甲酸处理对微藻油脂提取的影响

采用易于回收的有机酸处理微藻细胞,以微藻Chlorella protothecoides为原料,系统研究了甲酸处理对微藻油脂提取的影响.结果表明,甲酸能有效破碎微藻细胞,最终油脂得率和脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)得率均与传统无机酸热法相当.甲酸浓度、温度和处理时间对油脂提取有显著影响.当甲酸浓度为88%,液固比为6 m L/g,100℃下处理30 min,Chlorella protothecoides油脂得率为49.2%,FAME得率高达92.1%.甲酸处理提取到的微藻油脂脂肪酸组成与无机酸热法结果无明显区别.Chlorella protothecoides油脂主要含有5种脂肪酸,其中C18∶1含量最高.实验还考察了甲酸处理对Nannochlorum sp和Nannochloropsis oceanic的适用性,结果表明,对于不同微藻原料,甲酸处理提取到的微藻油脂得率和FAME得率均与无机酸热法结果相当.     

Ionic liquids for the fractionation of microalgae biomass

Microalgae have emerged as one of the most promising sources of renewable biomass. However, considerable challenges must be addressed in order to improve the commercial outlook for the production of commodity chemicals. The largest challenge remains the energy intensive and consequently costly process of microalgae harvesting and drying. Ionic liquids have found a niche application in this area by allowing the extraction of lipids from wet biomass at low temperatures in less time than traditional lipid extraction methods. A number of recent studies have advanced the study of wet extraction of microalgae using ionic liquids and elucidated some of the limitations of this process. However, the most promising avenue for ionic liquid-based wet extraction lies in the fractionation and recovery of multiple biomass products such as lipids, carbohydrates, and carotenoids, in a single process.     

Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: Status and Prospects

Biodiesel from microalgae provides a promising alternative for biofuel production. Microalgae can be produced under three major cultivation modes, namely photoautotrophic cultivation, heterotrophic cultivation, and mixotrophic cultivation. Potentials and practices of biodiesel production from microalgae have been demonstrated mostly focusing on photoautotrophic cultivation; mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production has rarely been reviewed. This paper summarizes the mechanisms and virtues of mixotrophic microalgae cultivation through comparison with other major cultivation modes. Influencing factors of microalgal biodiesel production under mixotrophic cultivation are presented, development of combining microalgal biodiesel production with wastewater treatment is especially reviewed, and bottlenecks and strategies for future commercial production are also identified.     

废油脂催化转化制取生物柴油的研究

随着世界经济的发展,石化燃料已经不能满足世界经济发展的需要.以天然油脂为原料生产的生物柴油,作为一种可再生的清洁能源,目前已经受到世界各国的普遍关注.但是目前生产生物柴油使用最广泛的原料是纯菜籽油,生产成本较高,不具有与石化柴油竞争的能力.因此,本实验提出了利用餐     

Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil for Biodiesel Production with tert-Butanol

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester that can be derived from any vegetable oil or animal fat via the process of transesterification. It is a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. In this paper, we have evaluated the efficacy of a transesterification process for rapeseed oil with methanol in the presence of an enzyme and tert-butanol, which is added to ameliorate the negative effects associated with excess methanol. The application of Novozym 435 was determined to catalyze the transesterification process, and a conversion of 76.1% was achieved under selected conditions (reaction temperature 40 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio 3:1, 5% (w/w) Novozym 435 based on the oil weight, water content 1% (w/w), and reaction time of 24h). It has also been determined that rapeseed oil can be converted to fatty acid methyl ester using this system, and the results of this study contribute to the body of basic data relevant to the development of continuous enzymatic processes.     

Screening,Growth Medium Optimisation and Heterotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production

This article presents a study on screening of microalgal strains from the Peking University Algae Collection and heterotrophic cultivation for biodiesel production of a selected microalgal strain. Among 89 strains, only five were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions in liquid cultures and Chlorella sp. PKUAC 102 was found the best for the production of heterotrophic algal biodiesel. Composition of the growth medium was optimised using response surface methodology and optimised growth conditions were successfully used for cultivation of the strain in a fermentor. Conversion of algal lipids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) showed that the lipid profile of the heterotrophically cultivated Chlorella sp. PKUAC 102 contains fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production.     

