高能脉冲X射线能谱测量

给出了高能脉冲X射线能谱测量的基本原理及实验结果.采用Monte-Carlo程序计算了高能光子在能谱仪中每个灵敏单元内的能量沉积,利用能谱仪测量了"强光Ⅰ号"加速器产生的高能脉冲X射线不同衰减程度下的强度,求解得到了具有时间分辨的高能脉冲X射线能谱,时间跨度57ns,时间步长5ns,光子的最高能量3.0MeV,平均能量1.04MeV,能量在0.2—0.9MeV之间的光子数目最多,占46.5%.也利用二极管的电压电流波形理论计算了光子的能谱,并与利用能谱仪测得的能谱进行了比较,两种方法所得结果基本一致.     

THE STUDIES FOR ADJUSTABLE ENERGY OF PROTON BEAMS FROM PROTON LINEAR ACCELERATOR

In this paper, the principle of adjusting the proton energy from the linear accelerator with energy adjusting cavities is proposed. The requirements to energy adjusting cavities for tuning the proton energy efficiently and continually are studied. The energy range adjustable and the energy spread are calculated for 35 MeV proton linac which is in the course of construction at the Institute of High Energy Physics, as an example. The energy spread as a function of electric parameters of energy adjusting cavities are also discussed. A specific and economical method to supply rf power to energy adjusting cavities is presented.     

Effects of variable specific heat on energy transfer in a high-temperature supersonic channel flow

An energy transfer mechanism in high-temperature supersonic turbulent flow for variable specific heat (VSH) condition through turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), mean kinetic energy (MKE), turbulent internal energy (TIE) and mean internal energy (MIE) is proposed. The similarities of energy budgets between VSH and constant specific heat (CSH) conditions are investigated by introducing a vibrational energy excited degree and considering the effects of fluctuating specific heat. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of temporally evolving high-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flow is conducted at Mach number 3.0 and Reynolds number 4800 combined with a constant dimensional wall temperature 1192.60 K for VSH and CSH conditions to validate the proposed energy transfer mechanism. The differences between the terms in the two kinetic energy budgets for VSH and CSH conditions are small; however, the magnitude of molecular diffusion term for VSH condition is significantly smaller than that for CSH condition. The non-negligible energy transfer is obtained after neglecting several small terms of diffusion, dissipation and compressibility related. The non-negligible energy transfer involving TIE includes three processes, in which energy can be gained from TKE and MIE and lost to MIE. The same non-negligible energy transfer through TKE, MKE and MIE is observed for both the conditions.     

温度对抛物量子阱中极化子能量的影响

采用线性组合算符法和幺正变换法研究温度对抛物型量子阱中极化子基态能和基态结合能的影响. 通过理论推导得到极化子基态能和基态结合能的表达式. 结合量子统计力学中平均声子数的表达式, 得到极化子基态能量和基态结合能与温度的函数关系. 在不同温度下, 分别讨论了极化子基态能量和基态结合能与电子-声子耦合强度和阱宽的关系, 阱深取不同值时讨论了极化子基态能和基态结合能随温度的变化规律. 计算结果表明, 极化子的基态能量和基态结合能都是温度的递增函数.     

一种新型高能激光束能量分布探测器

 介绍用于探测高能激光束空间能量分布的量热器阵列探测器。这种探测器具有承受激光束能量密度高、探测面积大和能量测试误差小等特点,主要由保护板、量热器阵列的热沉积构成。也给出了探测器的标定和性能测试。该探测器为高能激光束绝对空间能量分布的测量提供了有效的诊断手断。     

氟化氘激光大气传输的定标规律

 利用激光大气传输4维程序,结合均方和半径分析方法,对氟化氘（DF）激光大气传输的定标规律进行了数值分析。得到了焦平面处63.2%环围能量半径的光斑扩展规律以及在焦平面上不同环围能量半径内的平均功率密度定标关系式。此定标关系不仅适用于大菲涅耳数、弱传输效应条件下,同时也适用于小菲涅耳数、强传输效应条件下DF高能激光大气传输,从而能够对激光大气传输的效果做出快速地预测和有效地评估。     

