辛基功能化离子液体键合硅胶固相萃取海水中贝类毒素的方法研究

贝类毒素(Shellfish toxins)是重点监控的海洋污染物。本研究通过将辛基功能化离子液体接枝到硅胶表面,制备了一种混合模式的共价键合硅胶材料(Silica-[SOIM][PF₆]),利用红外光谱、核磁共振和元素分析进行了表征。采用自制材料填制固相萃取柱,通过固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱联用(SPE-LC-MS/MS)技术对海水中贝类毒素(大田软海绵酸毒素(OA)、鳍藻毒素-1 (DTX-1)和鳍藻毒素-2 (DTX-2))进行富集检测。研究发现,此固相萃取材料与目标贝类毒素可能存在疏水作用和离子交换作用等多重相互作用。分别对进样溶液的体积和pH值、淋洗剂和洗脱剂的种类、用量以及pH值范围等因素进行了优化。结果表明,此固相萃取材料对海水中3种贝类毒素具有良好的萃取效果,优于或与商用化萃取材料性能相当,检出限(LOD)为0.01μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.05μg/L,在0.02～2.50μg/L范围内线性关系良好(R²>0.995),回收率在93.0%～116%之间。同时,材料具有良好的重现性,批内和批间的相对标准偏差均小于15...     

海产贝类脂溶性贝毒素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法及其食用安全性评价

针对海产贝类存在多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染的现状,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)对海产贝类中的常见脂溶性贝毒素进行同步检测,结合多种毒素复合污染的风险评估方法,用于市售海产贝类的食用安全风险评价。结果表明,在选定的实验条件下,8种典型脂溶性贝毒素加标回收率在63.2%~88.8%之间,方法的精密度(相对标准偏差(RSD)≤14.5%)和灵敏度(检出限为0.5~2.7 ng/g)良好,能满足海产贝类样品的检测要求。在采集的105个市售海产贝类样品中,42.86%的样品中至少检出了一种脂溶性贝毒素,其中鳍藻毒素-1(DTX1)的含量均值最高,为47.6μg/kg,对海产贝类污染最严重。根据每日人均贝类摄入量(TDI)和各种脂溶性贝毒素的急性中毒参考剂量(ARf D),通过计算综合风险指数∑ERI进行市售海产贝类食用安全性评价,结果表明,在所检测的样品中,存在食用安全隐患和高风险的市售海产贝类比率为19.05%,其中扇贝的食用安全风险最大。本研究建立的基于海产贝类中脂溶性贝毒素物质组复合污染的风险评价方法,与欧盟的海产品贝毒素限量标准评价方法(单指标法)相比更加严格,可以使贝类食用者更好地规避中毒风险。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测贝类产品中腹泻性贝类毒素

建立了贝类组织中2种腹泻性贝毒(Diamletic shellfish Poisobing,DSP)聚醚类毒素-大田软海绵酸(Okadaic acid,OA)和鳍藻毒素(Dinophysistoxin-1,DTX-1)的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.贝类样品经80%甲醇溶液提取,经正己烷脱脂和HLB固相萃取柱净化,采...     

液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱法测定贝类中软骨藻酸

记忆缺失性贝类毒素(amnesicshellfishtoxin,简称.ASP)主要成分软骨藻酸(domoicacid,简称DA)是一种氨基酸类的生理活性物质(图1),因最早从红藻属的树枝软骨藻(chondriaarmata)分离出来而被命名为软骨藻酸。自1987年加拿大首次发生集体贝类食品中毒事件后,人们从赤潮藻类中的硅藻属(diatom)的多列尖刺菱形藻(nitzschpungensf.multiseries)中检测到了DA,随后,美国、加拿大、北欧一些国家,澳大利亚、日本等国先后从紫贻贝(myltilusedulis)、扇贝(pectenmaximus)、文蛤(callistachione)等贝类体内以及鲭鱼和石蟹的内脏中检测到了DA。鱼、贝通过滤食毒藻,将DA富积在体内,人类因食用被DA污染的鱼、贝而中毒,中毒症状包括恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等,同时有晕眩、     

利用蛋白磷酸酶活力抑制法检测牡蛎体内的腹泻性贝毒

基于腹泻性贝毒(Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison,DSP)中大田软海绵酸(Okadaic acid,OA)和鳍藻毒素(Dinophysis toxins,DTXs)能够抑制蛋白磷酸酶活力的特点,人们建立了一种利用碱性蛋白磷酸酶活力变化检测贝类中大田软海绵酸毒性当量的生物化学测试方法。本实验利用该方法对威海出入境检验检疫局采集的3个牡蛎样品进行分析,结果表明:3个牡蛎样品中不含有OA和DTXs毒素,但水解后可检出OA毒性,其中两个牡蛎水解样品的毒性当量分别为1.81和1.21μg OA eq./kg贝组织(湿重)。     

