pH ≥ 8.8）是可以反应的,而且生成四羟基合铝酸钠、碳酸氢钠和氢气。     

对碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠与稀盐酸反应实验的商榷

指出了现行教材中"Na2CO3和NaHCO3与稀盐酸反应"实验中的不太严密之处,并给出实验的改进方法及优缺点分析.     

镁、铝与碳酸钠溶液反应的差异性研究

“镁|NaOH （aq）|铝”所形成的原电池,反应开始镁电极为负极,几秒钟后铝电极为负极,其原因是什么？从原电池形成理论以及通过对Mg和Al分别与饱和Na2CO3溶液反应的热力学和动力学分析角度,详细阐述上述原电池电极性质发生反转的理论基础,体验原电池反应与氧化还原反应在微观层面无实质性差异的事实。     

NMR对MDI在稀溶液中水解反应机理的表征

采用核磁共振波谱(NMR)研究了二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)在稀溶液中的水解反应机理.将同一MDI样品分别溶解在氘代氯仿、氘代丙酮和加入少量水分的氘代二甲基亚砜溶剂(DMSO)中,进行核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)测试.结果显示,MDI在含水的DMSO溶剂中测得的谱图与氘代氯仿、氘代丙酮中的差别显著.对该溶液进行了13C-1H异核近程相关(HMQC)、13C-1H异核远程相关(HMBC)及碳原子级数(DEPT 135)测试,并利用经验公式对其进行了详细归属,确认了反应产物的结构.分析得知MDI在含水溶剂中迅速反应,异氰酸酯基转化为脲基和氨基基团.异氰酸酯与水反应生成氨基基团,其与异氰酸酯反应活性比水高,对位取代氨基与水的竞聚率比值为7.1,邻位为1.4,对位取代氨基活性约是邻位的5倍.     

关于苯酚和碳酸钠反应的探讨

设计一组实验,分别在一定体积的1.5 mol/L的苯酚乳浊液中加入一定量的晶体碳酸钠、不同体积的饱和碳酸钠溶液,在相同的条件下,用蒸馏水作对照,观察反应现象。结果观察到实验组苯酚乳浊液变清的现象。结论苯酚能与晶体碳酸钠或饱和碳酸钠溶液反应,生成苯酚盐,并通过平衡常数的计算从理论上进行分析和讨论。     

对“我是怎样进行盐类的水解教学的”一文的商榷——兼论中学化学中盐类水解的教学

盐类的水解教学在普通中学和师范学校化学教学中是一个难点,同时与商等学校普通化学教材有脱节现象,究竟应如何处理,希望大家发表意见。     

对乙酸乙酯制备实验中饱和碳酸钠溶液作用的定量研究

乙酸乙酯的制备实验,是中学化学教材中的一个比较重要的实验,收集乙酸乙酯时使用了饱和碳酸钠溶液。对于该实验,有几个问题困扰着我们:(1)饱和碳酸钠溶液起何作用?(2)可否用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液     

双Schiff碱过渡金属配合物在胶束溶液中催化BNPP水解的研究

双Schiff碱过渡金属配合物和胶束形成的金属胶束作为模拟磷酸二酯水解酶用于催化BNPP水解，探讨了催化作用机理；提出了一种金属胶束催化BNPP水解的动力学数学模型。研究表明，本文所用的金属胶束在适当酸度、温度、介质的条件下对催化BNPP水解具有较高的活性。     

Reactions of AlCl3 and AlBr3 σ-complexes of cyclobutadienes

The useful reactivity of AlCl₃ and AlBr₃ σ-complexes of cyclobutadienes towards various reagents is demonstrated. In reactions with acetylenic derivatives (affording dewarbenzenes), nitriles (affording pyridines in the case of ethylcyanoformate) and sulfur dioxide, cycloadditions to liberated cyclobutadienes are possibly involved; in reactions with isocyanides a nucleophilic attack at the allylic moiety of the σ-complexes appears to take place. The reactivity differences between the tetramethyl- and the 3,4-dimethyl-1,2-tetramethylene-substituted complexes are pointed out. A novel route to dibromocyclobutene derivatives employing AlBr₃ σ-compIexes of cyclobutadienes is presented.     

