Flow injection amperometric determination of acetaminophen at a gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode

An amperometric detector with a gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode (GNMCPE) was applied applied to flow injection analysis for the determination of acetaminophen. An obvious shift of the peak potential and increase of the current peak were observed for the GNMCPE in comparison to that of the bare carbon paste electrode. The experimental conditions, such as species of buffer, pH, flow rate, detection volume, injection volume, and injection time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range of 0.1–80 mg L^?1 of acetaminophen with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The detection limit (3σ) was estimated to be 0.05 mg L^?1 (n?=?7). The recoveries of acetaminophen were between 98.40% and 104.1%, and the relative standard deviation varied between 1.66% and 2.74% for the different samples. This method was applied to analyze six types of tablets obtained from a local drugstore. The contents of acetaminophen were found to be 0.498, 0.323, 0.249, 0.324, 0.319 and 0.323 g of each tablet, respectively. These results are consistent with the values obtained by high performance liquid chromatography.     

Voltammetric determination of gold with a Rhodamine B-modified carbon paste electrode

Summary The voltammetric behaviour of gold on carbon paste electrodes chemically modified with Rhodamine B by means of electrostatical binding was studied. The dye was attached to the electrode material with hexane sulphonic acid. Gold was determined by differential pulse voltammetry after preconcentration under open circuit conditions and medium exchange. Thus, 5 g Au/l could be analyzed. Linearities between signal response and concentration were found for concentrations up to 10 mg/l when measuring in the differential pulse mode. Parameters like composition of the paste and of the analyte solution as well as interferences with other ions were investigated.     

Determination of gold using clay modified carbon paste electrode

Sorption of gold(III) chlorocomplexes was studied by means of a carbon paste electrode modified with montmorillonite. Anionic exchange behavior was found in chloride media with low ionic strength. Anionic sorption of [AuCl4]- can be used as a preconcentration step to the determination of Au(III). Linear calibration dependences were found in the concentration range 4.06 x 10(-6) - 1.22 x 10(-5) mol/L Au(III) after 5 min of sorption and in the range 8.12 x 10(-7) - 6. 1 x 10(-6) mol/L after 10 min of sorption. Interferences of several anions and cations were studied. Model samples of table water were analyzed.     

Flow injection-pulse amperometric detection of ephedrine at a cobalt phthalocyanine modified carbon paste electrode

Direct detection of ephedrines and other underivatized amino compounds (amines, alicyclic amines, alkanolamines, and amino acids) can be carried out via electrocatalytic oxidation at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC) in alkaline solution (0.10 mol L-1 NaOH). Most of the amino compounds tested could be determined using the CoPC/CPE in an amperometric flow detector. The analytical signal of ephedrine was stabilised by alternating the potential between an anodic detection potential of +0.30 V (+0.45 V for other amino compounds) applied for 220 ms and a cathodic reactivation potential of -0.30 V applied for 100 ms (potentials versus SCE). The linear response range for ephedrine was within 1-100 mumol L-1 and the detection limit was 0.8 mumol L-1 with a 100 microL sample loop and a typical sampling ra 60 h-1. The signal (oxidation peak current) reproducibility was 2-3%. The method was applied to the determination of ephedrine in pharmaceutical formulations with results comparable to those obtained with a standard spectrophotometric method.     

Preconcentration of uric acid at a carbon paste electrode

Uric acid is shown to adsorb rapidly on a carbon paste electrode, with the surface species retaining its characteristic electroactivity. Using this phenomenon to preconcentrate uric acid, voltammetric measurements are improved with respect to sensitivity and selectivity. By simply immersing the electrode in the uric acid-containing sample for a given period of time, and then transferring the electrode to an electrolytic blank solution, a high degree of selectivity is achieved. Solution-phase species with similar redox potentials, e.g., ascorbic acid, do not interfere. The differential pulse response is evaluated with respect to concentration dependence, preconcentration period, reproducibility, rotation speed, pH, paste composition, and other variables. The method is exploited for selective detection of uric acid in a flow injection system. Illustrative voltammograms of uric acid in urine and plasma are presented.     