液相色谱-串联质谱检测贝类组织中5种脂溶性贝毒素

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱分析贝类组织中米氏裸甲藻(GYM)贝毒素、螺环内酯毒素(SPX1)、大田软骨酸(OA)贝毒素、蛤毒素(PTX2)、原多甲藻酸(AZA1)贝毒素的方法.用甲醇-水(4: 1, V/V)溶液对贝类组织中GYM, SPX1, OA, PTX2和AZA1进行提取,MAX阴离子交换柱净化后,采用液相色谱分离,除OA以负离子选择反应监测外,GYM, SPX1, PTX2和AZA1以电喷雾离子源正离子选择反应监测模式进行质谱分析.5种脂溶性贝毒素GYM, SPX1, OA, PTX2和AZA1在各自相应浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数＞0.99.扇贝闭壳肌空白样品添加5种贝毒素的提取率均为78.6%～94.4%(n=6); 精密度(RSD)为6.8%～14.9%.贝类组织中5种贝毒素GYM, SPX1, OA, PTX2和AZA1的检出限分别为0.10, 0.21, 2.00, 0.32和0.04 μg/kg.     

生物样品中大田软海绵酸类毒素代谢规律及检测方法的研究进展

近年来,中国赤潮污染日趋严重,因此引发多起贝类毒素中毒事件,威胁消费者的食用安全。大田软海绵酸（okadaic acid,OA）及其衍生物鳍藻毒素（dinophysistoxins,DTXs）是分布最广、危害最大的一类腹泻性贝类毒,具有急性腹泻毒性及多种慢性毒性。建立生物体液样品中OA类毒素残留的检测方法对辅助诊断患者的中毒情况极为必要。文章简要介绍了OA类毒素的理化性质、中毒事件、毒理作用,并详细总结了生物样品中OA类毒素代谢规律及检测方法的研究进展。     

液相色谱-高分辨质谱测定贝类中的4种贝毒素及16种兽药残留

建立了贝类组织中米氏裸甲藻贝毒素(Gymnodimine,GYM)、螺环内酯毒素(Spirolides,SPX1)、大田软骨酸贝毒素(Okadaic acid,OA-C)、蛤毒素(Pectenotoxins,PTX2)4种腹泻性贝类毒素、氯霉素、氟甲砜霉素以及14种磺胺类药物的液相色谱-高分辨质谱分析方法。样品采用甲醇提取,正己烷去除脂肪,乙酸乙酯反萃取,ODS粉分散固相萃取净化,经Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)分离,高分辨质谱仪进行检测。结果表明,各化合物在一定的质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)均大于0.99。GYM,SPX1,OA-C,PTX2 4种腹泻性贝类毒素的定量下限分别为0.5,0.1,2.0,0.5μg/kg,各化合物在低、中、高3个浓度加标水平下的回收率为70.1%~105.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为10.1%~14.8%。该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏等特点,能满足贝类产品中贝类毒素、抗生素的检测要求。     

贝类体内麻痹性贝类毒素的提取方法研究

采用浓度系列为0.04、0.07、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.40、0.50、0.70、1.0 mol/L的HCl和HAc溶液作为提取液,分别取10 mL提取液与10 g栉孔扇贝性腺混合,在沸水浴中加热5 min提取麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP);同时采用0.3 mol/L HAc和0.2 mol/L HCl,于冰水浴中进行超声波提取麻痹性贝类毒素5~30 min。提取完成后将混合物于4℃冷冻离心机内离心5 min(3500 r/min),取上清液并以0.1 mol/L NaOH或5 mol/L HCl调整至pH为2.0~4.0。经超滤膜过滤后的提取液以高效液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测法进行毒素分析,研究毒素组分间的转化关系和提取效率,并与超声波提取法进行了比较。结果表明,采用0.04~0.25 mol/L HCl和0.04~1.0 mol/L HAc从贝肉中提取PSP毒素,各毒素组分浓度差异不大,当HCl浓度大于0.25 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1浓度急剧降低,HCl浓度大于0.5 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C2和GTX5浓度急剧降低,三者在酸度过大的情况下分解或转化为膝沟藻毒素-2(GTX2),膝沟藻毒素-3(GTX3)和石房蛤毒素(STX)。在相同浓度酸的情况下,超声波提取液中C1毒素的浓度显著低于沸水浴提取法,但C2的浓度略高于沸水浴提取液。     

