The application analyses for primary spectrum pyrometer

In the applications of primary spectrum pyrometry, based on the dynamic range and the minimum sensibility of the sensor, the application issues, such as the measurement range and the measurement partition, were investigated through theoretical analyses. For a developed primary spectrum pyrometer, the theoretical predictions of measurement range and the distributions of measurement partition were presented through numerical simulations. And the measurement experiments of high-temperature blackbody and standard temperature lamp were processed to further verify the above theoretical analyses and numerical results. Therefore the research in the paper provides the helpful supports for the applications of primary spectrum pyrometer and other radiation pyrometers.     

基于有限立体角测量的谱色测温法

辐射测温是通过测量物体表面发射的辐射来反演温度. 本文结合线性发射率模型从辐射测温方程封闭求解的角度, 解释了谱色测温通常需采用微元立体角测量或针对漫发射体的有限立体角辐射测量的原因, 并推导出了有限立体角辐射测量条件下, 具有非漫发射性质物体表面温度测量的辐射测温方程, 该方程具有测量普适性. 以此方程为基础, 推导了具有测量普适性的谱色测温方程组, 发现不同的辐射测量条件下, 发射率标尺的取值范围相同, 但物理意义发生了明显变化.     

激光制造中双光谱测温法发射率的补偿优化

为进一步提高温度测量精度,以激光照射下普通钢的熔池为研究对象,通过对发射率模型的合理假设,实现了双光谱测温系统的补偿优化。测量结果显示,针对普通钢的温度测量时,发射率采用指数模型可以取得很好的测量效果,测量误差在4%以内。同时,在同一种测量条件下将优化后的测温法与传统的比色法测温进行精度比较,证实与比色法相比该方法的误差显著减少。通过对数据处理的误差做定量分析,得出其误差在13~25 ℃之间。     

一种红外光谱发射率测量装置的研制

研制了一种利用对称双光路比对法测量材料表面光谱发射率的装置,该装置采用多光谱辐射测温技术测量材料表面温度,解决了不规则材料表面温度难以精确测定的问题,实现了材料表面半球发射率和表面温度的同时测定。     

辐射测温中光谱发射率的表征描述

实际物体的光谱发射率表现复杂,给辐射测温的深入研究和实际应用带来了很多困难和不确定性,发射率问题即成为了辐射测温研究中的关键点。文章基于光谱发射率的泰勒多项式展开、波长的无量纲参数、弯曲度指数等分析,描述了谱色测温法中光谱发射率的数学表征,建立了窄波段内的光谱发射率通用函数形式。并通过对不同温度下几种金属的实际光谱发射率进行拟合分析,对此给予了实验上的验证,表明了所提出光谱发射率模型具有应用的适用性,该模型是谱色测温方法应用研究的基础。     

空间目标红外双波段比色测温法精度分析

针对空间目标与地基望远镜红外成像传感器终端之间的不确知参量将降低双波段比色测温法求解精度,且精度影响程度未知,假设目标为灰体,对包含不确知参量的最大似然估计函数关于发射率求偏导,建立基于红外探测器测量电子数的双波段比色测温数学模型,并进行双波段比色测温法的蒙特卡洛仿真实验与精度分析。对于大气透过率的估算,提出应用红外自然星体的大气透过率现场标校方法。空间目标温度反演精度与成像探测器的信噪比、大气透过率、地球热辐射以及波段之间的发射率差异等未知参量的估算精度有关。结果表明:信噪比高于20,波段之间发射率差异小于0.03,地球热辐射预测精度优于50%,大气透过率预测精度优于10%时,比色测温法优于40 K的温度估计精度。     

红外测温法研究Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier效应

试件塑性变形过程伴随着机械能向热能的转化.利用红外测温法,通过分析红外热像仪采集的温度场图像,系统研究了Al-Mg合金中的Portevin-Le Chatelier （PLC）效应.在不同应变率下,实验得到了三类锯齿形应力-应变曲线,分析了相应情况下试件温度变化曲线的异同及其原因,探讨了三种类型PLC变形带的空间传播特性.研究发现,试件表面的温升随着应变率的增加而增加;PLC带的倾角转向发生在试件的两端或者带外的温度最高处. 关键词： Portevin-Le Chatelier效应 红外测温 Al-Mg合金     

Simple optical method for measuring the temperature of an incandescent filament under vacuum

A new optical method is proposed for measuring the temperature of an incandescent filament under vacuum. The method is based on measurement of the intensity of thermal radiation at one fixed wavelength while varying the magnitude of the filament current, without using a calibrated reference radiator. The method has been experimentally tested. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 414–416, May–June, 2006.     

Analysis of multi-band pyrometry for emissivity and temperature measurements of gray surfaces at ambient temperature

A multi-band pyrometry model is developed to evaluate the potential of measuring temperature and emissivity of assumably gray target surfaces at 300 K. Twelve wavelength bands between 2 and 60 μm are selected to define the spectral characteristics of the pyrometers. The pyrometers are surrounded by an enclosure with known background temperature. Multi-band pyrometry modeling results in an overdetermined system of equations, in which the solution for temperature and emissivity is obtained through an optimization procedure that minimizes the sum of the squared residuals of each system equation. The Monte Carlo technique is applied to estimate the uncertainties of temperature and emissivity, resulting from the propagation of the uncertainties of the pyrometers. Maximum reduction in temperature uncertainty is obtained from dual-band to tri-band systems, a small reduction is obtained from tri-band to quad-band, with a negligible reduction above quad-band systems (a reduction between 6.5% and 12.9% is obtained from dual-band to quad-band systems). However, increasing the number of bands does not always reduce uncertainty, and uncertainty reduction depends on the specific band arrangement, indicating the importance of choosing the most appropriate multi-band spectral arrangement if uncertainty is to be reduced. A reduction in emissivity uncertainty is achieved when the number of spectral bands is increased (a reduction between 6.3% and 12.1% is obtained from dual-band to penta-band systems). Besides, emissivity uncertainty increases for pyrometers with high wavelength spectral arrangements. Temperature and emissivity uncertainties are strongly dependent on the difference between target and background temperatures: uncertainties are low when the background temperature is far from the target temperature, tending to very high values as the background temperature approaches the target temperature.     