Amperometric nitrite sensor based on hemoglobin/colloidal gold nanoparticles immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by a titania sol-gel film

A novel amperometric nitrite sensor was developed based on the immobilization of hemoglobin/colloidal gold nanoparticles on a glassy carbon electrode by a titania sol-gel film. The sensor shows a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible cyclic voltammogram peaks for Hb Fe(III)/Fe(II) with a formal potential (E°) of –0.370 V, and the peak-to-peak separation at 100 mV s^–1 was 66 mV vs. Ag/AgCl (3.0 M KCl) in a pH 6.9 phosphate buffer solution. The formal potential of the Hb Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple shifted linearly with pH with a slope of –50.0 mV/pH, indicating that electron transfer accompanies single-proton transportation. The sensor exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic response to the reduction of nitrite. The reduction overpotential was 0.45 V below that obtained at a colloidal gold nanoparticles/TiO₂ sol-gel film-modified GCE. The linear range for nitrite determination for the sensor was 4.0×10^–6 to 3.5×10^–4 M, with a detection limit of 1.2×10^–6 M. The stability, repeatability and selectivity of the sensor were also evaluated.     

Voltammetric determination of mifepristone at a DNA-modified carbon paste electrode

A new strategy for the preparation of a DNA-modified carbon paste electrode is developed. It is found that the anodic response of mifepristone is greatly enhanced at the dsDNA-modified carbon paste electrode comparing with that obtained at the bare electrode, while the response at a ssDNA-modified electrode is similar to bare electrode. So the dsDNA-modified electrode is employed as a sensitive biosensor for the detection of mifepristone. A linear dependence of the peak currents on the concentration is observed in the range 2.0 x 10(-7) approximately 2.0 x 10(6) mol/L, with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-7) mol/L. The relative standard deviation is 4.3% for six successive determinations of 1.0 x 10(6) mol/L mifepristone. The determination of mifepristone tablets is carried out and satisfactory results are obtained.     

Simultaneous detection of three drugs labeled by cationic metal complexes at a nafion-loaded carbon paste electrode

The synthesis of the pentaammine ruthenium(II) complex of N-isonicotinoyl-nortriptyline (NORPy-Ru(2+)) was performed and its electrochemical properties at a nafion-loaded carbon paste electrode were examined. The anodic oxidation of the positively charged labeled antidepressant proceeded at -0.06 V (versus Ag/AgCl, 0.05 M Cl(-)). A detection limit of 0.075 muM (S/N=3) was achieved at physiological pH by square-wave voltammetry after a 5-min preconcentration step, with a linear response over the range 0.075-5.0 muM. With a view to a future triple-analyte immunoassay, the detection of NORPy-Ru(2+) was also examined in the presence of two labeled antiepileptics previously synthesised, i.e. phenytoin labeled by a ferroceneammonium salt (oxidation potential at 0.26 V) and phenobarbital labeled by a cobaltocenium salt (reduction potential at -1.05 V). The simultaneous detection of the three labeled drugs proceeded with analytical performances similar to those corresponding to the separate accumulation of each tracer. However it was observed that the pentaammine ruthenium(II) complexes of pyridine and its derivatives were not stable in the presence of serum, which does not allow for their use as redox cationic labels in a multi-analyte immunoassay to be envisaged.     

Electrochemical behavior and detection of guanine using a sodium montmorillonite-modified carbon paste electrode

Herein, a sodium montmorillonite-modified carbon paste electrode is described for the electrochemical determination of guanine. Guanine yields a well-defined and very sensitive oxidation peak at the sodium montmorillonite-modified carbon paste electrode. Compared with the unmodified carbon paste electrode, the modified electrode facilitates the electron transfer of guanine, since it notably increases the oxidation peak current and lowers the oxidation overpotential of guanine. Based on this, a simple sensitive reliable electrochemical method is proposed for the detection of guanine after all the experimental parameters, such as solution pH value, sodium montmorillonite content in the carbon paste electrode, accumulation potential, and time, are optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current of guanine varies linearly with its concentration in the range 5.0×10⁻⁸ to 2.0×10⁻⁵ M and the detection limit (signal-to-noise=3) is 2.0×10⁻⁸ M after 4-min accumulation. This method is successfully demonstrated with urine samples. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 178–182. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

对乙酰氨基酚在离子液体修饰碳糊电极上的电化学行为及其测定

用亲水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸作修饰剂制备了离子液体修饰碳糊电极(IL/CPE).在pH4.78的Britton-Robinison缓冲溶液中,用循环伏安法和方波伏安法研究了对乙酰氨基酚在IL/CPE上的电化学行为.研究表明,IL/CPE对对乙酰氨基酚的氧化还原反应有良好的电催化作用.在方波伏安曲线上,对乙酰氨基酚的氧化电流与其浓度在8.0×10<'-7>～2.0×10<'-4>mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3.0×10<'-7>mol/L(S/N=3).建立了测定片剂中对乙酰氨基酚含量的新方法.     

