CeO2/TiO2 Monolith Catalyst for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3: Influence of H2O and SO2

The influences of H₂O and SO₂ on CeO₂/TiO₂ monolith catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ were investigated. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibited the SCR activity, which might be ascribed to the competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants such as NH₃ and/or NO_x. SO₂ could promote the SCR activity of CeO₂/TiO₂ monolith catalyst in the absence of H₂O, while in the presence of H₂O it speeded the deactivation. During the SCR reaction in SO₂-containing gases, Ce(III) sulfate species formed on the catalyst surface, resulting in the enhancement of Brønsted acidity. This played a significant role in the enhanced SCR activity. However, in the presence of both H₂O and SO₂, a large amount of ammonium-sulfate salts formed on the catalyst surface, which resulted in the blocking of catalyst pores and deactivated the catalyst. In addition, the NO_x conversion was more sensitive to gas hourly space velocity in the presence of H₂O than in the absence of H₂O. The relatively high space velocity would result in a higher formation rate of ammonium-sulfate salts on per unit catalyst in the presence of H₂O and SO₂, which caused obvious deactivation of Ce/TiO₂ monolith catalyst.     

基于NH_3-SCR的CeO_2-TiO_2复合氧化物催化剂:结构与脱硝性能

以TiOSO_4·2H_2O和Ce(NO_3)_3·6H_2O为前驱体,采用共沉淀法制备了不同CeO_2含量的CeO_2-TiO_2复合氧化物催化剂.对样品结构进行了表征,考察了催化剂的NH_3-SCR(NH_3选择性催化还原)反应活性、N_2选择性和抗水抗硫性能.结果表明,随着催化剂中CeO_2含量的增加,催化剂的物相结构、晶粒尺寸及脱硝性能均出现规律性变化,这种改变与样品的酸碱性和氧化还原性能的变化有关.当样品中CeO_2的质量分数约为50%时,催化剂的结构呈无定形态,具有较大的比表面积和较多的氧空位,有利于反应物分子在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,拓宽了催化剂的低温活性窗口并提高了NO的转化率.     

Performance and Kinetics Studies on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over MnOx-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst

The catalytic activities of MnOx-WO3/TiO2 for selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO with NH3 were investigated in a wide range of temperature and reaction condition.It yielded a NOx conversion of 80.3%-99.6% and a N2 product selectivity of 100%-98.7% during 100 °C to 350 °C at gas hourly space velocity(GHSV)=18900 h-1.In the presence of 0.01% SO2 and 6% H2O at 120 °C,the NOx conversion can maintain 98.5%.At 300 °C and with 0.07% SO2 in reactant stream,the NOx conversion stabilized at 99% as high as the commercial V-W/TiO2 catalyst's level.The steady-state kinetics study shows that O2 played a promoting role.In the presence of less than 1.5% O2,NOx conversion can increase sharply with the increase of O2 concentration.The reaction order was zero with respect to NH3 and first with respect to NO with excess O2 and H2O.The kinetics active energy(Ea) of Mn-W/TiO2 was calculated to be 6.24 kJ/mol according to the kinetic experiment at various temperatures,much lower than those of other catalysts reported in the literature.Mn-W/TiO2 is an excellent catalyst for SCR of NO with NH3 by now.     

铈基催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究进展

源自固定源(如燃煤电厂烟气)和移动源(如机动车尾气)排放的氮氧化物(NO_x)造成了严重的大气污染,对其进行减排控制已迫在眉睫. 研究表明, 氨选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)技术是消除NO_x的最有效手段之一.铈基催化剂因其良好的氧化还原性能、适当的表面酸性、较高的储/释氧容量以及丰富的资源储备而被广泛用于NH₃-SCR反应. 探讨铈基组分在该反应中发挥的具体作用, 有助于了解相关催化过程的本质, 为现有催化剂的优化和新型催化剂的设计提供科学参考. 基于CeO₂在NH₃-SCR催化剂中扮演的不同角色, 本文从CeO₂作为载体、铈基复合氧化物、表面负载组分(助剂和活性组分)以及特殊结构的铈基催化剂等方面系统地介绍了近年来铈基催化剂在NH₃-SCR反应中的最新研究进展, 并对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望.     

