刺激响应型超分子凝胶

随着超分子化学的日益发展,刺激响应型超分子凝胶作为一种超分子材料受到人们广泛关注。超分子凝胶是由非共价键作用力自组装而成,基于这一特性,当超分子凝胶受到外界刺激（如温度、光、pH、化学物质、机械力等）时,该凝胶能够产生响应,如溶胶-凝胶转化、颜色变化或荧光变化等。刺激响应型超分子凝胶在离子识别材料、自修复材料、生物材料等领域展现出了非常好的应用前景。本文综述了近五年来刺激响应型超分子凝胶的研究进展,并根据刺激种类的不同,将超分子凝胶分为以下几类：热敏感型超分子凝胶、化学物质和pH响应型超分子凝胶、光敏感型超分子凝胶、氧化还原响应型超分子凝胶、机械力刺激响应型超分子凝胶和多重刺激响应型超分子凝胶。本文根据上述分类对超分子凝胶进行了介绍,同时对该研究领域作了展望。     

智能纳米水凝胶的刺激响应性研究进展

智能纳米水凝胶在药物输送与可控释放、医学诊断、生物传感器、微反应器、催化剂载体等方面有良好的应用前景。结合本课题组近年来的研究成果,分别介绍了具有温度刺激响应性、pH刺激响应性、光刺激响应性、磁场刺激响应性、分子识别刺激响应性和多重刺激响应性智能纳米水凝胶的研究进展。另外,对这几种智能纳米水凝胶目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向提出了一些粗浅的看法。     

智能DNA水凝胶在生化分析中的应用

作为一种新型的生物大分子软材料, DNA水凝胶近年来成为国内外多学科交叉研究的热点领域之一.基于DNA材料具有可编码性和功能单元丰富的特点,通过合理的序列设计以及多样化的修饰,可以在水凝胶中引入对不同类型刺激特异性响应的功能DNA结构和催化性DNA结构,从而得到具有多种功能的智能DNA水凝胶.这类材料可以在特定外界刺激下发生特异的响应性变化,材料组装具有高精准度的可控性,可满足分子识别、信号转换与放大、可控释放等诸多方面的应用需要,并具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性等优点,在生物医学特别是生化分析中具有重要的应用前景.本文总结了不同类型的智能DNA水凝胶以及其在生化分析方面的典型应用,并对该领域当前重要问题与未来前景进行了讨论与展望.     

水凝胶纳米粒及其在生物医药领域的应用

作为环境响应性和纳米控释给药系统，水凝胶纳米粒主要用于毒副作用大、生物半衰期短、易被生物酶降解的多肽类、蛋白质等生物大分子药物的给药，在生物医药领域具有越来越广阔的应用前景。本文主要综述了水凝胶纳米粒的分类、制备方法及其在生物医药领域的应用。     

聚合物微凝胶研究进展

微凝胶是一种具有交联网络结构的聚合物胶体粒子,处于良好溶剂中的刺激响应型微凝胶会受某些外界环境的刺激,产生溶胀-消溶胀响应行为,具有快速、可逆的相变特性和较好的生物相容性。本文综述了近年来国内外微凝胶的研究现状,介绍了互穿网络型、核-壳型和含有纳米粒子的复合型微凝胶的结构、特性和制备方法,阐述了微凝胶在药物控制释放、催化反应体系、生物传感器等方面的应用,探讨了聚合物微凝胶领域的研究前景和所面临的问题。     

功能性聚氨基酸纳米凝胶

聚合物纳米凝胶具有稳定的三维结构、高载药效率、刺激响应性等特性,在药物递送、基因治疗和生物成像等多个生物医学领域应用前景可期。聚氨基酸纳米凝胶由于其优异的生物相容性、性能易于调节、降解产物安全无毒等特性,在生物医学领域获得了广泛的关注。特别地,具有内源性刺激(例如:还原性、活性氧、pH和酶)或外源性刺激(例如:光和温度)响应能力的功能性聚氨基酸纳米凝胶可通过适度的转变达到药物递送可控的目的。本文系统地介绍了不同功能性聚氨基酸纳米凝胶的制备、应用和面临的挑战。     