依诺沙星在碳糊电极上的阳极吸附伏安法研究

在0.40 mol/L的NaAc-HAc(pH 4.5)缓冲液中,使用JP-303极谱分析仪,依诺沙星在碳糊电极(CPE)上有一灵敏的吸附伏安氧化峰,峰电位为1.17 V(vs.SCE).该氧化峰的二阶导数峰电流与依诺沙星的浓度在4.0×10-9～4.0×10-7 mol/L(富集90 s)范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.995,检出限为2.0×10-9 mol/L(S/N=3,富集110 s).探讨了依诺沙星在碳糊电极上的伏安性质和电极反应机理,并且用于诺佳胶囊中依诺沙星的测定.     

Voltammetric determination of quercetin at a multi-walled carbon nanotubes paste electrode

Quercetin can effectively accumulate at multi-walled carbon nanotubes-paraffin oil paste electrodes (CNTPE) and cause a sensitive anodic peak at around 0.32 V (vs. SCE) in a 0.10 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 4.0). Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak current is linear to quercetin concentration in the ranges of 2.0 × 10^− 9−1.0 × 10^− 7 M and 1.0 × 10^− 7−2.0 × 10^− 5 M, and the regression equations are i_p (μA) = 0.0017 + 0.928c (μM, r = 0.999) and i_p (μA) = 0.183 + 0.0731c (μM, r = 0.995), respectively. This paste electrode can be regenerated by repetitively cycling in a blank solution for about 2 min. A 1.0 × 10^− 6 M quercetin solution is measured for 10 times using the same electrode regenerated after every determination, and the relative standard deviation of the peak current is 1.7%. The method has been applied to the determination of quercetin in hydrolysate product of rutin and the recovery is 99.2–102.6%. In comparison with graphite paste electrode, carbon nanotubes-nujol paste electrode and carbon nanotubes casting film modified glassy carbon electrode, the CNTPE gives higher ratio of signal to background current and better defined voltammetric peak.     

Voltammetric determination of 2-nitrophenol at a bentonite-modified carbon paste electrode

A bentonite-modified carbon paste electrode has been applied to the determination of 2-nitrophenol by differential pulse voltammmetry. The electrochemical reduction of 2-nitrophenol at –0.8 V is carried out in an artificial sea water-formic acid/sodium formate medium at pH 4. The peak height was found to be dependent on the pH over the range 2–11; the presence of a secondary process was observed in the pH range 8–11. The peak potential showed a dependence on pH, with two linear regions with different slopes. A linear relationship between peak intensity and concentration was obtained in the range 0.07–10 mgl^–1, with a detection limit of 0.03 mg 1^–1 and a coefficient of variation of 1.3% at 5 mg 1^–1. The effects of organic and inorganic species on the 2-nitrophenol determination were studied with a view to testing the resolution of the voltammetric technique. The proposed method has been applied to sea water samples with good results.     

靛玉红在碳糊电极上的阴极吸附伏安法研究

在0.10 mol/L的K2HPO4-NaH2PO4（pH8.5）缓冲液中,使用JP-303极谱分析仪,靛玉红在碳糊电极（CPE）上有一灵敏的吸附伏安还原峰,峰电位为-0.60 V（vs.SCE）。该还原峰的二阶导数峰电流与靛玉红的浓度在8.0&#215;10^-9-8.0&#215;10^-7mol/L（富集90 s）范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9976,检出限为4.0&#215;10^-9mol/L（S/N=3,富集110 s）。探讨了靛玉红在碳糊电极上的伏安性质和电极反应机理,并应用于中草药大青叶中靛玉红含量的测定。     

Voltammetric determination of trace amounts of gold with a chemically modified carbon paste electrode

A carbon paste electrode chemically modified with anion-exchangers is used for the voltammetric determination of gold(III). Tetrachloro- or tetrabromo-aurate(III) is preconcentrated on the electrode surface, modified with Amberlite LA2, and the electrode is transferred to an electrochemical cell for voltammetric measurements by cathodic stripping. The response depends on the concentration of gold in the bulk solution, preconcentration time, and other parameters. Detection limits are 100–300 μg l^?1 depending on the conditions. Many elements forming stable halo complex anions interfere.     

