流体动力干扰对单排圆柱桩列波浪力的影响

多物体之间的流体动力干扰特性对超大型海洋结构物的设计和研究十分重要用波动源在截面周线上分布的方法，就垂直桩柱间三维流体动力干扰对波浪力的影响进行了系统的研究，桩柱的数目可达１００余根得到了柱间流体动力干扰力学机理的若干新的特性尤应指出的是，当桩柱根数超过某一数量后，桩柱上的受力表现出有规律的连续依赖性当柱数很大时，无论柱数是奇数还是偶数，中间大部分的桩柱都将表现出均匀的受力特征这些特性的发现对其他形式多体结构物流体动力干扰的研究也有重要的借鉴和指导意义     

Offshore floating wind turbine and its dynamic problems

Green energy sources and ocean wind power are plentiful in deep sea. More and more offshore wind power plants are constructed in the deep water over hundred meters below the surface. While offshore floating wind turbine system is working, wind turbine, floating foundation, and mooring system affect each other with wind, waves, and currents acting on them. Various offshore floating wind turbine systems and the encountered environmental loads are briefly reviewed and discussed. It is difficult and crucial to comprehensively analyze the aerodynamic-hydrodynamic-service system-structure under the coupling effect of offshore floating wind turbine system. The environmental flow field, structure scale, and rational applications of theories and approaches should be well considered in advance.     

关于海洋结构物水动力学的研究

建造在海洋中的结构物承受波浪、海流、风、地震等作用力,其中尤以波浪力最为重要且复杂。迄今,在小构件海洋结构物波浪力设计计算中,最普遍使用的仍然是Morison方程。但是,这里所说的Morison方程已经不是Morison等的原始方程,而是各种扩展情况下的Morison方程。当初Morison等把由粘性流体得到的阻力项和由理想流体得到的惯性力项相加即得到总波浪力,这种把同一流体既看成是粘性流体又看成是非粘性不可压缩的理想流体的做法实属自相矛盾。但是,建立Morison方程30多年以来,其改进只限于形式稍有      

Numerical study on wave loads and motions of two ships advancing in waves by using three-dimensional translating-pulsating source

A frequency domain analysis method based on the three-dimensional translating-pulsating (3DTP) source Green function is developed to investigate wave loads and free motions of two ships advancing on parallel course in waves. Two experiments are carried out respectively to measure the wave loads and the free motions for a pair of side-byside arranged ship models advancing with an identical speed in head regular waves. For comparison, each model is also tested alone. Predictions obtained by the present solution are found in favorable agreement with the model tests and are more accurate than the traditional method based on the three dimensional pulsating (3DP) source Green function. Numerical resonances and peak shift can be found in the 3DP predictions, which result from the wave energy trapped in the gap between two ships and the extremely inhomogeneous wave load distribution on each hull. However, they can be eliminated by 3DTP, in which the speed affects the free surface and most of the wave energy can be escaped from the gap. Both the experiment and the present prediction show that hydrodynamic interaction effects on wave loads and free motions are significant. The present solver may serve as a validated tool to predict wave loads and motions of two vessels under replenishment at sea, and may help to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction effects on the ships safety in replenishment operation.     

波浪作用下网帘的水动力载荷和变形计算

 离岸水产养殖中的网箱养殖逐渐成为全球水产养殖业的主导．海洋环境中网箱的水动力荷载对网箱结构的整体设计提出了更高的要求．本文建立了一种计算波浪荷载下网帘结构水动力和变形的数值计算方法,利用质点杆单元模型模拟网帘结构,通过Morison 公式求解网帘结构在波浪荷载下的受力,得到网帘结构的空间分布,同时运用迭代法对网帘结构结点受力及运动变形时的位移进行数值迭代计算,通过双目测距系统对网帘结构变形测量的结果,获得等效弹性系数,并对数值结果进行了验证．     

近海风电结构台风环境动力灾变与控制

开发海上风能是实现我国碳达峰、碳中和“3060”目标的重要举措.海上风电的大型化是降本增效的主要途径,已成为近年来的发展趋势.目前海上风电基础结构设计标准由欧洲领衔;区别于欧洲的海洋环境与地质条件,我国海上风电结构面临强台风、软弱土等挑战,极易发生动力灾变,大型化可能进一步加剧风电结构灾变风险.防灾降载的关键在于深入理解海上风电相关的空气动力学、水动力学、结构动力学、土动力学等的一体化耦合与智能控制.本文围绕台风环境风机动力灾变与控制相关领域的交叉力学问题,结合笔者团队近年研究成果,较为详细地评述了国内外最新研究进展情况,主要包括:台风风场及其诱发的波浪场工程尺度性状,台风环境中风机气动、水动载荷及智能控制策略,风浪流多向载荷联合作用下基础失效模式与结构灾变机制,以及考虑风浪流-结构-基础-海床-风机控制耦合作用的一体化分析设计方法.在此基础上,建议了我国海上风电大型化进程中仍有待突破的研究重点:需更深入掌握台风风场工程尺度性状、台风和台风浪载荷特性,需探索台风环境中的风机控制策略,亟需建立台风环境中大型海上风电整机一体化设计理论并开发国产化工业软件.上述相关领域的突破,对于我国实现海...     