液相色谱/四极杆-飞行时间质谱测定失忆性贝毒的研究

失忆性贝毒(ASP)是一种80年代在加拿大新发现的毒素,是由大量Pseudonitzschia硅藻属海藻生长产生的软骨藻酸(domoicacid,DA,图1)污染所致,与产生ASP相关的贝类包括贻贝等。失忆性贝毒的分析方法有薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法和毛细管电泳法。气相色谱法需要衍生化,操作烦琐。液相色谱法应用最广,检测主要为紫外检测(UV)或荧光检测。由于天然毒素成分复杂,光度检测不能提供化合物的充分结构信息,因此在选择性上还有待提高。质谱检测能提供化学结构信息,液相色谱-质谱(或离子阱质谱)已应用于软骨藻酸的分析,作为一种确证的分析方法。本文采用液相色谱／四极杆-飞行时间质谱(LC／Q-TOFMS)联用技术对贝类样品中的软骨藻酸进行检测研究。     

Study of interactions between actinomycin D and oligonucleotides by microchip electrophoresis and ESI-MS

In the present study, the interactions between actinomycin D (ActD) and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) 5′-CGTAACCAACTGCAACGT-3′ and a duplex stranded DNA (dsDNA) with this sequence were investigated by microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The ssDNA was designed according to the conserved regions of open reading frame 1b (replicase 1B) following the Tor 2 SARS genome sequence of 15611-15593. The binding constants of the interactions between ActD and ssDNA/dsDNA were (8.3 ± 0.32) × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (ssDNA) and (2.8 ± 0.02) × 10⁵ M⁻¹ (dsDNA), respectively, calculated from microchip electrophoresis via Scatchard plot. The binding stoichiometries were 1:1 (single/1ActD molecule) and 1:2 (duplex/2ActD molecules) calculated from microchip electrophoresis, and the results were further verified by ESI-MS. The results obtained by these two methods indicated that ActD bound much more tightly to ssDNA used in this work than dsDNA. Furthermore, this is shown that the microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis method is a rapid, highly sensitive and convenient method for the studies of interactions between DNA and small molecule drugs.     

毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质分离DNA的机理

快速、高效而灵敏的分离技术对于DNA的分析是至关重要的。使用无胶筛分介质的毛细管电泳是最重要的DNA分离技术之一,通常使用无交联的高分子溶液作为无胶筛分介质。本文在介绍高分子溶液理论的基础上,综述了DNA在毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质(缠结溶液和稀溶液)中的分离机理,主要包括Ogston筛分模型、各种修正的爬行模型、瞬态缠结偶合机理及其改进机理等。     

Study of Interaction between Red-tide Toxin, Domoic Acid and Double ——stranded DNA by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

The interactions between amnesic red-tide toxin, domoic acid (DA) and 14mer double-stranded DNA (dsDNA with three kinds of sequences) were studied by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). For the dsDNA with a sequence of 5‘-CCCCCTATACCCGC-3‘, the amount of free dsDNA decreases with the increase of added DA, and the signal of DA-dsDNA complex was observed. Meanwhile, the other two dsDNAs, 5‘-(C)12GC-3‘ and 5‘-(AT)7-3‘, the existence of DA could not lead to the change of dsDNA signal and indicated that there is no interaction between DA and these two dsDNAs.     

样品稀释对毛细管电泳分离检测DNA片段的影响

通过理论推导和实验验证表明;适当稀释DNA样品溶液,采用流体力学进样或电动进样都不会较大地减低峰高,而DNA片段毛细管电泳的分离效率和分离度还能有所提高。采用稀释样品的方法可提高DNA样品的使用效率。采用羟乙基纤维素无胶筛分介质分离了DNA片段。用激光诱导荧光（氩离子激光器,488nm）电荷耦合器件检测。用低浓度的筛分介质（0．4％）分离了分子质量较大的ADNA－HindⅢ全部8个片段（12bp～23130bP）。用高浓度的筛分介质（1．6％）分离分子质量较小的pBR322－HaeⅢ22个片段（18bp～587bp）。     

基于纤维素衍生物的毛细管无胶筛分电泳及其应用

毛细管无胶筛分电泳近年来取得了很大进展。本文综述了以纤维素衍生物作为筛分介质的毛细管无胶筛分电泳的研究进展,包括筛分理论,筛分体系模式,以及它在DNA、蛋白质分离方面的应用。     

