About supersaturation and growth rates of hydrargillite Al(OH)3 in alumina caustic solutions

Growth rates of hydrargillite crystals, Al(OH)₃, growing from concentrated caustic solutions, are traditionally plotted and discussed as a function of the difference between actual concentration and solubility of alumina. This way to express supersaturation is probably due to practical or technical reasons, as hydrargillite is mainly grown in industrial plants. However, as the solubility of hydrargillite is greatly affected by the presence of caustic soda there are as many growth rate curves as there are solutions at different soda concentrations, if supersaturation is expressed as a concentration difference. In the present paper we show that all growth rates, measured in different caustic solutions, lie on a single curve if supersaturation is normalized with respect to solubility, i.e. expressed as a ratio of actual concentration over solubility. Accordingly, growth rates become independent of the caustic concentrations when growth takes place at the same supersaturation.     

铝源种类对熔盐法制备超细ZnAl2O4粉体的影响

本文以Al(OH)₃、煅烧Al₂O₃和纳米Al₂O₃为铝源,在KCl和LiCl的混合熔盐介质中,800~1 200 ℃温度范围内保温3 h合成超细ZnAl₂O₄粉体。采用XRD、SEM、激光粒度仪和比表面分析仪等重点分析了铝源种类对ZnAl₂O₄粉体合成温度、产物物相组成以及显微形貌的影响。在此基础上探讨了反应温度、熔盐与原料的质量比(W_s/W_r)对粉体合成的影响。结果表明:铝源种类显著影响ZnAl₂O₄的开始形成温度和粉体性能,相比于煅烧Al₂O₃,以Al(OH)₃和纳米Al₂O₃为铝源生成ZnAl₂O₄的速率较快,在900 ℃时即可合成出单相ZnAl₂O₄。以煅烧Al₂O₃粉为铝源,当W_s/W_r为3∶1时,在1 000 ℃合成ZnAl₂O₄粉体的分散性最佳,而温度过高易造成粉体团聚长大。适当的W_s/W_r有利于ZnAl₂O₄的生成,当W_s/W_r为4∶1时合成的ZnAl₂O₄粒径最小。ZnAl₂O₄粉体均在一定程度保持着初始铝源的尺寸和形貌,表明熔盐法合成ZnAl₂O₄的机理主要遵循着“模板合成机理”。     

TiO2/Ni3[Ge2O5](OH)4复合材料的制备及光催化性能

以Ni₃[Ge₂O₅](OH)₄为载体,氟钛酸铵为原料,采用水热辅助液相沉积法制备了纳米TiO₂/ Ni₃[Ge₂O₅](OH)₄复合材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析(RM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HTEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段对样品的物相组成、结构特性及微观形貌做了检测分析,并且探究了不同二氧化钛负载量对纳米TiO₂/Ni₃[Ge₂O₅](OH)₄复合材料光降解亚甲基蓝能力的影响规律。结果表明,实验实现了纳米TiO₂与Ni₃[Ge₂O₅](OH)₄的紧密复合与有效分散,TiO₂为锐钛矿型结构,平均粒径20 nm。该复合材料能够有效抑制光生载流子的复合,改善材料的吸附性能,提高材料的光催化效率。当复合材料中TiO₂与Ni₃[Ge₂O₅](OH)₄的摩尔比为3.1∶1时,材料对亚甲基蓝的光催化效率最高,90 min亚甲基蓝的光降解率为99.81％。     

氢氧化镍/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以六水合硝酸镍和氧化石墨烯为原料,多孔泡沫镍为基底,尿素为沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为分散剂,采用简单的一步水热还原法,制备Ni(OH)₂/RGO复合电极材料。对制备得到的Ni(OH)₂/RGO电极材料进行形貌结构表征,并通过循环伏安(CV)和恒电流充放电(GCD)测试研究了材料的电化学性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析确定了Ni(OH)₂和Ni(OH)₂/RGO的晶型,SEM结果表明,丝绸状还原氧化石墨烯片有效且均匀地分布在Ni(OH)₂层的表面,在水热过程中Ni(OH)₂片原位生长在泡沫镍上,形成三维多孔多层多样化结构。与纯Ni(OH)₂相比,1 A/g下纯Ni(OH)₂的比电容为1 930 F/g,而Ni(OH)₂/RGO比电容高达2 508 F/g。这些结果表明Ni(OH)₂/RGO是一种很有前途的超级电容器电极候选材料。     