溶剂萃取法提锂的研究进展

总结了采用溶剂萃取法在盐湖卤水中提取锂资源的三类萃取剂:酸性萃取剂、中性络合萃取剂和碱性萃取剂,分析了三类不同萃取剂在萃取锂工艺过程的优缺点,指出了溶剂萃取法从高镁锂比的盐湖卤水中萃取提锂尚待攻克的技术难题。     

溶剂萃取的最新进展

本文回顾了溶剂苹取作为一种“成熟”技术在国民经济各部门发挥的重大作用,分析了新技术革命对溶剂萃取提出的挑战和机遇,介绍了国内外研究工作的新进展。实践证明,基础研究成果的转化必将产生重大的经济效益和社会益。     

钨的溶剂萃取

本文简要地讨论了钨的溶剂萃取,重点讨论了萃取剂的结构对钨的萃取性能以及金属分离的影响。     

Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Tung Oil

The feasibility of biodiesel production from tung oil was investigated. The esterification reaction of the free fatty acids of tung oil was performed using Amberlyst-15. Optimal molar ratio of methanol to oil was determined to be 7.5:1, and Amberlyst-15 was 20.8wt% of oil by response surface methodology. Under these reaction conditions, the acid value of tung oil was reduced to 0.72mg KOH/g. In the range of the molar equivalents of methanol to oil under 5, the esterification was strongly affected by the amount of methanol but not the catalyst. When the molar ratio of methanol to oil was 4.1:1 and Amberlyst-15 was 29.8wt% of the oil, the acid value decreased to 0.85mg KOH/g. After the transesterification reaction of pretreated tung oil, the purity of tung biodiesel was 90.2wt%. The high viscosity of crude tung oil decreased to 9.8mm²/s at 40 °C. Because of the presence of eleostearic acid, which is a main component of tung oil, the oxidation stability as determined by the Rancimat method was very low, 0.5h, but the cold filter plugging point, −11 °C, was good. The distillation process did not improve the fatty acid methyl ester content and the viscosity.     

磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯与磷脂膜相互作用的影响

通过使用不同相变温度的磷脂分子并调节二者的比例构筑了不同相态的磷脂膜,并利用表面增强红外光谱和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯和磷脂膜相互作用的影响.结果表明,氧化石墨烯对磷脂膜中磷脂分子的抽提作用具有显著的相态选择性,其选择性地抽提流动相的磷脂分子;氧化石墨烯对流动相磷脂的抽提作用受到膜中凝胶相磷脂存在比例的影响,只有在流动相磷脂分子占磷脂膜中磷脂分子的绝大部分时才能够发生抽提作用,且只有流动相的磷脂分子被抽提.     

Isolation of Novel Microalgae from Acid Mine Drainage and Its Potential Application for Biodiesel Production

Microalgae were selected and isolated from acid mine drainage in order to find microalgae species which could be cultivated in low pH condition. In the present investigation, 30 microalgae were isolated from ten locations of acid mine drainage in South Korea. Four microalgae were selected based on their growth rate, morphology, and identified as strains of KGE1, KGE3, KGE4, and KGE7. The dry biomass of microalgae species ranged between 1 and 2 g L^?1 after 21 days of cultivation. The growth kinetics of microalgae was well described by logistic growth model. Among these, KGE7 has the highest biomass production (2.05?±?0.35 g L^?1), lipid productivity (0.82?±?0.14 g L^?1), and C16–C18 fatty acid contents (97.6 %). These results suggest that Scenedesmus sp. KGE 7 can be utilized for biodiesel production based on its high biomass and lipid productivity.     

Solvent Effect upon Ion-pair Extraction of Different Sodium Dyes Using Some Crown Ethers

Liquid-liquid extractive-spectrophotometric studies of sodium ion complexes of 18-crown-6(18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6(DB18C6), 15-crown-5(15C5), and 12-crown-4(12C4) and anionic dyes [4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol monosodium salt monohydrate (PAR), Eriochrom Black T (EBT), and methyl orange (MOR)] and sodium picrate (PICRAT) as the counter ion are described. The overall extraction equilibrium constants for the 1 : 1 complexes of the above crown ethers with sodium dyes between different organic solvents and water have been determined at 25deg;C. They were conducted in various solvent-water systems maintaining an identical initial cation concentration in water, [M0+]w, and macrocyclic ligand concentration in the organic phase, [L0]org}, so that in all extractions [M0+]w : [L0]org ratios were 1 : 1, 1 : 10, 1 : 20, 1 : 50, and 1 : 62.5. An ion association complex formed between the sodium-crown ether complex ion and a dye anion was extracted into the organic solvent, and then the dye concentration of the separated aqueous phase was measured with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. PAR was the best associated dye with all crown ethers sodium-dyes and the extracted dye occurs as the ion-pair complex. Methylene chloride was found to be better than other extractive solvents used in this study.     