台风过境下大型单桩式海上风机结构动力特性研究

风机大型化是我国海上风电技术发展的重要方向. 东南沿海是我国海上风电发展的重要基地, 这一区域频繁发生的台风对海上风机的影响不可忽略. 台风风场与常规大风风场有不同的湍流特性, 同时台风期间较高的风速会引起巨大的台风浪. 本文考虑台风经过期间独特的风场及波浪场, 开展风浪联合作用对大型单桩海上风机影响的研究. 基于DTU 10 MW大型单桩风机, 运用一体化分析软件SIMA建立风浪联合作用下大型单桩风机的耦合数值模型, 研究台风经过不同阶段大型风力机的动力响应特性. 计算结果显示, 叶片变桨能有效降低台风经过时风机叶片所受风载荷, 变桨状态下单桩风机所受风载荷主要来源于塔筒. 在台风经过的不同阶段, 大型单桩海上风机结构表现出不同的动力特性. 台风全过程塔筒运动均受波浪激发一阶频率控制, 塔基上方结构动力载荷以惯性载荷为主, FOVS至FEWS阶段及BOVS阶段至BEWS阶段塔筒运动一阶频率处响应能量增长较小, 响应能量向低频及波频转移. 塔基下方泥面线处剪力响应受波频控制, 弯矩响应受一阶频率控制.      

非线性周期波及破碎波对杆件的作用力

本文采用十五阶 Stokes 波的 Pade 逼近,获得了与实验较为一致的流场,并且利用已有的破碎波的速度、加速度场,计算了非线性波和破碎波对各种杆件作用力,比较了它们的主要特征,为海洋工程设计提供依据。     

地震作用下水库坝体与水体相互作用数值模拟

地震作用下水库坝体受迫振动,推动坝后水体波动,造成水体动压作用于坝体,形成坝-水耦合作用,影响坝体安全.为了评估坝体振动引起的水面波动及坝体所受动水荷载作用,建立坝体动边界条件下的不可压水体运动数学模型,模拟了地震波作用下的坝后水体波动和动力荷载.结果 表明,在忽略坝体自身弹性变形的条件下,地震作用下坝体激发的水体表面...     

Diffraction of cnoidal waves by vertical cylinders in shallow water

Diffraction of nonlinear waves by single or multiple in-line vertical cylinders in shallow water is studied by use of different nonlinear, shallow-water wave theories. The fixed, in-line, vertical circular cylinders extend from the free surface to the seafloor and are located in a row parallel to the incident wave direction. The wave–structure interaction problem is studied by use of the nonlinear generalized Boussinesq equations, the Green–Naghdi shallow-water wave equations, and the linearized version of the shallow-water wave equations. The wave-induced force and moment of the Green–Naghdi and the Boussinesq equations are presented when the incoming waves are cnoidal, and the forces are compared with the experimental data when available. Results of the linearized equations are compared with the nonlinear results. It is observed that nonlinearity is very important in the calculation of the wave loads on circular cylinders in shallow water. The variation of wave loads with wave height, wavelength and the spacing between cylinders is studied. Effect of the neighboring cylinders, and the shielding effect of upwave cylinders on the wave-induced loads on downwave cylinders are discussed.     

The interactions between wave-currents and offshore structures with consideration of fluid viscosity

Study of the flow field around the large scale offshore structures under the action of waves and viscous currents is of primary importance for the scouring estimation and protection in the vicinity of the structures. But very little has been known in its mechanism when the viscous effects is taken into consideration. As a part of the efforts to tackle the problem, a numerical model is presented for the simulation of the flow field around a fixed vertical truncated circular cylinder subjected to waves and viscous currents based on the depth-averaged Reynolds equations and depth-averagedk-ɛ turbulence model. Finite difference method with a suitable iteration defect correct method and an artificial open boundary condition are adopted in the numerical process. Numerical results presented relate to the interactions of a pure incident viscous current with Reynolds numberRe=10⁵, a pure incident regular sinusoidal wave, and the coexisting of viscous current and wave with a circular cylinder, respectively. Flow fields associated with the hydrodynamic coefficients of the fixed cylinder, as well as corresponding free surface profiles and wave amplitudes, are discussed. The present method is found to be relatively straightforward, computationally effective and numerically stable for treating the problem of interactions among waves, viscous currents and bodies. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.     