Novel single source precursors for MOCVD of AlN, GaN and InN

The MOCVD of AlN, GaN and InN thin films using the novel single source precursors (N₃)₂Ga[(CH₂)₃NMe₂] (1), (N₃)In[(CH₂)₃NMe₂]₂ (2), (N₃)Al[(CH₂)₃NMe₂]₂ (3) and (N₃)AlMe₂(H₂N^tBu) (4) is reported. The compounds are non-pyrophoric. Compound 3 is air stable. No additional N-sources were used for the growth of the nitrides. We achieved epitaxial (AlN, GaN) or polycrystalline (InN) growth at least 200°C below the decomposition temperature of the respective nitride. Some aspects of the reactivity of the precursors with ammonia and the resulting influence on the deposition process were investigated.     

ZnSn(OH)6/SrSn(OH)6光催化降解甲苯的性能研究

采用简单的共沉淀法制备了新型ZnSn(OH)₆/SrSn(OH)₆复合光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见-漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、N₂吸附脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对样品的结构、形貌和光吸收性质进行了表征,并以甲苯为目标污染物对其光催化性能进行评价。结果表明,与纯相SrSn(OH)₆和ZnSn(OH)₆相比,复合材料ZnSn(OH)₆/SrSn(OH)₆的紫外光吸收能力显著增强,光生载流子的复合效率降低,进而增强了其光催化降解甲苯的效率。复合样品ZSH/SSH-10摩尔比为10%对甲苯的降解率达到58%,是SrSn(OH)₆单体的1.35倍。循环使用5次后,ZSH/SSH-10的降解率仍保持51%以上,说明该催化剂具有良好的循环稳定性。     

碳酸钙镁石家族非线性光学晶体研究进展

自倍频晶体是将激光和非线性光学效应集于一体的一类晶体,可以实现波长变换、调幅、开关、记忆等功能,被广泛应用于光电子、光通信、激光等领域。然而现有的Nd∶LiNbO₃(Nd∶LN)、Nd∶Na₃La₉O₃(BO₃)₈(Nd∶NLBO)、Nd∶La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉(Nd∶LCB)等晶体由于固有的光折变效应、二次谐波(SHG)输出功率低、光学均匀性差等缺点限制了其进一步的应用,发展新的激光自倍频晶体具有重要的意义和价值。碳酸钙镁石家族硼酸盐晶体由于具有较大的非线性光学(NLO)系数、不易潮解、优异的光学性能和机械性能等优点,近几十年来成为人们重点研究的对象。本文从晶体结构、生长方法、性能、发展趋势等方面,着重介绍了碳酸钙镁石家族REM₃(BO₃)₄(RE为稀土元素La-Lu和Y;M为Al,Ga,Sc)和La_xRE_ySc_z(BO₃)₄(RE=Gd,Y,Nd,Lu,Sm,Tb;x+y+z=3)共取代型硼酸盐非线性光学晶体。对比了不同助熔剂、气氛、方法生长的晶体的紫外(UV)截止边、光学性能、非线性性能的差异。通过改善生长工艺,进行元素掺杂等可以得到光学性能良好、非线性性能显著、有广泛市场应用前景的自倍频(SFD)晶体。     

高温扩散工艺制备带隙可调的β-(AlxGa1-x)2O3薄膜

β-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃因其优异的抗击穿及带隙可调节性在现代功率器件及深紫外光电探测等领域展现出巨大的应用前景,然而传统直接生长工艺的复杂性和难度限制了其进一步的发展。因此,本文采用较为简单的高温扩散工艺在c面蓝宝石衬底上成功制备了β-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃纳米薄膜。利用X射线衍射、原子力显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见分光光度计对其进行了表征。由于高温下蓝宝石衬底中的Al原子向Ga₂O₃层扩散,β-Ga₂O₃薄膜将转变为Al、Ga原子比例不同的β-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃薄膜。实验结果显示：当退火温度从1 010℃增加到1 250℃时,薄膜中Al的平均含量从0.033增加到0.371;当退火温度从950℃增加到1 250℃时...     