负载型锰氧化物催化剂催化NH3选择性还原NOx

使用浸渍法制备了Mn/TiO2,Mn/Al2O3,Mn/ZrO2,Mn-Y(Y=Ce,Fe,Ni,Co)/TiO2催化剂,用XRD,BET对催化剂进行了表征,同时在模拟NH3选择性还原NOx的反应条件下对催化剂的活性和选择性进行了考察.结果表明,载体的性质明显影响了Mn氧化物催化剂的活性,其中Mn/TiO2催化剂具有更佳的催化NH3选择性还原NOx的催化活性;Ce,Fe等其他金属的添加显著提高了Mn/TiO2催化剂的催化活性;随着Mn-Ce负载量的增加,Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂的活性有显著提高.     

吸附相反应技术制备MnO_x/CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂及其低温选择性催化还原NO_x

采用吸附相反应技术制备得到了MnOx/CeO2/SiO2催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、紫外激光拉曼(Raman)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.HRTEM分析表明活性组分MnOx与CeO2都均匀分布在载体SiO2表面;XRD分析表明Mn3O4特征峰随着CeO2含量的增加逐渐减小至完全消失,CeO2的加入降低了MnOx的结晶程度,增加了MnOx的分散性;Raman光谱表明催化剂表面的Mn离子能够进入CeO2晶格,激发出空穴氧,随着CeO2负载量的增加,催化剂氧空穴浓度先升高后降低.以NH3为还原剂,考评催化剂的NOx低温选择性催化还原(SCR)性能,催化剂催化活性随CeO2负载量增加先升高后降低,与催化剂氧空穴浓度变化规律一致,说明催化剂活性受氧空穴浓度影响,氧空穴浓度升高,催化剂催化活性升高.     

Pr掺杂对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂NH3-SCR反应活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同Pr掺杂量的Pr₆O₁₁-TiO₂载体, 并以浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-MoO₃/Pr₆O₁₁-TiO₂催化剂. 活性评价结果表明, 该催化剂在220~400 ℃范围内具有良好的脱硝效率和N₂选择性以及较强的抗SO₂和H₂O性能. 表征结果表明, 掺杂Pr可以提高V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂的比表面积、 表面化学吸附氧物种浓度、 桥式硝酸盐物种和Brönsted酸位数量, 从而提高了催化剂上NO_x的选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)活性.     

SCR脱硝过程中SO2催化氧化的原位红外研究

采用工业用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,基于傅里叶原位红外光谱(FT-IR)技术考察SO₂的氧化过程及烟气组分对SO₂氧化行为的影响;结果表明,SO₂在催化剂表面氧化主要是首先吸附在催化剂表面V₂O₅活性位上,占据其O原子,以SO^2-₃形式存在,后与催化剂表面V⁵⁺-OH发生反应,生成金属硫酸盐(VOSO₄)中间产物,O₂重新氧化催化氧化过程中由于被SO₂夺取O原子而被还原的V₂O₅物种,使V⁴⁺转化为V⁵⁺,促进金属硫酸盐(VOSO₄)向SO₃转化;SO₂与NO、NH₃的竞争吸附阻碍SO₂在V₂O₅活性点位上的氧化;在SCR中,NO的脱除与SO₂的氧化是相互抑制的关系。     

SnO2—Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂的一氧化氮选择催化还原性能

采用双股并流共沉淀方法制备的锡铝复合氧化物,对有氧条件C3H6选择还原NO反应有较高的催化活性和较宽的反应温度区间。具有最佳配比（Sn:Al(摩尔比）＝1：1.94）的锡铝复合氧化物样品,在反应温度350℃时可使NO转化率达71％,XRD、H2－TPR及NH3－TPD的研究结果表明,锡与铝难以形成氧化物固溶体, 而SnO2是以微晶形态分散于无定形的Al2O3上,Al2O3的中等强度酸性与SnO2微晶适度的氧化还原性能相结合,使锡铝复合氧化物具有较高的催化活性。     

Mechanism of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over W-Doped Fe/TiO2 Catalyst

The W-doped Fe/TiO2 catalyst prepared by an impregnation method exhibited a good NH3-selective cata- lytic reduction（SCR） activity and N2 selectivity with broad operation temperature window. The interaction between Fe and W could increase the amount of surface chemisorbed oxygen, and thus enhances the low temperature SCR activity by facilitating the fast SCR of 2NH3＋NO＋NO2 →2N2＋3H2O. The NH3-SCR reaction mechanism over the W-Fe/TiO2 was fully investigated via in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（in situ DRIFTS）. In the low temperature range（〈250 ℃）, the reactive surface species were mainly coordinated NH3, ionic NH~ and adsorbed NO2 species, and the SCR mainly followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, during which the adsorbed NO2 species became the important active sites. In the high temperature range（〉250 ℃）, the reactive surface species were mainly NH2, and the SCR mainly followed the Eley-Rideal mechanism, during which the for- mation of NH2NO intermediate species after H-abstraction of NH3 was the rate-determining step.     

