Analyzing the causation of a railway accident based on a complex network

In this paper, a new model is constructed for the causation analysis of railway accident based on the complex network theory. In the model, the nodes are defined as various manifest or latent accident causal factors. By employing the complex network theory, especially its statistical indicators, the railway accident as well as its key causations can be analyzed from the overall perspective. As a case, the ＂7.23＂ China-Yongwen railway accident is illustrated based on this model. The results show that the inspection of signals and the checking of line conditions before trains run played an important role in this railway accident. In conclusion, the constructed model gives a theoretical clue for railway accident prediction and, hence, greatly reduces the occurrence of railway accidents.     

Causality-Network-Based Critical Hazard Identification for Railway Accident Prevention: Complex Network-Based Model Development and Comparison

This study investigates a critical hazard identification method for railway accident prevention. A new accident causation network is proposed to model the interaction between hazards and accidents. To realize consistency between the most likely and shortest causation paths in terms of hazards to accidents, a method for measuring the length between adjacent nodes is proposed, and the most-likely causation path problem is first transformed to the shortest causation path problem. To identify critical hazard factors that should be alleviated for accident prevention, a novel critical hazard identification model is proposed based on a controllability analysis of hazards. Five critical hazard identification methods are proposed to select critical hazard nodes in an accident causality network. A comparison of results shows that the combination of an integer programming-based critical hazard identification method and the proposed weighted direction accident causality network considering length has the best performance in terms of accident prevention.     

Pitfalls in the measurement of metabolite concentrations using the one-pulse experiment in in Vivo NMR: commentary on "On neglecting chemical exchange effects when correcting in vivo (31)P MRS data for partial saturation"

In an article in a previous issue of the Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Ouwerkerk and Bottomley (J. Magn. Reson. 148, pp. 425--435, 2001) show that even in the presence of chemical exchange, the dependence of saturation factors on repetition time in the one-pulse experiment is approximately monoexponential. They conclude from this fact that the effect of chemical exchange on the use of saturation factors when correcting for partial saturation is negligible. We take issue with this conclusion and demonstrate that because saturation factors in the presence of chemical exchange are strongly dependent upon all of the chemical parameters of the system, that is, upon all T(1)'s and M(0)'s of resonances in the exchange network and upon the reaction rates themselves, it is problematic to apply saturation factor corrections in situations in which any of these parameters may change. The error criterion we establish reflects actual errors in quantitation, rather than departures from monoexponentiality.     

基于径向基神经网络的白矮主序双星自动分类

白矮主序双星的光谱特征是决定其类型的关键因素,如何有效提取恒星光谱的特征是亟待解决的问题。提出一种新的方法,通过构建模型捕获恒星光谱数据的特征,对SDSS-DR10海量光谱进行自动分类。径向基神经网络作为一种有效的计算模型,在数值逼近和目标分类上均有较好的表现效果,但由于目前神经网络超参数的确定大多数依赖于实验经验,很大程度上制约了算法能力的发挥。在分析白矮主序双星光谱数据的高维分布特征的基础上,提出一种基于径向基神经网络的白矮主序双星自动分类模型,并以白矮主序双星的光谱特征为导向,针对恒星光谱提出了中心准则和宽度准则以确定神经网络的超参数,大幅度提高了模型的准确度。实验对分类模型进行数值训练并使用训练的模型对SDSS-DR10光谱数据进行白矮主序双星的自动分类,共发现4 631个白矮主序双星,通过Simbad,NED和Google交叉验证后发现其中有25个是未予以收录的新候选体。实验结果验证了该模型在大规模白矮主序双星自动分类任务中的有效性,新发现的白矮主序双星也为特殊天体的进一步研究补充了有效数据。     