浅水区海底管道周围海床渗透压力计算研究

我国海上油田开采起步较晚,大部分油田处于浅水区,因此,在设计管道时,应充分考虑由浅水区波浪引起的管道周围海床渗流力。根据浅水波相关假设,考虑自由水面非线性影响,推导出椭圆余弦波的波面方程,在此基础上进一步得到一个关于速度势的表达式,并根据该表达式得出作用于海床表面的波压公式。考虑海床土的压缩性,推导出一阶近似椭圆余弦波作用下浅水区埋置管道周围海床的渗流压力解析解,最后将计算结果与大型水槽试验及以往研究成果作对比。结果表明,在椭圆余弦波的作用下,由一阶椭圆余弦波理论得到的计算结果与试验结果规律基本一致,与相似工况下的现有理论成果数值基本相同,具有一定的可行性和工程价值。     

波浪作用下直立结构物附近强湍动掺气流体运动的数值模拟

波浪破碎卷入气体易对建筑物受力产生压力振荡,了解波浪作用下建筑物附近掺气水流的运动特性是精确计算建筑物受力的前提.基于OpenFOAM开源程序包和修正速度入口造波方法建立三维数值波浪水槽,模型采用S-A IDDES湍流模型进行湍流封闭,并采用修正的VOF方法捕捉自由液面,数值模拟了规则波在1:10的光滑斜坡上与直立结构物的相互作用过程,重点分析了结构物附近的水动力和掺气水流运动特性.结果表明,建立的数值模型能精确地捕捉波浪作用下直立结构物附近的自由液面的变化以及气泡输运过程,较好地描述气体卷入所形成的气腔形态以及多气腔之间的融合、分裂等过程;波浪与直立结构物相互作用产生强湍动掺气水流,其运动过程十分复杂;掺气流体输运过程中水气界面周围一直伴随着涡的存在,其中,气泡的分裂与周围正负涡量剪切作用密切相关,且其输运轨迹主要受周围流场的影响;研究揭示了结构物附近湍动能与掺气特性的关系,发现波浪作用下直立结构物附近湍动能的分布与掺气水流特征参数(气泡数量、空隙率)整体呈现一定的线性关系.     

桩柱水流作用力实验测量技术研究

桩柱的绕流水流作用力一直是工程设计中所关注的问题。为了精确地测量模型试验中竖直桩柱在不同来流夹角下的水流作用力,基于力的平衡原理,设计并制作了一种新的桩柱水流作用力试验测量装置,并采用标准砝码模拟水流作用力,验证了该测量装置在不同来流工况下的测量精度。结果表明:桩柱受不同来流夹角的水流作用力时,该装置都具有相当高的测量精度,可满足模型试验要求。因此,该测量方法可用于竖直桩柱在水平或斜向水流作用下模型试验中水流作用力的试验研究。     

Wave-in-deck experiments with focussed waves into a solid deck

This paper examines impact forces resulting from wave-in-deck processes from two separate series of experiments: one with a generic solid deck model, and the other with a combined jacket and deck model, both were conducted with and without an I-beam grillage in-place below the solid deck. A range of inundation levels from 2.1 to 7.1 cm at 1:80 scale is considered. The focus is on global impact forces, which are considered more relevant for integrity assessment of overall bottom-founded structures when survivability is in question and local slamming is not addressed. The objective is to characterise the resultant impact forces as well as to investigate whether there is any interaction between the flows through the jacket and hitting the deck. Focussed wave groups were generated to impinge on the models which were suspended from a carriage over a towing tank. The motion of the support carriage mimics uniform current in-line with the incident waves. Both undisturbed surface elevations as well as impact force time histories were measured. From the first series of tests, a large increase in peak forces as well as high frequency oscillations (force spikes) is observed with the grillage in-place. As soon as the jacket model is in-place for the second series of tests, albeit with a different mounting support arrangement, such a large difference vanishes, which could likely be due to the effect of frequency-dependent transfer functions. We provide experimental evidence of the presence of the jacket in modifying the wave impact on the deck through a significant reduction in the total horizontal impulse. The effects of current on the wave impact forces are also investigated. A simple analytical model based on a momentum argument is used to describe the scaling of horizontal peak force with currents and inundation levels. Finally, the importance of the short duration force spikes as well as vertical impact loads on a real structure at full-scale is discussed based on the same analytical model.     

Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Loading on Offshore Structures

This paper is mainly concerned with the investigation of second-order wave loading on offshore structures. The diffraction theory of hydrodynamics is used to predict the wave loading. Lighthill's second-order theory has been extended to include the investigation to the shallow water case. Wave forces on cylindrical structures are calculated using Lighthill's theory, and the numerical results are compared with the available experimental data. The present theory encompasses the entire spectrum of ocean waves, from deep to shallow water cases, and makes a significant step forward for determining the wave loads on submerged structures. Received 14 November 1996 and accepted 13 March 1997     

Simulation of 2-D nonlinear waves using finite element method with cubic spline approximation

The estimation of forces and responses due to the nonlinearities in ocean waves is vital in the design of offshore structures, as these forces and responses would result in the extreme loads. Simulation of such events in a laboratory is quite laborious. Even for the preparation of the driving signals for the wave boards, one needs to resort to numerical models. In order to achieve this task, the two-dimensional time domain nonlinear problem has received considerable attention in recent years, in which a mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian method (MEL) is being used. Most of the conventional methods need the free surface to be smoothed or regridded at a particular/every time step of the simulation due to Lagrangian characteristics of motion even for a short time. This would cause numerical diffusion of energy in the system after a long time. In order to minimize this effect, the present study aims at fitting the free surface using a cubic spline approximation with a finite element approach for discretizing the domain. By doing so, the requirement of smoothing/regridding becomes a minimum. The efficiency of the present simulation procedure is shown for the standing wave problem. The application of this method to the problem of sloshing and wave interaction with a submerged obstacle has been carried out.     

INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVE LOADS EXPERIMENTS AND ITS THEORETICAL MODEL FOR A CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE

在大型重力式密度分层水槽中, 对内孤立波与圆柱型结构的相互作用特性开展了系列实验. 基于两层流体中 内孤立波的KdV,eKdV和MCC理论, 建立了圆柱型结构内孤立波载荷的理论预报模型, 给出了该载荷理论预报模型中3类内孤立波理论的适用性条件.研究表明, 圆柱型结构内孤立波水平载荷包括水平Froude-Krylov力、附加质量力和拖曳力3个部分, 可以由Morison公式计算, 而内孤立波垂向载荷主要为垂向Froude-Krylov力, 可以由内孤立波诱导动压力计算.系列实验结果表明, 附加质量系数可以取为常数1.0, 拖曳力系数与内孤立波诱导速度场的雷诺数之间为指数函数关系, 而且基于理论预报模型的数值结果与系列实验结果吻合.     

Diffraction of regular waves by an arbitrarily oriented system of vertical circular cylinders

The linear theory of small-amplitude waves is used to construct a solution to the problem of the diffraction of surface gravity waves by a system of arbitrarily oriented vertical circular cylinders. Analytic expressions are obtained for the wave forces and overturning moments acting on each cylinder of the system. A system of two rows of cylinders with three cylinders in each row is considered as an example. It is shown that for certain relationships between the diameter of the cylinders, the distance between them, the angle of approach of the wave, and its wavelength, the maximal values of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinders of the system with allowance for the interaction of the diffracted fields may be appreciably greater than when no allowance is made for it.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 177–181, January–February, 1984.     

Observations on waveforms of capillary and gravity-capillary waves

Due to extreme conditions in the field, there has not been any observational report on three-dimensional waveforms of short ocean surface waves. Three-dimensional waveforms of short wind waves can be found from integrating surface gradient image data (Zhang 1996a). Ocean surface gradient images are captured by an optical surface gradient detector mounted on a raft operating in the water offshore California (Cox and Zhang 1997). Waveforms and spatial structures of short wind waves are compared with early laboratory wind wave data (Zhang 1994, 1995). Although the large-scale wind and wave conditions are quite different, the waveforms are resoundingly similar at the small scale. It is very common, among steep short wind waves, that waves in the capillary range feature sharp troughs and flat crests. The observations show that most short waves are far less steep than the limiting waveform under weak wind conditions. Waveforms that resemble capillary-gravity solitons are observed with a close match to the form theoretically predicted for potential flows (Longuet-Higgins 1989, Vanden-Broeck and Dias 1992). Capillaries are mainly found as parasitic capillaries on the forward face of short gravity waves. The maximum wavelength in a parasitic wave train is less than a centimeter. The profiles of parasitic wave trains and longitudinal variations are shown. The phenomenon of capillary blockage (Phillips 1981) on dispersive freely traveling short waves is observed in the tank but not at sea. The short waves seen at sea propagate in all directions while waves in the tank are much more unidirectional.