Description of high-spin isomers in theN=82 region

The high spin states and of those especially the yrast isomers are studied in the region near the rare earth nuclei. The deformation energy surface is calculated with a method modelled in principle according to a shape constrained cranked HF theory (CHF). In practice, the expectation value of the many-body Hamiltonian is calculated with cranked Nilsson functions. One finds rotation around a slightly deformed oblate or prolate symmetry axis in front or behind the rare earth region, respectively. Near the Hf isotopes strongly prolate deformed nuclei rotating around the symmetry axis are found in agreement with the knownK isomers in this region. These results are explained also qualitatively with the help of the MONA (Maximisation of theOverlap ofNucleonic wave functions byAlignment of single particle angular momenta) effect. In the second part high spin states and yrast isomers in theN=82 region are caluclated in the cranked Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach with four and six quasi-particle excitations. For the excitation energies in¹⁴⁶Gd and¹⁵²Dy and a measuredg factor one finds satisfactory agreement.     

Description of high-spin isomers in theN=82 region

The high spin states and of those especially the yrast isomers are studied in the region near the rare earth nuclei. The deformation energy surface is calculated with a method modelled in principle according to a shape constrained cranked HF theory (CHF). In practice, the expectation value of the many-body Hamiltonian is calculated with cranked Nilsson functions. One finds rotation around a slightly deformed oblate or prolate symmetry axis in front or behind the rare earth region, respectively. Near the Hf isotopes strongly prolate deformed nuclei rotating around the symmetry axis are found in agreement with the knownK isomers in this region. These results are explained also qualitatively with the help of the MONA (Maximisation of theOverlap ofNucleonic wave functions byAlignment of single particle angular momenta) effect. In the second part high spin states and yrast isomers in theN=82 region are calculated in the cranked Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach with four and six quasi-particle excitations. For the excitation energies in¹⁴⁶Gd and¹⁵²Dy and a measuredg factor one finds satisfactory agreement.     

Rotational bands on few-particle excitations of very high spin

An RPA formalism is developed to investigate the existence and properties of slow collective rotation around a non-symmetric axis, when there already exists a large angular momentum K along the symmetry axis built up by aligned single-particle spins. Both repeatability and E2 collectivity are required to distinguish the collective rotational-like solutions from the others, which may come lower in energy. First the formalism is applied to bands on high-K isomers in the well-deformed nucleus ¹⁷⁹Hf, where the rotational-model picture is reproduced for intermediate K-values in agreement with experiment. At high K the collectivity is suppressed even more than the diminishing vector-coupling coefficient of the rotational model would suggest, but the repeatability actually improves. The moment of inertia is predicted to remain substantially smaller than the rigid-body value, so the bands slope up steeply from the yrast line at spins where pairing effects are gone. A second application is to the initially spherical nucleus ²¹²Rn, which is believed to acquire an oblate deformation that increases steadily with K due to the oblate shape of the aligned orbitals. In this case the rotational-like excitations also exist but are still less favoured than in ¹⁷⁶Hf, even at comparable deformations. Some collective states may come closer to the average yrast trend, but they have lower repeatability because they are more like dressed single-particle excitations. The main differences between the two nuclei studied is interpreted as a general consequence of their different shell structure.     

Yrast isomers and very high spin states in 148, 149, 151, 152Dy and 147Gd

We have studied level schemes for the feeding and decay of high-spin isomers in the nuclei ^{148, 149, 151, 152}Dy and ¹⁴⁷ Gd. A variety of techniques involving γ-ray spectroscopy with pulsed heavy-ion beams have been applied including linear polarization, γ-γ correlations and recoil distance measurements.The general aspect of these level schemes is in accordance with the idea that the states near and along the yrast line can be described by a spheroidal shell model in which the nucleus is axially symmetric with respect to the total spin. In these cases the spin is generated not by collective rotation, but by alignment of many single-particle orbits around a common axis.     

Contact density and number of 5s electrons inβ-Sn

Lifetimes and feeding times of high spin states in ¹⁵⁶ Er have been measured employing the recoil distance method in the reaction ¹²³ Sb(³⁷ Cl,4n) at bombarding energies of 158 and 166 MeV. The yrast states up to spin 20 ? were found to be collective. These levels are fed, however, from long-lived high spin states, causing time delays up to ～ 100 ps, the existence of which is interpreted as a signature for an oblate shape at high spin.     

Oblate high spin isomer

Energies of high spin states are calculated with the use of an oblate deformed oscillator potential with the purpose of finding possible yrast traps or isomers. Pairing forces are included and different methods of solving the pairing Hamiltonian (including the exact solution) are compared. The stability of the oblate regime against gamma vibrations is investigated with use of the random phase approximation. Pairing forces are included also here.     

Microscopic determination of nuclear deformation energy surfaces at very high spins

The deformation energy surfaces of a number of rare-earth nuclei are calculated microscopically as a function of the Bohr-Mottelson deformation parameters (β,γ), for the very high spin states $\text{(30}\text{h}\text{?}\text{?J?70}\text{h}\text{?}\text{)}$ and compared with semiphenomenological Strutinsky based calculations. The possibility of rotational isomers (yrast traps) is discussed.     