刺激响应型树状分子凝胶的研究进展※

近年来, 刺激响应型超分子凝胶作为一类智能软物质材料, 在离子识别材料、自修复材料、生物材料和药物缓释等领域展现出了非常好的应用前景, 受到人们广泛关注. 树状分子是一类具有高度支化结构的大分子, 其形成的凝胶兼具有机小分子凝胶和聚合物凝胶的双重优点, 树状分子丰富的多层次支化几何结构有利于修饰不同功能基团, 从而确保各功能基团彼此独立作用而不相互干扰, 这种特性使其在构筑多功能化凝胶材料, 尤其是多重环境刺激响应型凝胶材料方面具有独特优势. 基于此, 本综述从树状分子凝胶因子设计、成凝胶机理、响应性能和响应机理等方面详细归纳了刺激响应型树状分子凝胶的研究进展. 按照刺激源不同, 主要从光响应型、氧化还原响应型、离子响应型、触变响应型和多重响应型五个方面对刺激响应树状分子凝胶进行了系统归纳总结. 最后, 基于目前刺激响应树状分子凝胶存在的一些问题对该领域未来发展进行了展望.     

智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系及其应用

药物控释体系可改善药物分子在机体内的释放、吸收、代谢和排泄过程,显著提高药物利用率并减弱药物的毒副作用。智能响应型水凝胶凭借其刺激响应性、亲水性和无毒性在药物控释方面得到了广泛的关注。本文介绍了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系的概念、机理和应用,详细归纳了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系的研究进展。按照刺激源不同将智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系分为pH响应型、温度响应型、光响应型、生物分子(如葡萄糖、酶)响应型、外场(如电场、磁场)响应型、压力响应型、氧化还原响应型及多重响应型水凝胶药物控释体系。进一步介绍了智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系在治疗癌症、急性肾损伤、眼病、糖尿病等疾病及抗菌、防止伤口感染等方面的应用。最后,基于目前智能响应型水凝胶药物控释体系存在的一些问题(如生物相容性差、存在突释或滞释现象、不可降解等)对其发展做出了展望。     

刺激响应降解型聚合物水凝胶

作为一类重要的高分子材料,聚合物水凝胶由于其优良的理化性能和生物学特性而被广泛应用于生物医药领域,降解特性是其作为生物医用材料的重要性能指标。刺激响应降解型水凝胶是指在环境因素刺激下凝胶网络发生响应性断裂,进而产生凝胶-溶胶或溶胀-降解转变的一类智能高分子材料。这一响应降解特性可通过将环境敏感性断裂基团引入到聚合物凝胶网络中来实现。与水凝胶常规的水解、酶解相比,刺激响应降解因具有空间或时间上的可控特性而引起人们的广泛关注。本文重点介绍了pH响应、光响应以及氧化还原响应降解型聚合物水凝胶的设计方法、降解机理及其最新研究进展,并对刺激响应降解型水凝胶未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

具有环境响应性的纤维素基水凝胶

随着对可再生资源开发利用的逐渐重视,基于纤维素环境响应型水凝胶结构设计及其响应性能的研究备受关注.环境响应纤维素基水凝胶不仅具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,还表现出对环境因素特定的检出识别能力及明显响应性,拓展了水凝胶材料在生物医用、仿生智能材料等领域的应用.本综述首先从环境响应型纤维素水凝胶材料的结构设计出发,以交联方式分类简要介绍了纤维素基水凝胶的合成方法,具体包括物理交联、化学交联和其他交联方式等.接着,从水凝胶功能性入手,重点介绍了以一种或多种化学信号、物理信号为刺激源响应的纤维素基水凝胶材料;并以药物载体、形状记忆材料和伤口敷料等方面研究成果为例,阐述了环境响应型纤维素基水凝胶的相关应用,以及其在智能软体机器人和环保生物传感器等领域的巨大应用潜力.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.