束内散射效应下HALF储存环物理参数的优化设计

合肥先进光源（HALF）是我国规划建设的软X射线与VUV衍射极限储存环光源（DLSR）。如何有效地实现衍射极限束流发射度,是DLSR物理设计中的核心问题之一。基于束流发射度演化方程,针对HALF预研项目的储存环物理设计方案,计算了束内散射（IBS）效应带来的发射度增长,研究了DLSR中关键参数选择对IBS造成的发射度增长的影响。研究表明,在中低能DLSR物理设计中需要综合考虑储存环的周长、同步辐射阻尼时间等关键参数,以更好地抑制束流发射度的增长。在此研究基础上,通过综合考虑用户需求与储存环物理要求,提出了HALF当前工程项目的储存环物理设计方案。进一步综合应用束团拉伸、全耦合等措施后,更高效地抑制了HALF储存环内IBS造成的束流发射度增长。     

光阴极RF腔注入器束流发射度研究

 分析了光阴极RF腔注入器中的RF场效应和空间电荷效应，给出了电子在加速腔中束流发射度的解析表达式，它说明在加速过程中束流发射度是振荡变化的。利用SUPERFISH和GPT程序模拟计算了光阴极1+1/2腔注入器输出束流发射度与加速场强、注入相位、束团大小和形状、束团电荷的关系。适当选择这些条件，可以获得横向发射度小于2πmm·mrad 的输出束流。     

BEPCⅡ直线加速器的误差和抖动效应

为达到BEPCⅡ 直线加速器的设计指标,系统地研究了误差和抖动(Jitter)效应对束流性能的影响。误差效应包括束流的初始偏轴和聚焦透镜偏轴导致的色差效应;束流的初始偏轴和加速结构偏轴导致的尾场效应等。主要的抖动效应包括相位漂移抖动和高频功率源中调制器电压的抖动影响等。确定了在BEPCⅡ直线加速器上对误差和抖动的限制,如来自电子枪的束流的初始偏轴应小于等于0.3 mm,加速结构和聚焦磁铁的安装误差应小于等于0.2 mm,相位漂移抖动误差应小于等于2°,调制器的电压抖动误差应小于等于0.1%。并进一步确认了必须采用相位控制系统和束流轨道校正系统,以抑制这些误差效应的影响,达到正、负电子束流能散度小于等于0.5% 和电子束束流发射度小于等于0.25 mm·mrad,正电子束束流发射度小于等于1.60 mm·mrad 的设计目标。     

LIA注入器发射度增长机理研究及其抑制措施

根据直线感应加速器(LIA)的特点采用了轴对称直流模型,结合E.P.Lee的理论导出了发射度增长的微分方程,提出了一种直线感应加速器发射度增长的机理,根据该机理计算了从均匀分布到高斯分布的演变过程中发射度增长的大小,指出直线感应加速器(LIA)注入器阶段束流发射度增长主要是由于非线性效应导致的束刨面电流密度分布变化引起的.根据研究结果,提出了相应的抑制发射度增长的措施.     

粒子束团状态对测量束流发射度及能量的影响

为了验证国产质子注入器的参数是否满足需求,注入器团队设计了束流测量系统用于测量国产质子直线注入器束流的流强、发射度、能量以及能散等关键指标。此测量系统包含了采用变聚焦法测量发散度、采用分析磁铁测量束流能量和能散的主要功能。利用束流输运线设计软件Tracewin(版本2.11.4.1)进行了系统束线的物理设计,对束测系统测量质子束流的发散度和能量的精度进行了模拟计算。由于经过RFQ-(APF)DTL加速后的粒子束团为“拖尾”的非理想粒子束团,需要针对非理想束团对束测系统测量发射度和能量产生的影响进行分析。通过对模拟计算结果的分析,发现相对于测量理想粒子束团的结果非理想粒子束团对束测系统测量发射度精度影响较大;非理想粒子束团对束测系统测量能量精度影响较小。     

合肥软X射线波段自由电子激光注入器模拟优化

合肥软X射线波段自由电子激光项目是基于直线加速器的软X射线光源. 其注入器由光阴极微波电子枪与两个直线加速3米段构成. 光阴极微波电子枪产生束团电荷量1nc、峰值流强100A、重复频率10Hz电子束流, 并利用螺线管磁场在其出口处进行发射度补偿, 在经过一段漂移距离后电子束流进入增强直线段加速. 使在低能端由于空间电荷效应产生的横向发射度增长基本被完全补偿. 本文中利用PARMELA对注入器进行了模拟计算, 对发射度的补偿效果进行了优化, 同时对注入器内各元件的布置也进行了优化. 在注入器出口可以得到归一化横向发射度小于1.5mm.mrad的低发射度束流.     