迭代目标转换因子分析光度法同时测定钐铕钆富集物中的铁和铝

基于铬天青S－CTMAB与Fe^3 、AI^3 离子的显色体系中两组分吸收光亦灵敏度高及选择性差的特点,采用迭代目标转换因子分析法处理数据。首先根据主因子分析对未知样品进行组分数统计,然后构造列空间正交投影矩阵,以体系中可能存在组分的光谱向量为待检验光谱,确定试样的真实组成从而完成定性分析。然后以构成的行空间正交投影矩阵对浓度矩阵进行迭代运算而完成定量分析。本方法对人工合成样及实际钐铕钆富集物样品的分析均取得了满意结果。     

多跳噪声量子纠缠信道特性及最佳中继协议

在量子通信网络中, 最佳中继路径的计算与选择策略是影响网络性能的关键因素. 针对噪声背景下量子隐形传态网络中的中继路径选择问题, 本文首先研究了相位阻尼信道及振幅阻尼信道上的纠缠交换过程, 通过理论推导给出了两种多跳纠缠交换信道上的纠缠保真度与路径等效阻尼系数. 在此基础上提出以路径等效阻尼系数为准则的隐形传态网络最佳中继协议, 并给出了邻居发现、量子链路噪声参数测量、量子链路状态信息传递、中继路径计算与纠缠资源预留等工作的具体过程. 理论分析与性能仿真结果表明, 相比于现有的量子网络路径选择策略, 本文方法能获得更小的路径平均等效阻尼系数及更高的隐形传态保真度. 此外, 通过分析链路纠缠资源数量对协议性能的影响, 说明在进行量子通信网设计时, 可以根据网络的规模及用户的需求合理配置链路纠缠资源.     

An Improved Walk Model for Train Movement on Railway Network

In this paper, we propose an improved walk model for simulating the train movement on railway network. In the proposed method, walkers represent trains. The improved walk model is a kind of the network-based simulation analysis model. Using some management rules for walker movement, walker can dynamically determine its departure and arrival times at stations. In order to test the proposed method, we simulate the train movement on a part of railway network. The numerical simulation and analytical results demonstrate that the improved model is an effective tool for simulating the train movement on railway network. Moreover, it can well capture the characteristic behaviors of train scheduling in railway traffic.     

Pitfalls in the Measurement of Metabolite Concentrations Using the One-Pulse Experiment in in Vivo NMR: Commentary on “On Neglecting Chemical Exchange Effects When Correcting in VivoP MRS Data for Partial Saturation”

In an article in a previous issue of the Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Ouwerkerk and Bottomley (J. Magn. Reson.148, pp. 425–435, 2001) show that even in the presence of chemical exchange, the dependence of saturation factors on repetition time in the one-pulse experiment is approximately monoexponential. They conclude from this fact that the effect of chemical exchange on the use of saturation factors when correcting for partial saturation is negligible. We take issue with this conclusion and demonstrate that because saturation factors in the presence of chemical exchange are strongly dependent upon all of the chemical parameters of the system, that is, upon all T₁'s and M₀'s of resonances in the exchange network and upon the reaction rates themselves, it is problematic to apply saturation factor corrections in situations in which any of these parameters may change. The error criterion we establish reflects actual errors in quantitation, rather than departures from monoexponentiality.     

与地理环境相关的中国铁路客运网拓扑结构

以中国铁路车站作为“节点”,每辆列车经过的相邻两个停靠车站之间连接一条“边”,构成有方向有权重的中国铁路客运网.首先研究了该网络的拓扑结构,包括连接度、聚集系数、最短路径和强度,结果表明中国铁路客运网的连接度分布,强度分布都是介于指数分布和幂率分布之间,是一个具有小世界性质的阶层网络.修建铁路需考虑人口分布,行政区域等因素.铁路固定设施成本高,修建完成后很难做变动,因此需考虑诸多空间地理环境对中国铁路客运网的影响,如站点的连接度和站点的相连站点之间的平均行驶距离之间的关系、车站的分布密度与人口密度的关系, 关键词： 铁路客运网 拓扑统计 小世界 地理环境     

Annoyance due to railway vibration at different times of the day

The time of day when vibration occurs is considered as a factor influencing the human response to vibration. The aim of the present paper is to identify the times of day during which railway vibration causes the greatest annoyance, to measure the differences between annoyance responses for different time periods and to obtain estimates of the time of day penalties. This was achieved using data from case studies comprised of face-to-face interviews and internal vibration measurements (N=755). Results indicate that vibration annoyance differs with time of day and that separate time of day weights can be applied when considering exposure-response relationships from railway vibration in residential environments.     