Determination of Na2O activities in silicate melts by EMF measurements

An EMF cell using a Na-β″-alumina electrolyte has been designed for the quantification of the thermodynamic activity of Na₂O (aNa₂O) in a series of sodium-bearing silicate liquids at high temperature. Initial experiments have been performed using Na₂O–0.663WO₃ and Na₂O–0.555MoO₃ as reference liquids. Values of aNa₂O derived for Na₂O–2SiO₂ binary melt are found to be in excellent agreement with data from the literature, confirming the validity of the method. To extend use of this experimental set-up to higher temperature, the aNa₂O of industrial C-glass has been calibrated as a reference liquid at temperatures up to 1263 °C. The influence of additions of CaO, Al₂O₃ and B₂O₃ on the Na₂O activity of binary sodium-silicates has been quantified. For each glass composition, measured values of aNa₂O are a function of temperature, log(aNa₂O) varying as a function of inverse absolute temperature. Activation energies derived from these data are all generally similar with the exception of industrial E-glass, which is rich in Al and poor in Na. At constant temperature, additions of network forming Al₂O₃ and B₂O₃ to a Na₂O–SiO₂ binary melt yield a decrease of the activity of Na₂O, while addition of network modifying CaO results in an increase in (aNa₂O). These changes are qualitatively consistent with predictions based upon expected modifications of melt structure. However, measured values of log(aNa₂O) do not correlate perfectly with theoretical models of glass basicity, suggesting that either sodium activity is decoupled from melt basicity, or that current models are insufficient to calculate that parameter, in particular for the case of liquids poor in Na and rich in Al.     

Structural distribution and rigidity of the glass network determined by EPR of Cu

The linewidth-broadening of the EPR spectra of Cu²⁺ in silicate, borate and phosphate glasses was analyzed in terms of the distribution of g_| and A_| (δ_| and δA_|) and related to the distribution of the rigidity of the network structure. X- and K-band spectra were measured for the glasses doped with ⁶³Cu²⁺ (93% abundance). The linewidth of the HFS shoulders with parallel orientation to H increased linearly with increasing m or microwave frequency. δg_| and δA_| showed a marked dependence on glass composition. For example, in Na₂O---B₂O₃ glasses, on going from x (mol% of Na₂O) being small through intermediate to large, δg_| varied from small through large to negligibly small. In contrast to these glasses δg_| was extremely large for 75PbO · 25B₂O₃ glass. The large δg_| for the Na₂O---B₂O₃ glassesof intermediate x was attributed to the coexistence of various borate groups competitively coordinating to Cu²⁺. Negligibly small δg_| for 70Na₂O · 30B₂O₃ glass and extremely large δg_| for 75PbO ·25B₂O₃ glass, both with a narrower structural distribution, reflect regidity of the glass network. The Pb---O bonding is strong enough to distort the coordination of Cu²⁺-complex. The situation is the reverse in Na₂O---B₂O₃ glasses.     

ε-(AlxGa1-x)2O3/ε-Ga2O3异质结电子输运性质研究

Ga₂O₃是一种新兴的宽带隙半导体,在电力和射频电子系统中具有潜在的应用前景。前期研究以β-Ga₂O₃为主,并且已经对β-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/Ga₂O₃异质结构中的二维电子气(2DEG)进行了理论计算,本文主要研究ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃作为势垒层对ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结电子输运性质的影响,首先介绍了ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的结构和性质,分析计算了由于ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的自发极化和压电极化所产生的极化面电荷密度,以及极化对2DEG浓度产生的影响,接着分析了在不同Al摩尔组分下,ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃势垒层厚度与合金无序散射、界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射之间的关系。最后通过计算得出结论:界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射对ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的电子输运性质有重要影响,合金无序散射对异质结的输运性质影响较小;2DEG浓度、合金无序散射、界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射的电子迁移率强弱由ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃势垒层的厚度和Al摩尔组分共同决定。     

Ce3+激活NaSr4(BO3)3荧光粉的格位占据和发光性质研究

采用高温固相法制备了一系列可被紫外光有效激发的Na_1+xSr_4-2x(BO₃)₃∶xCe³⁺荧光粉,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、荧光光谱等测试方法对样品的物相结构、形貌和发光特性进行了表征及分析。X 射线衍射结果显示,Ce³⁺成功掺入到基质NaSr₄(BO₃)₃中;利用高斯峰拟合、多光谱对比等手段,分析并验证了发光中心Ce³⁺占据了NaSr₄(BO₃)₃中Sr²⁺(1)和Sr²⁺(2)两个格位;研究了不同浓度Ce³⁺的掺杂对发光位置和发光强度的影响,随着Ce³⁺掺杂浓度的提高,发射光谱出现红移,发光强度出现增强→减弱→再增强的趋势;将荧光粉的发射光谱与植物光合色素吸收光谱进行对比,发现它不仅可以吸收300~350 nm的紫外光,发射光谱还很好地覆盖了植物光合色素所需的蓝光区吸收波段,证明其在农业生产的转光剂方面有潜在应用价值。     