BEPCⅡ-Linac束流光学和轨道校正的优化研究

为实现BEPCⅡ的总体要求,对直线注入器的强流电子束和正电子束进行了系统的束流光学模拟和优化研究.提出了束流光学的自动校正环路.系统地研究了束流初始偏轴和加速器部件的安装误差对束流归一化发射度和轨道偏移的影响.提出了采用“一对一”的束流轨道校正机制,以有效抑制这些影响,确保直线注入器的束流性能.     

热阴极微波电子枪预测式自适应前馈控制系统

 北京自由电子激光装置采用热阴极微波电子枪作为电子直线加速器的注入器,在较长脉冲工作条件下, 热阴极微波枪固有的反轰效应使束流强度随时间增加, 能量因束负载效应而降低, 导致束流能散度变差, 并在随后的加速过程中因注入束流的纵向发射度的扩大而进一步变坏, 最终降低自由电子激光的性能。实验表明, 采用带预测的自适应前馈控制克服束负载效应以及提高微波枪束流质量切实可行。     

北京大学ERL装置交汇段的研究与设计

 在交汇段设计理论的基础上，针对北京大学ERL的具体情况，对交汇段的束流传输结构进行了优化设计，通过模拟得到了满足要求的一组设计参数；研究了空间电荷效应以及相干同步辐射对束流发射度、能散及包络的影响。结果表明：空间电荷效应对发射度影响不大，但对束流包络影响较明显；相干同步辐射引起的发射度增长及能散较小，且不影响束流包络。     

深度高斯过程辅助的光阴极注入器优化设计

环形正负电子对撞机（CEPC）对注入器出口处的束团的电荷量、横向发射度、纵向长度等指标提出了严格的要求，设计开发高性能的电子枪及注入器成为了重要挑战。为了得到满足指标的束流，必须同时考虑众多非线性且相互耦合的变量。基于光阴极微波电子枪，提出了一种用多目标遗传算法在高维参数空间进行搜索的方法，对束团的横向归一化发射度和纵向长度进行优化，以期将电子枪的性能发挥至极限。由于考虑空间电荷效应后的束团传输过程模拟计算非常耗时，我们构建了一个3层的深度高斯过程作为替代模型，以解决目标值计算开销大的问题。通过对影响束流横、纵向相空间演化的关键因素分析，共确定了16个几何参数和10个束流元件参数。最后，展示了对由一个L-band的常温微波电子枪、一对螺线管和一个行波加速管组成的注入器，在初始电荷量为10 nC的优化结果。在计算了8 000个有效解后，观察到在两个优化目标上均表现良好的解，其对应的横向归一化发射度为19.8π·mm·mrad，束团长度（RMS）为1.0 mm，与当前的设计结果比较，横向归一化发射度压低了约70%。     

PEPX-type lattice design and optimization for the High Energy Photon Source

A new generation of storage ring-based light sources, called diffraction-limited storage rings(DLSR), with emittance approaching the diffraction limit for multi-ke V photons by using multi-bend achromat lattice, has attracted worldwide and extensive studies of several laboratories, and been seriously considered as a means of upgrading existing facilities in the imminent future. Among various DLSR proposals, the PEPX design demonstrated that it is feasible to achieve sufficient ring acceptance for off-axis injection in a DLSR, by designing the lattice based on the ‘thirdorder achromat' concept and with a special high-beta injection section. For the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)planned to be built in Beijing, a PEPX-type lattice has been designed and continuously improved. In this paper, we report the evolution of the PEPX-type design for HEPS, and discuss the main issues relevant to the linear optics design and nonlinear optimization.     

Bunch length manipulation in a diffraction-limited storage ring

In an electron storage ring,the bunch length can be increased or decreased by using harmonic cavities.Taking the High Energy Photon Source as an example,we test the bunch length manipulation with harmonic cavities in a diffraction-limited storage ring(DLSR).The most important collective effects in a DLSR,intra-beam scattering and Touschek effects,are evaluated for different bunch-length patterns.Our study shows that it is feasible to produce long and short bunches simultaneously in a DLSR,without causing severe emittance growth and reduction in lifetime.     

ESRF-type lattice design and optimization for the High Energy Photon Source

A new generation of storage ring-based light sources,called diffraction-limited storage rings(DLSRs),with emittance approaching the diffraction limit for multi-keV photons by means of multi-bend achromat lattices,has attracted extensive studies worldwide.Among various DLSR proposals,the hybrid multi-bend achromat concept developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility(ESRF) predicts an effective way of minimizing the emittance while keeping the required chromatic sextupole strengths to an achievable level.For the High Energy Photon Source planned to be built in Beijing,an ESRF-type lattice design consisting of 48 hybrid seven-bend achromats is proposed to reach emittance as low as 60 pm-rad with a circumference of about 1296 m.Sufficient dynamic aperture,allowing vertical on-axis injection,and moderate momentum acceptance are achieved simultaneously for a promising ring performance.     