MeV能量离子在生物样品中的能量损失与能量离散

为了研究 MeV能量离子在生物样品中的能量损失与能量离散, 分别使用1.0, 1.8和2.8 MeV质子和4.5 MeV氦离子分别辐照不同质量厚度的洋葱内表皮膜。 当质子穿过该生物样品后, 可以利用透射能谱测量透射离子的能量损失和能量离散。 实验结果显示, 在以上的生物样品中, MeV能量离子的能量损失值和TRIM程序模拟的结果相吻合, 但是透射离子的能量离散值却与TRIM程序模拟结果有很大的不同。 结合生物样品的结构不均匀的特性, 对Bohr能量离散理论进行了修正, 并发现修正后的Bohr能量离散理论计算结果与实验值符合得很好。     

基于基效应分解的多谱投影序列盲分离算法研究

在常规CT成像系统中,发出的X射线是连续能谱的,导致重建图像出现硬化伪影,影响了材料组分区分,无法进行定量表征。解决这一问题的关键在于实现多能谱CT成像,利用多个窄能谱段或单能量CT图像,提高组分与图像灰度的对应性。相对于传统CT,能谱CT具有更强的组分区分能力,有利于实现物体组分的定量分析。现有的基于光子计数探测器多谱CT在成像时间分辨率和空间分辨率存在局限,基于能谱滤波的多谱CT能谱区分度受限。而基于变电压多谱投影序列盲分离的多谱CT,通过分解连续能谱投影,获取窄能谱投影,进而实现能谱CT成像,确保物质组分与重建图像灰度值的对应性,实用性较强。但是由于X射线能谱和物体组分的未知,在盲分离过程中,衰减系数未知,并且能谱划分是不确定的,导致窄能谱CT重建图像的能量指向性不强,对应能量值与参考能量偏差偏大,影响组分定量分析。因此,针对盲分离中能谱划分不确定性和重建图像能量指向性问题的开展研究。利用衰减系数的光电效应和康普顿效应分解,构建能量约束,消除能量的不确定性,降低分解所得投影重建图像的能量与参考能量值的偏差。在基于以残差的局部方差和最小为优化目标的分解模型中,将分解模型中的衰减系数按光电效应和康普顿效应分解为能量项和材料项,利用能量项的可预知性,依据预先划分的窄能谱段设置其值,固定各分解投影对应的窄能谱段,作为对能量的约束条件。求解所得各分解投影为能量已知投影,对其重建可得到能量确定的各窄能谱段的图像。选择衰减系数相近的硅铝材质构成外硅内铝圆柱体进行实验验证,在有能量约束的求解结果中,硅铝衰减系数与参考值偏差小于无能量约束,所得重建图像中硅铝变化率与理论值趋势较一致,能量指向性强,与参考能量偏差降低。结果表明,所提方法解决了基于变电压序列盲分离多谱CT成像的能量指向问题,能谱分辨率更高,组分表征更准确。     

Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process

Ignition energy is one of the important parameters of flammable materials, and evaluating ignition energy precisely is essential to the safety of process industry and combustion science and technology. By using electric spark discharge test system, a series of electric spark discharge experiments were conducted with the capacitor-stored energy in the range of 10 J, 100 J, and 1000 J, respectively. The evaluation method for energy consumed by electric spark, wire, and switch during capacitor discharge process has been studied respectively. The resistance of wire, switch, and plasma between electrodes has been evaluated by different methods and an optimized evaluation method has been obtained. The electric energy consumed by wire, electric switch, and electric spark-induced plasma between electrodes were obtained and the energy structure of capacitor-released energy was analyzed. The dynamic process and the characteristic parameters(the maximum power, duration of discharge process) of electric spark discharge process have been analyzed. Experimental results showed that, electric spark-consumed energy only accounts for 8%–14% of the capacitor-released energy. With the increase of capacitor-released energy, the duration of discharge process becomes longer, and the energy of plasma accounts for more in the capacitor-released energy. The power of electric spark varies with time as a damped sinusoids function and the period and the maximum value increase with the capacitor-released energy.     