Voltammetric determination of mercury(II) at a carbon paste electrode in aqueous solutions containing tetraphenylborate ion

The determination of mercury(II) ions can be achieved by monitoring the decrease in the oxidation peak of the tetraphenylborate ion in the presence of this metal ion at a carbon paste electrode. The reaction between mercury(II) and the tetraphenylborate ion results in the formation of diphenylmercury, thus providing the method with good selectivity over other metal ions. Using anodic stripping voltammetry in a neutral electrolyte, a linear dependence of the decrease of peak height was observed on increasing the mercury(II) concentration in the range 1 x 10(-6)-8 x 10(-9)M mercury(II). Zinc(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), tin(II), potassium(I) and ammonium(I) ions did not interfere at a 1000-fold concentration excess. Iron(III) and chromium(III) did not interfere at a 250-fold and 50-fold concentration excess, respectively. Following masking procedures, copper(II), bismuth(III) and silver(I) did not interfere at a 100-fold concentration excess. The method can be used to determine the concentration of mercury(II) in natural waters contaminated by this metal.     

Highly sensitive determination of iodide by ion chromatography with amperometric detection at a silver-based carbon paste electrode

A silver-based solid carbon paste electrode was developed for use as a detector in ion chromatography (IC) for the sensitive determination of iodide in real samples. Micro- and nano-particles of silver were investigated for the fabrication of different electrodes. The iodide assay was based on IC with amperometric detection (IC-AD) at a silver composite electrode polarized at +0.080 V versus Ag/AgCl. Free iodide and organoiodide compounds were studied. The detection process was characterized by studying the redox behavior of iodide ions at both silver and silver composite electrodes by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The presence of iodide ions in solution was found to considerably facilitate metallic silver oxidation, with response currents directly related to iodide concentration. The calibration curve at the selected silver carbon paste electrode was linear in the concentration range comprised between 0.635 microg/L and 63.5 microg/L iodide. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for successive injections was below 3% for all iodide standard solutions investigated. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.47 microg/L (3.7 nmol/L) for an injection volume of 20 microL, i.e. 74 fmol injected. The IC-AD method was successfully applied to the determination of iodide in complex real samples such as table salts, sea products and iodide bound drug compounds. The analytical accuracy was verified by the assay of iodide in milk powder from an iodide certified reference material (CRM) Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) 150.     

Voltammetric determination of azithromycin at the carbon paste electrode

Azithromycin (AZ) is the first member of a class of macrolide azalides antibiotics called azolides. A simple and selective square-wave voltammetric (SWV) method has been developed for the determination of azithromycin in pure form, in pharmaceutical preparation and in biological samples. Determination of azithromycin was accomplished with hand-make carbon paste electrode (CPE) in oxidative screen mode. The counter and reference electrodes were a Pt wire and a Ag/AgCl, respectively. Various parameters that can influence the peak signal (effect of buffer, ionic strength, accumulation time, pH and the composition of the paste) have been scrutinized. The best results were obtained in acetonitrile—aqueous 1 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH 4.6) containing 0.1 M KCl (1:9; v/v) using a 15% paraffin oil CPE. The limits of detection and quantification of the pure drug are 0.463 and 1.544 ppb (with the correlation coefficient, r=0.9785and the standard deviation, S.D.=0.1 (n=5), for the accumulation time of 60 s), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the drug in urine and two forms of pharmaceutical formulations. Recoveries were 99.2—100.5% with S.D.=0.1—and 0.8% (n=5).     

Electrochemical response of a carbon paste electrode containing an adsorbed species on incorporated alumina

The electrochemical response of carbon paste electrode was investigated containing an inorganic and a non-electroactive compound on which an electro- active organic molecule was adsorbed. Alizarin S was chosen as the test molecule adsorbed on 150 m²/g of alumina, because this molecule is either easily reduced or oxidized on carbon. The electrode response was found to be linear for low amounts of alumina containing a known amount of Alizarin S. The electrical yield was never higher than 50%, but was reproducible. An increasing alumina amount in the paste increased the response, but lowered the electrical yield.