Praseodymium Oxide Modified CeO2/Al2O3 Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3

A series of CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts was modified with praseodymium oxide using an extrusion method. The catalytic activities of the obtained catalysts were measured for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ to screen suitable addition of praseodymium oxide. These samples were characterized by XRD, N₂‐BET, NH₃‐TPD, NO‐TPD, Py‐IR, H₂‐TPR, Raman spectra and XPS, respectively. Results showed the optimal catalyst with the Pr/Ce molar ratio of 0.10 exhibited more than 90% NO conversion in a wide temperature range of 290–425°C under GHSV of 5000 h^?1. The number of Lewis acid sites and the chemisorbed oxygen concentration of the catalysts would increase with the Pr incorporation, which was favorable for the excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the Pr incorporation inhibited growth of the Al₂O₃ crystal particles and led to the lattice expansion of CeO₂, which increased catalytic activity. The results implied that the higher chemisorbed oxygen concentrations and the more Lewis acid sites were conductive to obtain the excellent SCR activity.     

CeTiOx脱硝催化剂的抗硫中毒性能

分别以Ce₂(C₂O₄)₃和Ce(SO₄)₂为Ce前驱体, 采用固相球磨法制备了Ce基选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂CeTiO_x-A[以Ce₂(C₂O₄)₃为前驱体]和CeTiO_x-B[以Ce(SO₄)₂为前驱体]. 将2个催化剂分别在体积分数为0.15%的SO₂的气氛下反应40和60 h, 得到高硫条件下SCR反应后的CeTiO_x催化剂, 分别记为40CeTiO_x-A, 60CeTiO_x-A, 40CeTiO_x-B和60CeTiO_x-B. 考察了反应前后催化剂的NH₃-SCR反应活性. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、 比表面积(BET)测试、 H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)及SO₂程序升温脱附(SO₂-TPD)等技术对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, CeTiO_x-A系列催化剂比CeTiO_x-B系列催化剂具有更高的NH₃-SCR反应活性和更好的抗硫抗水性能. 与CeTiO_x-B系列催化剂相比, CeTiO_x-A系列催化剂具有更大的比表面积和孔容, 更多的Ce³⁺和吸附氧(O_α)物种有助于NO的吸附和活化; CeTiO_x-A系统催化剂还具有更多的Lewis强酸性位数量, 可以吸附更多的NH₃分子, 有利于催化剂上NH₃-SCR反应的进行, 提高了CeTiO_x-A系列催化剂的NO转化率.     

钠盐对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂NH_3-SCR反应活性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂,并通过浸渍不同浓度的Na_2SO_4和NaCl,研究了不同的钠盐种类及含量对催化剂NH_3-SCR反应活性的影响,以考察催化剂的抗碱性,并采用BET、XRD、XPS、FT-IR和NH_3-TPD等测试技术对催化剂进行了结构与性能表征.研究结果表明钠盐降低了催化剂的比表面积,导致催化剂表面V~(5+)=O和V-OH酸性位点数量以及表面化学吸附氧含量降低,从而降低了催化剂的反应活性.催化剂钠盐中毒后NO转化率显著降低,脱硝温度窗口变窄.     

Cu-ZSM-5的NH3选择性催化还原NO性能及其稳态动力学

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Cu载量的Cu-ZSM-5整体式催化剂.考察了该系列催化剂的NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的反应特性.结果表明,当Cu质量分数为5%时,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的SCR活性最高,此时催化剂上NO最高转化率高达96.5%,并且催化剂的活性窗口较宽,催化剂在198-470℃之间NO转化率大于80%.H2O和SO2的添加仅轻微影响Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的SCR活性.当Cu载量大于5%时,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂中出现明显的CuO物相.稳态动力学结果表明,在5%Cu载量的Cu-ZSM-5上的SCR反应中,NO的反应级数接近一级,NH3的反应级数接近零级,O2的反应级数接近1/2级.该反应的表观活化能为47.7kJ·mol-1.     