第四代同步辐射光源物理设计与优化

近十年来,世界上开始大力发展第四代同步辐射光源——衍射极限储存环光源。目前我国正在建设或立项建设两台第四代同步辐射光源:高能同步辐射光源和合肥先进光源。从储存环磁聚焦结构设计与优化、束流注入与集体效应等方面,对第四代同步辐射光源的物理设计与优化进行了介绍;对国际范围内第四代储存环光源装置的研制情况进行了介绍。     

低能区衍射限储存环同步辐射的应用浅析

在科学技术新需求的推动下,同步辐射光源持续往前发展。目前,同步辐射装置发展已历经三代,正处于第四代同步辐射光源蓬勃发展阶段。基于衍射极限储存环的同步辐射装置是第四代同步辐射光源的典型代表之一。第四代同步辐射光源主要发展趋势是进一步减小电子束流发射度,使光源具有极好的横向相干性,以及产生圆截面辐射的能力。如果束流发射度降至光学衍射极限“辐射波长/4π”,其亮度比第三代同步辐射光源高2个数量级。这种同步辐射光源在性能上发生的质的飞跃,将给同步辐射实验技术带来实质性的突破,从而给前沿科学技术研究和现代产业发展带来全新的机遇。从国际同步辐射发展趋势入手,首先介绍低能区衍射限储存环光源的特色和性能,然后介绍其带来的同步辐射实验技术的进步,并浅析低能区衍射限储存环光源在材料科学、能源科学、生命科学和环境科学上的应用,以及其带来的产业机遇。最后,总结和展望了低能区衍射限储存环光源带来的技术突破和潜在的应用前景。     

Low emittance lattice optimization using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm

A low emittance lattice design and optimization procedure are systematically studied with a non-dominated sorting-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm which not only globally searches the low emittance lattice, but also optimizes some beam quantities such as betatron tunes, momentum compaction factor and dispersion function simultaneously. In this paper the detailed algorithm and lattice design procedure are presented. The Hefei light source upgrade project storage ring lattice, with fixed magnet layout, is designed to illustrate this optimization procedure.     

合肥先进光源储存环初步物理设计

我国最近立项建设的合肥先进光源将是一台软X射线与真空紫外衍射极限储存环光源,其电子束能量为2.2 GeV,周长为480 m,束流自然发射度为86 pm·rad,共有20个长直线节和20个短直线节。介绍了目前合肥先进光源储存环物理设计的进展情况,包括磁聚焦结构设计与优化,束流注入和集体效应的模拟与计算。     

Electron beam brightness in linac drivers for free-electron-lasers

Linear accelerators delivering high brightness electron beams are essential for a number of current and proposed accelerator applications, such as free electron lasers (FELs). In this kind of facilities the charge density is high enough to drive collective effects (wakefields) that, notwithstanding the high beam rigidity at energies up to the GeV range, may increase the beam emittance relative to the injection level, eventually degrading the nominal beam brightness. New theoretical developments and experimental capabilities, driven by the recent construction of vacuum-ultra-violet and X-ray linac-driven FELs, have advanced the present knowledge. This article describes the progress in the field of ultra-relativistic electron beam manipulation to maximize the final beam brightness, with a focus on the most recent techniques including optics design, pulse shaping and brightness optimization strategies. The theoretical models are supported by a review of the experimental results in now-running FEL facilities.     

Enhancing the accelerated beam current in the booster synchrotron by optimizing the transport line beam propagation

In this paper, we present the results of transverse beam emittance and twiss parameter measurement of an electron beam, delivered by a 20 MeV microtron which is used as a pre-injector system for a booster synchrotron in the Indus Accelerator Facility at RRCAT Indore. Based on these measured beam parameters, beam optics of a transport line was optimized and its results are also discussed in this paper. This beam transport line is used to transport the electron beam from the 20 MeV microtron to the booster synchrotron. The booster synchrotron works as a main injector for Indus-1 and Indus-2 synchrotron radiation facilities. To optimize the beam optics of a transport line for proper beam transmission through the line as well as to match the beam twiss parameters at the beam injection point of another accelerator, it is necessary to know the transverse beam emittance and twiss parameters of the beam coming from the first one. A MATLAB-based GUI program has been developed to calculate the beam emittance and twiss parameters, using quadrupole scan method. The measured parameters have been used for beam transport line optimization and twiss parameters matching at booster injection point. After this optimization, an enhancement of ～50% beam current has been observed in the booster synchrotron.