Inverse-flow derivatization for capillary electrophoresis of DNA fragments with laser-induced fluorescence detection

A novel method is presented to detect DNA fragments separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection using inverse-flow derivatization. In electrophoresis, the intercalating dye, thiazol orange was only added to the separation buffer at the positive polarity. The negatively charged DNA fragments migrated from the negative polarity to the positive polarity, while the positively charged dye migrated in the opposite direction. When DNA fragments met with dye ions, the DNA–dye complexes were formed. The complexes continued migrating to the positive end, due to their net negative charges. When the complexes passed through the detection window, the fluorescent signals were generated. Importantly, DNA fragments migrated as their native state before DNA–dye complexes were formed. This procedure was used to detect double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The excellent resolution and good reproducibility of DNA fragments were achieved in non-gel sieving medium. This procedure may be useful in genetic mutation/polymorphism detections.     

无胶筛分毛细管电泳分离盐生盐杆菌DNA片段

 由羟乙基纤维素和聚吡咯烷酮混合组成筛分介质 ,在涂敷聚硅氧烷的毛细管柱上 ,研究了LambdaDNA/EcoRⅠ +HindⅢ片段分离的最佳条件。实验表明 ,混合筛分介质与单一的羟乙基纤维素筛分介质相比 ,改变了筛分介质的孔径大小 ,抑制了毛细管壁对DNA的吸附 ,从而改善了分离 ,并首次在同一条件下将所含的 13个片段完全分离。方法简便、快速 ,曾应用于两组盐生盐杆菌DNA片段的分离及其碱基对数目的推测。     

Identifying the orientation of DNA fragment in recombinant plasmid by capillary electrophoresis with a non-gel sieving solution.

It was demonstrated that a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with a non-gel sieving solution has been developed to identify the orientation of DNA fragments in recombinant plasmids in molecular biology. The influences of the concentration of sieving polymer HEC, the applied electric field strength and sampling on CE separation were analyzed concerning the optimization of separation. YO-PRO-1 was used as a DNA intercalating reagent to facilitate fluorescence detection. Under the chosen conditions (buffer, 1 x TBE containing 1 microM YO-PRO-1 and 1.2% HEC; applied electric field strength, 200 V/cm; electrokinetic sampling: time, 5 s; voltage, -6 kV), three DNA markers (phi 174/HaeIII, pBR322/HaeIII and lambda DNA/HindIII) were tested for further evaluating the relationship between the DNA size and the mobility. The established CE method conjugated with the enzymatic approach was successfully applied to identifying the DNA orientation of recombinant plasmid in transgene operations of a newly cloned gene from Arabidopsis Thaliana.     

DNA fragment analysis by an affordable multiple-channel capillary electrophoresis system

We are demonstrating a cost-effective multichannel capillary electrophoresis system for a high-efficiency double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments analysis. This bench-type high-performance DNA analysis (HDA) system uses fluorescence-type detection with inexpensive solid-state light sources and nonmoving integrated emission collection micro-optics. DNA samples are analyzed simultaneously by using a multiple usage and disposable multicapillary cartridge, which contains integrated capillary channels, optical fibers and an integrated sieving gel reservoir. Using commercially available dsDNA size markers as indicators, the HDA system provides high resolving power in 7 min separations. The system can hold a total of 192 samples in two 96-well polymerase chain reaction (PCR) plates, which can be automatically analyzed within 2.5 h. This affordable system can be used in laboratories to replace slab gel electrophoresis for routine and high-throughput dsDNA analysis.     

Capillary electrophoresis of seed 2S albumins from Lupinus species

Two modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE)--free-solution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) using a non-gel sieving matrix--have been developed for comparative analysis of low-molecular-mass 2S albumin isoforms from lupins. The albumin fraction and 2S albumins were separated in uncoated fused-silica capillary by CZE with 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, containing the sodium salt of phytic acid. The use of phytic acid (0.025 M) as buffer modifier and ion-pairing agent improved migration reproducibility, peak shape and separation efficiency. The reduced 2S albumins were separated by SDS-CE using a high concentration (0.3-0.5 M) mixture of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and borate buffers in uncoated fused-silica capillary. Of the various polymers used as non-gel sieving matrix, SDS-CE with a 10% dextran solution was found to be suitable for separation of 2S albumin polypeptides with molecular masses of 4,000-7,000 and 8,000-11,000. The addition of glycerol or ethylene glycol to the SDS separating buffer improved the resolution of polypeptides. The examined Lupinus species showed species-specific CZE and SDS-CE migration profiles of the 2S albumins.