The effects of long-term exposure to railway and road traffic noise on subjective sleep disturbance

The exposure-response relationships between subjective annoyance with sleep disturbance from railway trains and road traffic noise were established from an extensive social survey by CENVR (Center for Environmental Noise and Vibration Research) in Korea. The objectives of this research are to determine the long-term effects of noise on sleep and to compare the exposure-response relationships from different noise sources with those from other studies and to elucidate the effects of some modifying factors on subjective responses to noise. From an investigation of the percentage of a highly sleep-disturbed population (%HSD) in response to railway and road traffic noise, it was found that sleep is affected more by railway noise than by road traffic noise. The effects of non-acoustical factors on the responses were examined and sensitivity was shown to be a significant modifying factor, as it pertains to subjective sleep disturbance. A comparison of the response curves from an analysis of pooled data from predominantly European surveys by Miedema and Vos [Behav. Sleep Med. 5, 1-20 (2007)] with the response curves from this survey showed more of a subjective sleep disturbance response in this survey to railway noise, whereas there was no significant difference in terms of a response to road traffic noise.     

声发射技术在铁路系统检测中的研究和应用

高速铁路的快速发展,给我国经济和社会发展带来了巨大的推动作用,同时对铁路系统的安全性提出了更高的要求。针对声发射技术在铁路系统安全检测中的研究和应用,介绍了声发射技术及其在检测应用中的优点,综述了目前国内外声发射技术在铁路系统检测研究中的情况,包括钢轨伤损检测、车轮伤损检测、轮轴轴承伤损检测、铁路结构安全监测以及车体材料安全监测等,特别针对钢轨裂纹伤损引起的钢轨断裂这一铁路安全中的主要事故,着重分析了声发射技术在钢轨裂纹伤损检测研究中的情况,并介绍了在高速铁路方面的应用探索。最后在上述分析总结的基础上,指出了声发射技术在铁路系统特别是高速铁路检测研究中的前景及研究难点。     

从“福岛第一核电站事故”看我国核能利用的核安全

文章简要说明了福岛第一核电站事故的起因、发展和后果,并对核电站全厂断电、反应堆压力容器及安全壳超压、氢爆等导致事故恶化的原因作了分析.文章还就导致福岛核事故的相关因素与我国核电站的安全设计及防范对策进行了分析比较.在吸取福岛核事故的经验教训方面,文章提出了若干值得引发关注的启示,作为我国在建和在役核电站的改进,以及新设计核电站的参考.文章还就我国能源的状况,核能发展的必要性,以及核能发展的方针进行了探讨.     

Fragmentation of grains in a two-dimensional packing

A numerical model of fragmentation of a two-dimensional granular medium under pressure is investigated. The fragmentation process is found to be strongly dependent on the type of force used as the criterion for breaking the grains. The fragmentation mode affects the process less dramatically. There is a power-law divergence in the pressure when the medium approaches the full packing limit, . Both log-normal and power-law fragment-size distributions are found. Gravity is demonstrated to be an important factor. Received: 14 December 1997 / Accepted: 17 March 1998     