共沉淀法合成ZnMoO4粉体及其抗菌性能

以Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O、(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O为主要原料,采用共沉淀法合成ZnMoO₄粉体。利用XRD、SEM等测试方法对合成样品的物相组成、微观结构进行表征。以培养的大肠杆菌为消杀对象,研究了不同热处理温度下的样品对大肠杆菌的抗菌性能。结果表明,前驱体主要为非晶态,含少量ZnMoO₄、Zn₂Mo₃O₈、Zn(OH)₂和MoO₃;前驱体经400~600 ℃、保温30 min热处理,其产物转化为ZnMoO₄,且随着热处理温度的升高,合成的ZnMoO₄晶型逐渐完善,抗菌性能增加,当热处理温度为600 ℃时,可以获得结晶良好的ZnMoO₄,其晶粒呈颗粒状和片状,平均粒径约为1.5 μm。不同热处理温度合成的ZnMoO₄均具有一定的抗菌性能,其中经600 ℃热处理得到的ZnMoO₄具有最佳抗菌性能,经过24 h抗菌检测,其抗菌率达到99.2%,在商用涂料料浆中外加5%的ZnMoO₄粉体,所制备涂层对大肠杆菌的抗菌率达到95.7%,表明ZnMoO₄及其涂料具有良好的应用前景。     

H2SO4-H2O中硝酸铜对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响

以处理后的脱硫石膏为原料,在H₂SO₄-H₂O体系中以Cu(NO₃)₂为晶形控制剂采用水热法制备脱硫石膏晶须,探讨了Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响机理。结果表明:Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏有明显促溶作用,其中Cu²⁺可减小溶液中各离子的活度系数,使溶液中的Ca²⁺浓度增大。NO^-₃通过静电作用在Ca²⁺周围聚集并对SO^2-₄产生屏蔽作用,导致脱硫石膏继续溶解并使Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄的浓度处于相对稳定状态,有利于半水脱硫石膏晶体的形核与生长。此外,Cu²⁺还可在晶须的生长过程中选择性吸附在晶须表面,生成CuSO₄,促进了脱硫石膏的结晶生长,最终在Cu(NO₃)₂用量为2.0%(质量分数)时制备的脱硫石膏晶须长径比约为73。     

(La0.95 Eu0.05)F3纳米晶的自牺牲模板法合成及其下转换发光性能研究

利用自牺牲模板法以一种新型稀土层状化合物(La0.95 Eu0.05)2(OH)4SO4·2H2O为模板成功合成出(La0.95 Eu0.05)F3纳米晶并研究其下转换发光性能.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外变换(FT-IR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)及荧光光谱仪对合成产物的物相和荧光性能进行表征....     

Synthesis of Y2O3:Eu phosphors by bicontinuous cubic phase process

A novel approach for preparation of red-emitting europium-doped yttrium oxide phosphor (Y₂O₃:Eu) by using the bicontinuous cubic phase (BCP) process was reported in this paper. The BCP system was composed of anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and aqueous yttrium nitrate/europium nitrate solution. Energy dispersive spectrometer analysis revealed the homogeneous precipitation occurred in the BCP structure. Thermogravimetric analysis measurements indicated the precursor powder was europium-doped yttrium hydroxide, Y_1−xEu_x(OH)₃. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed the precursor powder had a primary size about 30 nm and narrow size distribution. After heat treatment in furnace above 700 °C for 4 h, high crystallinity Y₂O₃:Eu phosphors was obtained. However, the primary size of particles grew to 50–200 nm and the dense agglomerates with a size below 1 μm were formed. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the crystal structure of precursor powders and Y₂O₃:Eu phosphors were amorphous and body-centered cubic structure, respectively. The photoluminescence analysis showed that the obtained Y₂O₃:Eu phosphor had a strong red emitting at 612 nm and the quenching started at a Eu concentration of 10 mol%. This study indicated that the BCP process could be used to prepare the highly efficient oxide-based phosphors.     

化学水浴沉积法制备硫化镉薄膜的微结构和性能

采用化学水浴沉积法在不同氨水用量下制备了Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳能电池的缓冲层CdS薄膜,根据化学平衡动力学计算出混合溶液中反应粒子的初始浓度、pH值和离子积,利用台阶仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、量子效率测试仪(EQE)和IV测试仪对制备样品的薄膜厚度、表面形貌、晶体结构、量子效率和光电转...     

