Baryon inhomogeneities due to cosmic string wakes at the quark-hadron transition

Baryon inhomogeneities generated during the quark-hadron transition may alter the abundances of light elements if they persist up to the time of nucleosynthesis. These inhomogeneities survive up to the nucleosynthesis epoch if they are separated by a distance of at least a few metres. In this work we present a model where large sheets of these inhomogeneities separated by a distance of a few km are formed by cosmic string wakes during the quark-hadron transition. The effect of these sheets on nucleosynthesis will also put constraints on the various cosmic string parameters.     

Implications of cosmic string-induced density fluctuations at the quark-hadron transition

We show that cosmic strings moving through the plasma at the time of a first-order quark-hadron transition in the early universe generate baryon inhomogeneities, which can survive till the nucleosynthesis epoch. We find out how these inhomogeneities actually affect the calculated values of the light element abundances. Recently a wealth of observational data from various experiments have helped to reduce the uncertainties in the values of these abundances. Using these we show that it is possible to derive constraints in the presence of cosmic strings during the quark-hadron transition.     

On the nucleation of hadronic domains in the quark-hadron transition

We present numerical results on bubble profiles, nucleation rates and time evolution for a weakly first-order quark-hadron phase transition in different expansion scenarios. We confirm the standard picture of a cosmological first-order phase transition, in which the phase transition is entirely dominated by nucleation. We also show that, even for expansion rates much lower than those expected in heavy-ion collisions nucleation is very unlikely, indicating that the main phase conversion mechanism is spinodal decomposition.     

The interfacial surface tension of a quark-gluon plasma fireball in a hadronic medium

We calculate the interfacial surface tension of a QGP-fireball in a hadronic medium in the Ramanathan et al statistical model. The constancy of the ratio of the surface tension with the cube of the critical transition temperature is in overall accordance with lattice QCD findings. It is in complete agreement with a recent MIT bag model calculation of surface tension. The velocity of sound in the QGP droplet is predicted to be in the range (0.27 ± 0.02) times the velocity of light in vacuum and this value is independent of both the value of the transition temperature and the model parameters.      

Effect of colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma in quark-hadron phase transition

Consequences of the constraint of SU(3) colour singletness of quark-gluon plasma are studied. This restriction increases the free energy barrier for the formation of hadronic bubble in supercooled phase and influences significantly the dynamics of the initial stage of quark-hadron phase transition. It also introduces terms dependent on the volume occupied by the plasma in the energy density and the pressure. These modifactions vanish in the limit of an infinite volume. The last stage of the hadronization of the QGP likely to be formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions is necessarily characterized by a decreasing volume containing the quark matter, and thus these corrections become important. The nucleation of plasma droplets at AGS energies is also seen to be strongly affected by the requirement of colour singletness, and the choice of prefactor. Received: 4 December 1997 / Published online: 15 May 1998     

Molecular dynamics simulation for the baryon-quark phase transition at finite baryon density

We study the baryon-quark phase transition in the molecular dynamics (MD) of the quark degrees of freedom at finite baryon density. The baryon state at low baryon density, and the deconfined quark state at high baryon density are reproduced. We investigate the equations of state of matters with different u-d-s compositions. It is found that the baryon-quark transition is sensitive to the quark width.     

The role of structural inhomogeneities in the temperature behavior of the thermopower in metallized nanotubes with impurities

High values of the thermopower and its derivative with respect to temperature in metallized carbon nanotubes at low temperatures are shown to result from the following factors: structural inhomogeneities and modification of the electronic structure both due to local structural regions of disrupted long-range order and to electron-electron interaction. The former factor plays an important role in carbon-nanotube bundles, whereas the latter is of substantial significance in single-walled nanotubes. Statistical inhomogeneities and all broken bonds are essential for electron scattering that gives rise to electron transport in metallized carbon nanotubes. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 31–41, March, 2009.     

纳米晶永磁中面缺陷对畴壁钉扎机理的研究

畴壁钉扎模型的矫顽力可以表示为Hc=αpink2K1/μ0Ms-NeffMs，计算了微结构参数αpink随面缺陷内磁性参数A′和K′1的变化情况.结果表明，αpink可以在很宽的范围里取值.结合纳米单相Nd2Fe14B磁体，研究了晶粒边界的磁性参数和晶界厚度对αpink的影响，当A′/A=05，K′1/K1=01，以及晶界厚度r0＝332nm时，αpink最大.同时研究了纳米复相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe磁体的αpink随α-Fe晶粒尺寸r0的变化情况，当r0＝7nm时，αpink最大. 关键词： 面缺陷 矫顽力 钉扎机理 纳米晶     

Testing the distance-duality relation with the baryon acoustic oscillations data and type Ia supernovae data

In this letter, the cosmic distance-duality relation has been constrained with a model-independent method by combining the baryon acoustic oscillation(BAO) data and the type Ia supernova(SNe Ia) data. The results show that this relation is consistent with the observational data in the 68.27% error range, except for the instance of Union 2.1 plus BAO with the statistic errors only,where the relation is consistent with the observations in the 95.45% error range. To study the result of the uncertainty of the Hubble constant on the investigation of this relation,we treat the dimensionless Hubble constant h as a free parameter and get that the observational data favors the relation in the 68.27% error range. And then h has been marginalized and the results support that this relation is favored by the observations in the 68.27% error range too.     

Diffraction reflection of light on natural periodic inhomogeneities of a crystal with open surface of wave vectors

The forms of the surface of wave vectors for an extraordinary wave in the presence and absence of absorption are discussed. The normal transmission of light through a plane-parallel layer of a crystal with an open surface of wave vectors is considered. The diffraction reflection of light on natural periodic inhomogeneities of a crystal is studied. The frequency dependence of the reflection coefficient is calculated.     

湍流级串和动力学过程之间的关系

利用在边界层转捩中逐渐建立起来的主要动力学过程，对湍流级串概念做了进一步的分析.对边界层转捩的测量结果进行定量分析，从所得能谱中可以清楚看到湍流级串与转捩的动力学过程的对应关系，进而丰富了对湍流级串的理解. 关键词： 级串 动力学 转捩     

Transformation of nonlinear sawtooth waves in a medium with refractive inhomogeneities

Theexact solutions of intensive sawtooth waves and beams in a medium with a sound speed inhomogeneity have been found. It has been shown that the focusing on the medium inhomogeneity is strongly pronounced for a single pulse, resulting in the formation of narrow high-amplitude areas. It has been determined that the refractive infomogeneity can lead to a shift of the amplitude maximum of the initial focused beam and the transformation of the converging beam into a dispersing one.     

Phase motion of baryon resonances

A novel technique to probe the resonant structure of a partial-wave amplitude is proposed and applied to data on photoproduction of baryon resonances.     

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy study of charge inhomogeneities in bilayer graphene

We report a room-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy study of bilayer graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation on a SiO₂/Si surface and electrically contacted with gold pads using a mechanical mask. The bulk conductivity shows contributions from regions of varying electron density, indicating significant charge inhomogeneity. Large-scale topographic images show ripple-like structures with a roughness of ∼1 nm, while the small-scale atomic resolution images show graphite-like triangular lattices. The local () tunnel spectra have an asymmetric V-shape with the minima location showing significant spatial variation, indicating inhomogeneity in electron density of order 10¹¹ cm⁻². The minimum in spectrum at a fixed location also shifts linearly with the gate voltage with a slope consistent with the field-induced carrier density.