High Spin States and Shape Coexistence in 134Ce

high spin states in ¹³⁴Ce nucleus have been studied by using the heavy–ion induced reaction ¹²²Sn(¹⁶O,4n) carried out at china institute of atomic energy. the early level scheme has been extended with spin up to 22. however,our result is different from that in a recent publication,and the magnetic rotation bands reported there have not been confirmed. our observed level structures may be interpreted as shape coexistence. the 10+ state at the backbending with h_11/2 quasineutron configuration has an oblate deformation with an asymmetry parameter γ≈–60°(lund convention),and the 10+ isomer is a yrast trap of prolate deformation with γ≈–120°,whereas the other signature partner bands with h_11/2 and g_7/2 proton configuration probably have a prolate deformation with γ≈0°.     

Yrast traps and high-spin states in 210Rn

Yrast and near-yrast states have been investigated in ²¹⁰Rn to high spin (J > 30) and high energy (E_x > 10 MeV). Three different (HI, xn) reactions were used to populate the states of interest and several different γ-ray spectroscopic techniques were utilized. Three high-spin yrast traps were discovered. Two de-excite by strong E3 transitions while the third decays mainly via an extremely inhibited E2 transition. The E3 decays are interpreted as allowed single-particle transitions between proton or neutron states above the ²⁰⁸Pb shell closure while the inhibited E2 transition is interpreted as indicating a substantial change in structure as the decay proceeds down the yrast line. The interpretation has been given in terms of shell-model calculations.     

稀土区奇A核晕带存在从转动到振动形状演化的直接证据(英文)

原子核的形状演化效应是核结构研究的重要基础问题之一。通常认为,A=160质量区的奇A核位于大形变核区域,它们的激发态能谱将呈现出典型的转动激发特征。然而,基于E-GOS曲线方法,发现随着角动量的增加,该质量区奇A核的晕带具有显著地从转动激发演化成为振动激发的形状演化现象。此外,为深入理解原子核形状演化的微观机制,采用Total-Routhian-Surface（TRS）方法针对稀土区的奇A核进行了理论计算,结果表明,165Yb和157Dy同位素在低激发态时具有稳定的长椭形变,当角动量大于0.50 MeV后,核芯的四极形变显著减小并开始产生三轴形变。The phase transition of nuclei with increasing angular momentum (or spin) and excitation energy is one of the most fundamental topics of nuclear structure research. The odd-N nuclei with A ≈160 are widely considered belonging to the well-deformed region, and their excitation spectra are energetically favored to exhibit the rotational characteristics. In this work, however, the evidence suggesting that the nuclei changes from rotation to vibration along the yrast lines as a function of spin was found. The simple method, named as E-Gamma Over Spin (E-GOS) curves, would be used to discern the evolution from rotational to vibrational structure in nuclei for various spin ranges. Meanwhile, in order to understand the band structure properties of nuclei, theoretical calculations have been performed for the yrast bands of the odd-A rare-earth nuclei within the framework of the total routhian surface (TRS) model. The TRS plots predict that the 165Yb and 157Dy isotopes have large quadrupole shapes at low spin states. At higher rotational frequency (hω~ >0.50 MeV), a clear reduction of the quadrupole deformation is indicated by the present results, and the isotopes become rigid in the γ deformation.     

Study of neutron-rich Mo isotopes by the projected shell model approach

The projected shell model (PSM) calculations have been performed for the neutron-rich even–even ^102?110Mo and odd—even ^103?109Mo isotopes. The present calculation reproduces the available experimental data on the yrast bands. In case of even–even nuclei, the structure of yrast bands is analysed and electromagnetic quantities are compared with the available experimental data. The g-factors have been predicted for high spin states. For the odd-neutron nuclei, the structures of yrast positive- and negative-parity bands are analysed and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experiments for ^103?107Mo. The disagreement of the calculated and observed plots for energy staggering quantity clearly establishes the occurrence of sizable triaxiality in ^103,105Mo and also predicts a decrease in the quantum of triaxiality with increasing neutron number and angular momentum for odd mass neutron-rich Mo isotopes.     

Microscopic description of collective motion in pf shell nuclei

Rotational and vibrational excitations in pf shell nuclei are studied by means of the generator coordinate method. The generator coordinates are the pairing energies and the quadrupole moments of constrained Hartree-Bogoliubov states, projected onto good angular momenta and particle numbers. The Kuo interaction and the one modified by McGrory are used. The vibrational character of the yrast energies appears to be produced by mixing prolate and oblate wave functions. Pairing correlations are essential for this mixing. In contrast to the yrast states the excitation energies of the higher states depend strongly on the interaction used. They show good agreement with experiment, particularly in the case of ⁴⁸Ti with the Kuo force. The calculated B(E2) values exhibit a rotational band structure in general, even if the energies look more vibrational. The force dependence of the excitation energies can qualitatively be understood by inspection of the intrinsic energy surface.     