高能激光光束质量β因子的影响因素分析

采用二维线性调频z变换算法,分析了影响高能激光系统光束质量β因子测量准确性的因素。本文详细分析了采样点数(即衍射极限内的采样点数)和衍射光斑图像的能量损失率对光束质量β因子的影响。在衍射极限角直径2(λ/D)范围内不同采样点数的模拟结果表明:采样点数越高,光斑衍射图像的分辨率越高,进而光束质量β因子计算越准确。在一倍衍射极限角2.44(λ/D)范围内应最低不少于10个采样点,即可将β因子的测量误差控制在3%。同时,不同像差对光斑图像能量损失率的敏感程度不同,相同能量损失率下,高阶像差的β因子测量误差要高于低阶像差。特别是球差类的像差对能量损失最为敏感,约5%的能量损失就可带来15%~30%的β因子计算误差。     

三种高温气冷堆核能热力循环性能的比较

本文对三种新颖的核能联合循环系统进行了综合评价，从而揭示出过程的热力学完善性 并指出系统的改进方向。在建立公正、合理的比较条件的基础上，我们分析了系统关键参数对系统 性能产生的影响，得出如下结果：加湿型联合循环系统效率最高；比功输出最大的为余热锅炉型联 合循环；安全稳定性好是简单循环的主要特点。最终，我们可以得出这样的结论：选择何种透平排 热回收手段是影响系统性能的关键因素。以上工作对新型核能发电系统的研究提供了值得借鉴的 经验。     

基于密集连接时延神经网络的说话人识别算法*

说话人识别技术是一项重要的生物特征识别技术。近年来,使用深度神经网络提取发声特征的说话人识别算法取得了突出成果。时延神经网络作为其中的典型代表之一已被证明具有出色的特征提取能力。为进一步提升识别准确率并节约计算资源,通过对现有的说话人识别算法进行研究,提出一种带有注意力机制的密集连接时延神经网络用于说话人识别。密集连接的网络结构在增强不同网络层之间的信息复用的同时能有效控制模型体积。通道注意力机制和帧注意力机制帮助网络聚焦于更关键的细节特征,使得通过统计池化提取出的说话人特征更具有代表性。实验结果表明,在VoxCeleb1测试数据集上取得了1.40%的等错误率（EER）和0.15的最小检测代价标准（DCF）,证明了在说话人识别任务上的有效性。     

Impulsive control for permanent magnet synchronous motors with uncertainties: LMI approach

A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) may have chaotic behaviours under certain working conditions, especially for uncertain values of parameters, which threatens the security and stability of motor-driven operation. Hence, it is important to study methods of controlling or suppressing chaos in PMSMs. In this paper, the stability of a PMSM with parameter uncertainties is investigated. After uncertain matrices which represent the variable system parameters are formulated through matrix analysis, a novel asymptotical stability criterion is established by employing the method of Lyapunov functions and linear matrix inequality technology. An example is also given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.     

电子的原子散射因子解析表达式的拟合

本文用阻尼最小二乘法将国际X射线结晶学手册中全部中性原子的电子散射因子数据,从(sinθ)/λ等于0.0到2.0的范围内,拟合成包含九个参数的解析式 f(s)=sumfrom i=1to4 (a_ie^{-b_is2))+c.用相对偏离因子R=sumfrom k=1toN (f_ok+f_ok)/sumfrom k=1toN (f_ok)作为估计原子散射因子计算值与观测值之间相对偏离程度的判据。计算结果表明,各种原子散射因子的相对偏离因子R约为10-3。文中除列出参数表外,还给出了相对偏离因子、最大误差、平均误差、均方差以及偏差方和。 关键词：}     

Construction of localized basis for dynamical mean field theory

Many-body Hamiltonians obtained from first principles generally include all possible non-local interactions. But in dynamical mean field theory the non-local interactions are ignored, and only the effects of the local interactions are taken into account. The truncation of the non-local interactions is a basis dependent approximation. We propose a criterion to construct an appropriate localized basis in which the truncation can be carried out. This involves finding a basis in which a functional given by the sum of the squares of the local interactions with appropriate weight factors is maximized under unitary transformations of basis. We argue that such a localized basis is suitable for the application of dynamical mean field theory for calculating material properties from first principles. We propose an algorithm which can be used for constructing the localized basis. We test our criterion on a toy model and find it satisfactory.