选择性氧化还原脱硝催化剂

氮氧化物（NO_x）是烟气中的主要污染性气体之一,脱除NO_x已经刻不容缓。本文综述了近年来烟气中NO_x的脱除方法,分析了以钒基催化剂、铁基催化剂、分子筛催化剂为代表的高温脱硝催化剂,讨论了以贵金属催化剂、锰基催化剂、碳基催化剂为代表的低温脱硝催化剂, 阐述了不同温度下选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝催化剂的反应机理,展望了脱硝领域的发展前景。     

低温NH_3-SCR催化剂MnO_x-CeO_x/ACF的SO_2中毒机理(英文)

在二氧化硫(SO2)气氛下,对Fe、Cu和V改性的催化剂MnOx-CeOx/ACF(活性碳纤维)的氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)一氧化氮的低温活性进行研究.实验结果表明:以Cu和V改性催化剂未提高MnOx-CeOx/ACF的低温抗SO2性能;Fe改性MnOx-CeOx/ACF在初始6h内提高了催化剂的抗SO2性能,但较长时间仍然失活.以N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱以及热重分析(TGA)等手段对中毒催化剂进行分析.在SO2存在下,催化剂中毒归因于两个方面:一是覆盖于催化剂表面的铵盐类物质,二是SO2与催化剂中的金属氧化物反应生成的金属硫酸盐及亚硫酸盐.在中毒催化剂中硫元素主要以金属硫酸盐及亚硫酸盐的形式存在,其在中毒的MnOx-CeOx/ACF、Fe-MnOx-CeOx/ACF、Cu-MnOx-CeOx/ACF和V-MnOx-CeOx/ACF催化剂中所占比例分别为70.4%、68.9%、86.3%和71.4%(w).进一步揭示了MnOx-CeOx/ACF催化剂在低温SCR条件下的SO2中毒机理.     

TiO_2-Supported Binary Metal Oxide Catalysts for Low-temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x with NH_3

Binary metal oxide（MnOx-A/TiO2）catalysts were prepared by adding the second metal to manganese oxides supported on titanium dioxide（TiO2）,where,A indicates Fe2O3,WO3,MoO3,and Cr2O3.Their catalytic activity,N2 selectivity,and SO2 poisonous tolerance were investigated.The catalytic performance at low temperatures decreased in the following order：Mn-W/TiO2〉Mn-Fe/TiO2〉Mn-Cr/TiO2〉Mn-Mo/TiO2,whereas the N2 selectivity decreased in the order：Mn-Fe/TiO2〉Mn-W/TiO2〉Mn-Mo/TiO2〉Mn-Cr/TiO2.In the presence of 0.01%SO2 and 6%H2O,the NOx conversions in the presence of Mn-W/TiO2,Mn-Fe/TiO2,or Mn-Mo/TiO2 maintain 98.5%,95.8%and 94.2%, respectively,after 8 h at 120°C at GHSV 12600 h？ 1 .As effective promoters,WO3 and Fe2O3 can increase N2 selectivity and the resistance to SO2 of MnOx/TiO2 significantly.The Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）spectra of NH3 over WO3 show the presence of Lewis acid sites.The results suggest that WO3 is the best promoter of MnOx/TiO2,and Mn-W/TiO2 is one of the most active catalysts for the low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3.     

菱沸石在柴油车尾气NOx催化净化中的应用

柴油车尾气NO_x控制是目前大气污染控制领域的重要研究内容,对改善城市大气污染现状有着极其重要的作用。NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x（NH₃-SCR）是应用于该领域的主流技术之一。近年来,以具有菱沸石（chabazite,CHA）结构的分子筛为载体负载Cu制备的Cu-CHA（Cu-SSZ-13和Cu-SAPO-34）系列催化剂,因其优秀的NH₃-SCR活性和良好的水热稳定性,成为学者们关注的热点。本文首先从制备方法及反应条件对Cu-CHA催化性能的影响和NH₃-SCR反应机理这几个方面系统阐述Cu基菱沸石在柴油车尾气NO_x催化净化领域的研究进展;然后总结了负载其他过渡金属和稀土金属制备的M-CHA分子筛催化剂在NH₃-SCR反应中的应用,指出双活性中心菱沸石催化剂在NH₃-SCR领域表现出的优势;在此基础上对菱沸石NH₃-SCR催化剂的进一步改良做出展望。     

添加WO3提高铈锆固溶体的氨选择性催化还原NOx反应活性

采用程序升温氨脱附、程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱分析手段表征了加入WO3前后CeO2-ZrO2颗粒催化剂的表面性能变化.结果表明,WO3一方面增加了催化剂的酸性,另一方面略微提高了催化剂的氧化还原性能.在氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物反应中,当NH3/NO=1,空速为90000h-1的条件下,CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上氮氧化物转化率低于65%,而10%WO3/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂催化活性大于80%,所对应的温度区间为220～420℃.通入10%CO2和10%H2O后,由于竞争吸附,CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上的氮氧化物转化率低于46%,而10%WO3/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上的氮氧化物转化率大于80%的温度区间移至230～500℃.