In vitro degradation studies of calcium phosphate glass ceramics prepared by controlled crystallization

Calcium phosphate glass ceramics with incorporation of small additions of two nucleating agents, MgO and K₂O were prepared in the metaphosphate and pyrophosphate region, using an appropriate two-step heat treatment of controlled crystallization defined by differential thermal analysis results. Identification and quantification of crystalline phases precipitated from the calcium phosphate glass were performed using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. The β-Ca₂P₂O₇ (β-DCP), KCa(PO₃)₃, β-Ca(PO₃)₂ and Ca₄P₆O₁₉ phases were detected in the glass ceramics. In order to evaluate the degradation of the glass ceramics prepared, degradation studies were carried out during 42 days in Tris-HCl solution at 37 °C, pH 7.4, using granules in the range of 355–415 μm. The materials presented a weight loss ranging up to 12%. The ions leached during the immersion mainly originated from the KCa(PO₃)₃ phase, probably due to the presence of K⁺ ion in the calcium metaphosphate, and the residual glassy phase. The structural changes at the surface of materials during degradation have been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results showed that significant surface changes occurred with immersion time, with the decrease of KCa(PO₃)₃, β-Ca₂P₂O₇ and β-Ca(PO₃)₂ phases occurring at different periods of immersion. This study has demonstrated an easy way to prepared calcium phosphate materials with specific calcium phosphate phases and crystallization, and therefore specific degradation rates.     

Textural properties of synthetic nano-calcite produced by hydrothermal carbonation of calcium hydroxide

The hydrothermal carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) at high pressure of CO₂ (initial P_CO2=55 bar) and moderate to high temperature (30 and 90 °C) was used to synthesize fine particles of calcite. This method allows a high carbonation efficiency (about 95% of Ca(OH)₂–CaCO₃ conversion), a significant production rate (48 kg/m³ h) and high purity of product (about 96%). However, the various initial physicochemical conditions have a strong influence on the crystal size and surface area of the synthesized calcite crystals. The present study is focused on the estimation of the textural properties of synthesized calcite (morphology, specific surface area, average particle size, particle size distribution and particle size evolution with reaction time), using Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. This study demonstrate that the pressure, the temperature and the dissolved quantity of CO₂ have a significant effect on the average particle size, specific surface area, initial rate of precipitation, and on the morphology of calcium carbonate crystals. In contrast, these PTx conditions used herein have an insignificant effect on the carbonation efficiency of Ca(OH)₂.

Finally, the results presented here demonstrate that nano-calcite crystals with high specific surface area (S_BET=6–10 m²/g) can be produced, with a high potential for industrial applications such as adsorbents and/or filler in papermaking industry.     

ZrO2对Ho∶(Y0.7Sc0.3)2O3激光陶瓷致密化和光学性能的影响

2 μm 波段处于人眼安全波长,在医疗、加工、红外探测与对抗,以及大气环境监测等军、民两用领域有着重要潜在和实际应用。Ho³⁺掺杂倍半氧化物陶瓷具有宽的吸收和发射光谱、高热导率以及低声子能量等优点,是一类重要的 2 μm 波段激光材料。通过材料固溶原理,可以实现光谱更加宽化,这使其有可能成为一类性能优异的中红外固体激光材料。本文以商业Y₂O₃、Sc₂O₃以及Ho₂O₃粉体为原料,添加少量ZrO₂(原子比为0~1.0%)作为烧结助剂,采用真空预烧,结合热等静压烧结的工艺,成功制备出高透明的0.5%Ho∶(Y_0.7Sc_0.3)₂O₃陶瓷。研究了ZrO₂掺杂浓度(0~1.0％)对Ho∶(Y_0.7Sc_0.3)₂O₃激光陶瓷致密化过程和光学性能的影响。通过添加ZrO₂有效抑制了高温下Ho∶(Y_0.7Sc_0.3)₂O₃陶瓷晶粒的生长,掺杂1.0％ZrO₂的Ho∶(Y_0.7Sc_0.3)₂O₃陶瓷经1 690 ℃下真空预烧结4 h和1 600 ℃/190 MPa热等静压烧结3 h后,其透过率在1 100 nm处达到79.1％(厚度为4.4 mm),接近理论透过率。