InAs量子环中类氢杂质能级

在有效质量近似下,利用微扰法研究了InAs量子环内类氢杂质基态及低激发态的能级分布。受限势采用抛物形势,在二维平面极坐标下,用薛定谔方程的精确解析解进行计算。数值计算结果显示,电子能级敏感地依赖于量子环半径,能级存在极小值,这是由于限制势采用抛物势的结果。如果减小环的半径,可以增加能级间距。第一激发态类氢杂质能级的简并没有消除,n≥2时简并的能级发生分裂并且间距随半径的增大而增大。电子能级间距还敏感地依赖于角频率并随角频率的增大而增大。第一激发态的简并没有消除,第二激发态的简并被部分地消除。在计算InAs量子环中类氢杂质的基态和低激发态的能级时,角频率改变的影响也是很深刻的。文章结果对研究量子环的光跃迁及光谱结构有重要指导意义。     

新型能源技术与未来武器装备的变革

本文介绍了电磁能、太阳能、核能等在军事领域的研究现状，预测未来军事能源技术的发展趋势，从而说明新型能源技术对武器装备发展的影响。     

电子能量对收集极中电子束能量沉积的影响北大核心CSCD

理论分析了收集极中运动电子的失能机制和电子能量对电子束能量沉积的影响,用蒙特卡罗方法计算了不同能量下入射电子的能量沉积分布,分析了电子能量对电子束在收集极中能量沉积的影响,并据此提出了提高收集极耐电子束轰击能力的两种途径。结果表明:激发和电离是收集极中入射电子的主要失能机制;电子的能量越高,在材料中的穿透能力越强,收集极中被收集电子束的最大能量沉积密度越低。综合考虑束流密度分布对能量沉积的影响,可通过两种途径来提高收集极耐电子束轰击的能力:一是通过结构设计增大电子束的收集面积,减小收集极上被收集电子束的束流密度;二是设计高阻抗器件,增大被收集电子束的电子能量,减小收集极上被收集电子束的束流密度。     

太阳能甲醇重整制氢-发电联产系统

基于不同用能系统整合和能的综合梯级利用思路,研究提出一种新颖的太阳能甲醇重整制氢-发电联产系统.将太阳能甲醇重整制氢与发电有机整合,不仅合理地利用中低温太阳能,同时实现甲醇重整制氢弛放气的综合利用.新的联产系统具有优良的热力性能,化石能源的相对节能率达到29%,制氢单位能耗降低为0.85 GJ/GJ-H2.研究表明,减小能量转化传递过程的品位差和合理利用太阳能热是系统节能的关键所在.研究成果将为太阳能多功能能源系统发展提供新方案与新思路.     

Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换机制研究

利用一维三温辐射磁流体力学程序对氖气和铝丝阵Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换过程进行了详细的数值研究，发现在内爆过程中离子和电子之间的碰撞能量交换是最主要的能量交换过程，其次是电子和光子之间的光电过程和轫致过程，而康普顿散射过程中的能量交换可以忽略不计；辐射出的x射线主要是在光电激发和光电复合过程中产生的，其次是在轫致辐射过程和康普顿散射过程中产生的.理论分析表明，辐射出的x射线能量可以超过，也可能小于其等离子体最大动能.数值模拟结果表明，在氖气Z箍缩中，辐射出的x射线能量没有超过其等离子体最大动能，而在铝丝阵列内爆中，辐射出的x射线能量超过了其等离子体最大动能，但小于磁压所做的功；在整个Z箍缩过程中欧姆加热能量是较小的. 关键词： Z箍缩 能量转换 x射线辐射     

Equations of energy exchanges in variable density turbulent flows

This paper establishes a new formulation of the energy exchanges between the different parts of total energy. The decomposition uses the Reynolds averaging. This leads to a ternary decomposition of kinetic energy into the turbulence kinetic energy, the mean kinetic energy and the mixed kinetic energy, acting as an exchange term between the mean and turbulent motion. The formulation is then extended to distinguish a mean and fluctuating density part of each part of total energy. The formulation thus includes the mean density turbulence kinetic energy, product of the mean density and the half-trace of the velocity fluctuation correlation tensor. Its evolution equation is given in the spectral domain.     