Nonuniform character of the population of spin projections K for a fissile nucleus at the scission point and anisotropies in the angular distributions of fragments originating from the induced fission of nuclei

It is shown that the emergence of anisotropies in the angular distributions of fragments originating from the spontaneous and induced fission of oriented actinide nuclei is possible only if nonuniformities in the population of the projectionsM (K) of the fissile-nucleus spin onto the z axis of the laboratory frame (fissile-nucleus symmetry axis) appear simultaneously in the vicinity of the scission point but not in the vicinity of the outer saddle point of the deformation potential. The possibilities for creating the orientation of fissile nuclei for spontaneous and induced fission and the effect of these orientations on the anisotropies under analysis are considered. The role of Coriolis interaction as a unique source of the mixing of different-K fissile-nucleus states at all stages of the fission process is studied with allowance for the dynamical enhancement of this interaction for excited thermalized states of the nucleus involved that is characterized by a high energy density. It is shown that the absence of thermalization of excited states of the fissile nucleus that appear because of the effect of nonadiabaticity of its collective deformation motion in the vicinity of the scission point is a condition of conservation of the influence that transition fission states formed at the inner and outer fission barriers exerts on the distribution of the spin projections K for lowenergy spontaneous nuclear fission. It is confirmed that anisotropies observed in the angular distributions of fragments originating from the fission of nuclei that is induced by fast light particles (multiply charged ions) are due to the appearance of strongly excited equilibrium(nonequilibrium) states of the fissile nucleus in the vicinity of its scission point that have a Gibbs (non-Gibbs) distribution of projections K.     

Crossing of negative parity bands in even-even nuclei around A≈150

Level energies of negative parity yrast bands (NPB) have been studied with a recently proposed, sensitive method. The irregular behaviour of the NPB's in theN=88 nuclei around spin 9–11 and the smooth behaviour in¹⁵⁶Dy (up toI=13) and in²³⁸U (up to I=19) support calculations by Vogel, where NPB's are described as aligned octupole bands up to a critical spin where intersection with two-quasiparticle bands takes place. Considering the NPB levels (I≦13) in¹⁵⁶Dy as members of an aligned octupole band, we obtain a remarkably good reproduction of their decay properties and energies using the VMI model.     

Decay of high-spin isomers in Os nuclei by barrier penetration

A decay scheme for the 130±20 ns high-spin isomer in ¹⁸²Os has been established. The excitation energy of the isomer is 7049±1 keV and it has I^π = 25⁽⁺⁾. A 2.4% decay directly to the yrast 24⁺ level at 5988 keV is observed. In ¹⁸⁴Os a 20±5 ns isomer is observed at 2366±1 keV excitation energy with I^π = 10⁺. Again, direct transitions into the yrast 8⁺ and 10⁺ levels are observed. Contrary to previous speculations, there is no compelling evidence for stable triaxial shapes in the structure of the levels through which the isomers decay. The abnormally short half-lives observed, as well as the unusual decay patterns, are best understood in terms of a γ-soft nuclear potential. Motion in the γ-direction allows the isomer to decay via barrier penetration from an axially symmetric prolate shape with the angular momentum along the nuclear symmetry axis (deformation aligned state) via oblate shapes to another prolate shape with the angular momentum perpendicular to the nuclear symmetry axis (rotation-aligned state).     

Oblique-basis shell-model calculations

A one-dimensional harmonic oscillator in a box is used to introduce the oblique-basis concept. The method is extended to the nuclear shell model by combining traditional spherical shell model states, which yield a diagonal representation of the usual single-particle interaction, with SU(3) shell model collective configurations that track deformation. An application to ²⁴Mg, using the realistic two-body interaction of Wildenthal, is used to explore the validity of this mixed-mode shell-model scheme. The theory is also applied to lower pf-shell nuclei, ^44–48Ti and ⁴⁸Cr, using the Kuo-Brown-3 interaction. These nuclei show strong SU(3) symmetry breaking due mainly to the single-particle spin-orbit splitting. Nevertheless, the results also show that yrast band B(E2) values are insensitive to fragmentation of SU(3) symmetry. Specifically, the quadrupole collectivity as measured by B(E2) strengths remains high even though the SU(3) symmetry is rather badly broken. The results suggest that an oblique-basis mixed-mode shell-model theory may be useful in situations where competing degrees of freedom dominate the dynamics.     

High spin states in94Ru and95Rh

The results of shell model calculations are presented and these support the experimental angular momentum assignments made for the high spin states in⁹⁴Ru and⁹⁵Rh. Only one disagreement between theory and experiment is encountered and this concerns the depopulation of the yrast 9^? state in⁹⁴Ru. A highly inhibitedE1 transition to the 8⁺ state is expected but not seen. The reason that seniority isomers are not observed in these nuclei is discussed.     

Negative parity yrast states in deformed nuclei

The negative parity yrast states in even-even deformed nuclei are studied. For low I values these states are interpreted as octupole states. At high spin values, however, the coupling of participating quasiparticles is change; their angular momenta become parallel and aligned with the rotational axis. The transition between the two regimes occurs at I ≈ 21–25 in light actinide nuclei and as low as I ≈ 9–11 in light rare-earth nuclei.