CoB/C催化硼氢化钠水解制氢的性能

使用浸渍负载-还原法及化学镀法制备了活性炭负载的CoB催化剂,研究了这些催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解制氢反应的性能。在温度为20℃,反应液为1%NaBH4+5%NaOH的条件下,浸渍负载-还原法制备的CoB/C催化剂的产氢活性为2 022mL.min-1.g-1(Co),而化学镀法制备的CoB/C催化剂的产氢活性可达2 503 mL.min-1.g-1(Co),相同条件下非负载的CoB催化剂的产氢活性仅为1 351 mL.min-1.g-1(Co)。化学镀法制备的CoB/C催化剂重复使用5次后其活性仍能保持初始活性的70%,而浸渍负载的CoB/C催化剂及非负载的CoB催化剂的活性分别降至初始活性的30%和10%,化学镀法制备的CoB/C催化剂显示出更好的催化性能。此外该催化剂在空气中放置30 d后催化活性没有明显下降,这为其存储和使用带来了便利。进一步的物理化学表征表明,非负载的CoB极易团聚,形成的二次粒子粒径在400~800 nm,而活性炭负载的CoB催化剂团聚现象则大大减弱,CoB的分散性明显好于非负载催化剂。载体的存在可进一步阻止CoB活性组分在催化反应过程中发生团聚而避免活性下降。化学镀法制备的催化剂中,载体与CoB之间有更强的相互作用而使得后者结合紧密,分散良好,不易流失,催化剂整体上具有更好的稳定性。     

Spectroscopic studies of the AlCl3 · NH3 complex

A normal coordinate analysis for the AlCl₃ · NH₃ complex is performed. Calculations for a hypothetical complex with a planar AlCl₃ ligand are included. A deviation from planarity is found in the realistic complex. Force fields for free NH₃ and AlCl₃ molecules are employed in the construction of an initial approximate force field. The theory of kinematic coupling is used to study the frequency shifts from free to complexed ligands. A final force field is developed so as to reproduce exactly a set of observed frequencies from the literature. Calculations on mean amplitudes and perpendicular amplitude correction coefficients are reported.     

Laser-induced fluorescence of high-temperature vapor complexes of ErCl3 with AlCl3, GaCl3 and InCl3

Laser excitation of equilibrium vapor mixtures ErCl₃(s)-ACl₃(g) (A = Al, Ga, In) at 475–1100 K gives rise both to resonance fluorescence from the f → f Er³⁺ transitions of the Er-Cl-A vapor complexes, and to Raman scattering due to the vibrational modes of the ACl₃ vapor. The laser-induced fluorescence from the ⁴F_{$\text{9}\text{2}$}, ⁴S_{$\text{3}\text{2}$} and ²H_{$\text{11}\text{2}$} states has been investigated at different temperatures and excitation.     

Ionic hydrogenation of thiophenes by HSiEt3-HCl/AlCl3

It has been found that 2,5-dimethylthiophenium and 2,3,5-trimethylthiophenium tetrachloroaluminates react with triethylsilane and diphenylsilane in the presence of HCl to form the corresponding thiophanes. This fact in the light of the ionic hydrogenation mechanism has led to the proposal of a new hydrogenating system: HSiEt₃-HCl/AlCl₃). This system has been successfully used for hydrogenating thiophenes such as 2,5-dimethyl-, 2-ethyl- and 2,5-diphenylthiophene to the respective thiophanes. It has been also extended to branched olefines, 1-methylcyclohexene being hydrogenated in high yield to methylcyclohexane.     

Electrodeposition of Aluminum from AlCl3/Et3NHCl Ionic Liquids

Aluminum was successfully electrodeposited on Al electrodes from aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)/triethylamine hydrochloride (Et₃NHCl) ionic liquids by the constant potential electrolysis. Electrical conductivities of AlCl₃/Et₃NHCl ionic liquids were measured as a function of the temperature and composition. The nucleation processes and the influence of experimental conditions on the current efficiency and surface morphology of aluminum electrodeposits were studied on Al electrodes from 2:1 molar ratio AlCl₃/Et₃NHCl ionic liquid. The electrical conductivities of ionic liquids increased as the electrolyte temperature increased, following the Arrhenius behavior. Analyses of the chronoamperograms indicated that the deposition process of aluminum on Al substrates was controlled by instantaneous nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth. Constant potential deposition experiments showed that the electrodeposits obtained on Al electrodes were dense, continuous, and well adherent, and the current efficiency was 73% at −2.4 V(vs Pt) for 20 min electrolysis at room temperature. The purity of aluminum electrodeposits on Al electrodes was above 96% (w).     