N-甲酰吗啉作为芳烃萃取剂的萃取原理探究

N-甲酰吗啉作为芳烃的优良萃取剂,在国内已被十几家粗苯加氢企业使用。N-甲酰吗啉对芳烃具有较高的溶解度和选择性,但若控制不当效果仍然不够理想。本文从机理上对N-甲酰吗啉萃取过程给出解释以此来指导实际生产显的尤为重要。     

Effect of Physical Properties and Emulsification Conditions on the Microsphere Size Prepared Using a Solvent Extraction Process

Microspheres were prepared using a hydrocarbon-perfluorocarbon solvent extraction process. The effect of the physical properties and the emulsification conditions on the mean microsphere size was investigated. The viscosity of the dispersed and the continuous phase greatly affected the microsphere size. Smaller microspheres were produced at the same mixing intensity when the viscosity of the dispersed phase decreased. Increased continuous phase viscosity reduced the coalescenceof the droplets and hence smaller microspheres were produced. The mean microsphere size first decreased as the volume ratio of the dispersed phase to the continuous phase increased but upon further increase the mean microsphere size increased. The effect of the volume ratio on the microsphere size was linked to the surfactant concentration. The stability of the studied hydrocarbon-in-fluorocarbon emulsion is poor. One reason for the poor stability is the high density difference between the phases. The emulsion droplets were solidified by siphoning part of the emulsion in the fresh continuous phase, which extracted the solvent from the dispersed phase. The effect of emulsion transfer time between the emulsification and solidification steps on the particle size was studied but no significant effect was observedduring the controlled time interval.     

2-羟基-3-三乙氨基丙基辛基硫醚(HAPOS)对Au(Ⅲ)的萃取作用

研究了新型表面活性剂 2 羟基 3 三乙氨基丙基辛基硫醚 (HAPOS) ,在酸性条件下对Au(Ⅲ )的萃取分离作用。在实验条件下 ,一次萃取率可达 95%以上 ,并具有较高的选择性。     

葛根异黄酮成分的加压溶剂提取法研究

优化了中药葛根异黄酮类成分加压溶剂提取的条件。采用高效液相色谱法同时测定葛根提取液中葛根索、大豆苷和大豆苷元含量,以三者含量总和为评价指标,以用正交设计的考察方式对影响加压溶剂提取葛根异黄酮类成分的因数进行优化。优选出最佳提取条件：溶剂为甲醇;温度140℃;提取时间10min;压力8．27MPa,置换体积为60％,并与葛根药典提取方法进行比较,结果表明：加压溶剂提取法具有提取时间短、溶剂消耗少、提取效率高、重现性好、操作模式多样化以及操作过程自动化等优点,将有助于中药质量控制提取过程的标准化。     

土壤中吡虫啉加速溶剂萃取和传统提取方法对比研究

对土壤样品中吡虫啉快速压力溶剂萃取技术(PSE)与传统提取方法(超声波萃取、振荡提取和索氏萃取)进行了对比研究。结合固相萃取柱(SPE)净化-HPLC测定技术比较了4种提取方法对土壤样品中吡虫啉的提取效果。探讨了温度对PSE的影响,确定在萃取压力100bar、温度80℃条件下,PSE效果最好,3个土壤样品不同添加浓度下,吡虫啉平均回收率均大于85%,标准偏差小于2.5%。与从土壤中提取吡虫啉的传统方法相比,PSE回收率高于超声波萃取和振荡提取,其重现性和回收率与索氏萃取相当甚至更好,而且PSE避免了使用超声波萃取和振荡提取所带来的多次清洗的问题,节省溶剂;比索氏萃取节省时间。     

Developments in Titanium-Based Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Catalysts for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: A Review

Biodiesel represents a biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Despite more than three decades of research, significant obstacles still hinder the widespread production of biodiesel. This current review elucidates both the potential and the existing challenges associated with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in catalyzing biodiesel production, with a particular focus on alkali analogues, alkaline earth metal oxides, and titania-based catalysts. In particular, a comprehensive analysis is presented concerning alkali and alkaline earth-based titania (TiO₂) catalysts. Among these, the alkaline earth metal oxides, including lithium, calcium, and strontium when combined with titanium-based catalysts, exhibit superior catalytic activity compared to other metal oxides, owing to their heightened basicity. Consequently, this review offers a thorough and up-to-date insight into the potential of titania-based heterogeneous catalysts for advancing biodiesel production.     

Electroanalytical Method for Determining Pyrogallol in Biodiesel in the Presence of a Surfactant

A sensitive, straightforward electroanalytical method for determining pyrogallol (PY) in biodiesel in the presence of a surfactant was developed using a voltammetric technique and screen‐printed electrodes. The influence of surfactant addition (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X‐100 (TX‐100), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), or tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB)) on the supporting electrolyte (0.04 mol L^?1 Britton? Robinson buffer) was evaluated. Only CTAB significantly increased the oxidation peak current. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated linearity over the concentration range of 0.8–9.0×10^?6 mol L^?1, with limits of detection and quantification of 4.9×10^?7 and 1.5×10^?6 mol L^?1, respectively. The results were satisfactory, relative to those obtained using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).