Dynamics of plasma blobs in a shear flow

The global dynamic of plasma blobs in a shear flow is investigated in a simple magnetized torus using the spatial Fourier harmonics (k-space) framework. Direct experimental evidence of a linear drift in k space of the density fluctuation energy synchronized with blob events is presented. During this drift, an increase of the fluctuation energy and a production of the kinetic energy associated with blobs are observed. The energy source of the blob is analyzed using an advection-dissipation-type equation that includes blob-flow exchange energy, linear drift in k space, nonlinear processes, and viscous dissipations. We show that blobs tap their energy from the dominant ExB vertical background flow during the linear drift stage. The exchange of energy is unidirectional as there is no evidence that blobs return energy to the flow.     

Equivalent damping and frequency change for linear and nonlinear hybrid vibrational energy harvesting systems

A unified approximation method is derived to illustrate the effect of electro-mechanical coupling on vibration-based energy harvesting systems caused by variations in damping ratio and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem. Vibrational energy harvesters are electro-mechanical systems that generate power from the ambient oscillations. Typically vibration-based energy harvesters employ a mechanical subsystem tuned to resonate with ambient oscillations. The piezoelectric or electromagnetic coupling mechanisms utilized in energy harvesters, transfers some energy from the mechanical subsystem and converts it to an electric energy. Recently the focus of energy harvesting community has shifted toward nonlinear energy harvesters that are less sensitive to the frequency of ambient vibrations. We consider the general class of hybrid energy harvesters that use both piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanisms. Through using perturbation methods for low amplitude oscillations and numerical integration for large amplitude vibrations we establish a unified approximation method for linear, softly nonlinear, and bi-stable nonlinear energy harvesters. The method quantifies equivalent changes in damping and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem that resembles the backward coupling from energy harvesting. We investigate a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester as a case study of the proposed method. The approximation method is accurate, provides an intuitive explanation for backward coupling effects and in some cases reduces the computational efforts by an order of magnitude.     

气动弹性能量采集系统空气动力建模研究综述

气动弹性能量采集旨在将结构气动弹性振动机械能转化为可利用的电能, 近年来引起了国内外学者的关注.在气动弹性能量采集系统理论建模的过程中, 空气动力建模至关重要, 显著影响系统的动力学响应和能量输出分析结果.文章针对当前各类气动弹性能量采集系统的气动建模,对其研究现状进行了综述.首先介绍气动弹性能量采集的研究背景; 随后, 分别针对基于翼段非流线体平板和机翼结构气动弹性振动的能量采集系统, 对相关气动模型进行了总结和讨论; 最后, 结合现有气动建模的待完善之处,给出了未来可能的发展方向.      

高能高功率激光参数测量技术研究

简述了高能高功率激光技术的发展现状及其计量测试需求,介绍了近年来开展的高能高功率激光参数计量测试研究取得的进展,给出激光功率能量、时域参数和空域参数等测量原理和方法。指出了高能高功率激光参数测量面临的主要问题及需要突破的关键技术,包括大动态范围功率能量“无畸变”衰减技术、激光功率能量现场测量技术和功率能量计溯源及后向散射补偿方法等。     

Theoretical Study of the Energies of the Oscillating System with a Well- Distributed Mass of the Spring

The energy of a spring with a well-distributed mass m_s is theoretically studied in this paper. The solution of the wave equation is derived in detail, and then the kinetic energy and potential energy of the spring are studied with the wave equation, as well as the kinetic energy of the oscillating mass M. The kinetic energy and potential energy of the spring, and total energy are numerically simulated for different ratios m_s/M with considering the spring’s mass, which makes the property of energy of the oscillating system understood easily.