AlCl3催化玉米秸秆中半纤维素的选择性转化

研究了AlCl₃ 催化剂作用下, 水热体系中玉米秸秆中半纤维素组分在温和条件下的选择性转化. 详细考察了反应温度、反应时间和AlCl₃用量对半纤维素选择性转化的影响. 原料及反应后的固体残渣分别采用化学滴定、X射线衍射和扫描电镜进行表征. 结果表明, 140 ℃下反应1 h可转化玉米秸秆中的大部分半纤维素, 转化率为85.1%;而玉米秸秆中的绝大部分纤维素和木质素组分仍保留在固体残渣中, 此时纤维素和木质素的转化率分别为10.7%和23.9%. 半纤维素转化的主要液体产物为木糖, 同时含有一些乙酸和糠醛. 升高温度, 将滤液进行进一步反应可促进木糖的转化. 在水/四氢呋喃反应体系中, 滤液的进一步反应有利于乙酰丙酸、甲酸和糠醛的生成. 固体酸催化剂γ-Al₂O₃/SO₄^2-的加入可进一步提高糠醛的收率.     

AlCl3(ZnCl2,MgCl2)对Sm2O3的氯化效果及电化学行为

研究了AlCl₃(ZnCl₂、MgCl₂)对Sm₂O₃的氯化效果以及Sm₂O₃在LiCl-KCl-AlCl₃(ZnCl₂、MgCl₂)熔盐体系中的电化学行为。在LiCl-KCl-Sm₂O₃熔盐中加入AlCl₃(ZnCl₂、MgCl₂)后,ICP测量结果表明,AlCl₃体系中Sm(Ⅲ)离子的浓度最高,并且在923 K时达到最大值;固相反应表明,AlCl₃氯化Sm₂O₃生成SmCl₃,而Sm₂O₃和ZnCl₂(MgCl₂)反应生成SmOCl。电化学行为表明,AlCl₃体系中观察到了两种Al-Sm的合金峰,而ZnCl₂体系中只观察到Zn-Sm金属间化合物的形成峰,MgCl₂体系中没有形成合金。在-6.25 A·cm^-2下,W电极上恒电流电解2 h获得了Al-Li-Sm合金,经XRD分析,合金为Al₂Sm相。     

AlCl3(ZnCl2,MgCl2)对Sm2O3的氯化效果及电化学行为

研究了AlCl_3(ZnCl_2、MgCl_2)对Sm_2O_3的氯化效果以及Sm_2O_3在Li Cl-KCl-AlCl_3(ZnCl_2、MgCl_2)熔盐体系中的电化学行为。在Li Cl-KCl-Sm_2O_3熔盐中加入AlCl_3(ZnCl_2、MgCl_2)后,ICP测量结果表明,AlCl_3体系中Sm(Ⅲ)离子的浓度最高,并且在923 K时达到最大值;固相反应表明,AlCl_3氯化Sm_2O_3生成SmCl_3,而Sm_2O_3和ZnCl_2(MgCl_2)反应生成Sm OCl。电化学行为表明,AlCl_3体系中观察到了两种Al-Sm的合金峰,而ZnCl_2体系中只观察到Zn-Sm金属间化合物的形成峰,MgCl_2体系中没有形成合金。在-6.25 A·cm~(-2)下,W电极上恒电流电解2 h获得了Al-Li-Sm合金,经XRD分析,合金为Al_2Sm相。     

超声化学法制备树枝状纳米银的研究

Nanostructured silver dendrites were synthesized by using sonochemical method from an aqueous solution of AgNO₃ in the presence of isopropanol as reducing agent and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as disperser. The silver nanostructures were characterized by using TEM， XRD and EDS analysis. The effects of reducing agents， dispersers， concentration of AgNO₃ on the silver dendrites nanostructures were also invetigated. A well-defined nanostructured silver dendrite was prepared by ultrsonic irradiation of the aqueous solution of 0.04 mol·L^-1 silver nitrate， 4.00 mol·L^-1 isopropanol and 0.04 mol·L^-1 PEG400 for 1 h.