测量冲击温度的六通道瞬态光学高温计

 研制了一台测量冲击载荷下材料光谱辐射的瞬态光学高温计。在可见光和近红外光谱范围内，把光源的热辐射取出六个波段进行测量。每个波段信号通过各自的光线传输，光电倍增管探测和示波器记录。系统的时间分辨率约为20 ns。冲击温度测量范围为2 400~9 000 K，测量误差小于3%。给出了以空气和NaI警惕为样品的若干爆轰实验结果。     

宽谱段高分辨扫描光谱定标技术

为了满足原子发射光谱仪在紫外至近红外宽谱段范围内的高光谱分辨率快速检测需求,采用精密角位移平台直接驱动光栅,配合面阵探测器,实现高精度光谱分段快速扫描探测。但在扫描过程中,探测器像元波长增量与光栅转角呈非线性关系,且不同像元的波长增量不同,这对该光谱仪波长定标造成障碍。为校正光栅色散的非线性,基于光栅方程精确计算光栅转角与探测器首尾两端像元波长的映射关系,针对同一光栅转角,探测器其余像元波长利用首尾像元波长按照局部线性色散规律计算得到,从而完成全谱段光谱定标。依据定标所得转角与探测波段对应关系依次驱动光栅转动,实现宽谱段范围内的分段高精度光谱快速扫描探测。利用汞灯光源对该定标方法的波长检测精度进行检验,在200~800 nm的宽谱段范围内,波长准确度优于0.018 nm,波长重复性优于0.001 nm。     

三波段辐射测温的存储二分法求解原理

引入线性发射率模型,基于辐射测温方程组推导了三波段辐射测温方法的等温面方程,该方程是测量信号矢量与测量信号系数矢量的点积。根据测量信号系数矢量是温度的单值函数这一特征,结合二分法求解非线性方程的优点,提出了三通道辐射测温方法的存储二分法求解原理,并进行了C++程序实现。基于C++程序研究了特定测量信号矢量条件下的等温面方程曲线,结果表明在较大的温度求解区间内该曲线具有单调特征,随着V3的增加该曲线尾部逐渐上翘由负变正。误差及时间复杂性分析结果表明二分数为Num时最大误差为(T_max-T_min)/2num+1,求解过程包括3Num+1次乘法和2Num+1次加法,没有除法和指数对数运算,极大地提高了温度求解速度。     

AlGaInP基LED阵列平均结温的质心波长表征

在驱动电流为350 mA时,测量了LED阵列在不同衬底温度下的归一化光谱功率分布,然后计算质心波长,并分析其与LED阵列平均结温变化量的关系,最后研究了质心波长表征结温的准确度。研究结果表明:采用1 nm采样间隔的光谱仪,质心波长与平均结温的变化成良好的线性关系,其线性度明显优于中心波长法。同时,质心波长的测量精度更高。因此,质心波长测试是一种可以精确表征AlGaInP基LED阵列平均结温的有效方法。     

谱色测温法的温度场分区讨论

谱色测温法是该课题组提出的一种新的辐射测温法。针对可探测的温度区间,通过辐射光谱耦合信息的分析,考察了区间内所有温度点都能同时被失真测量的必要条件;对于不满足该条件的测量,提出了温度场分区的概念,描述了温度场分区的步骤,并给出了相应的数值模拟结果。研究结果将对谱色测温法的应用具有指导意义。     

地表发射率的机载傅里叶变换红外光谱反演方法研究

介绍了利用机载傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪测量地球、大气辐射的实验过程,并对由光谱仪测得的辐射与地表光谱发射率、大气透过率等参数的关系进行了深入的分析,给出了理论表达式。提出了一种基于梯度搜索的优化方法,即由机载FTIR光谱仪测得的辐亮度光谱反演得到方差最小的光谱发射率最优解。反演结果表明,在中红外波段,沙地平均光谱发射率为0.70,裸土地表平均光谱发射率为0.95。     

双光束磁光存贮中信号读出的偏振态分析

利用琼斯矩阵分析了双光束磁光存贮中信号读出系统偏振态的传输情况，推导了读出信号的表达式，分析了偏振分束镜与光盘盘基的相位延迟对读出信号的影响。     

Simple method for calculating the local effective emissivity of the blackbody cavity as a temperature sensor

A blackbody cavity is used as a temperature sensor for measuring the average temperature of the molten liquid. Due to the deviation of fabrication and installation, the detector usually receives the radiation from the different regions of the measuring cavity, so the local effective emissivity distribution is an important parameter to evaluate the measuring temperature discrepancy of a blackbody cavity sensor. We introduced the net-radiation method into the finite element method and extended it to calculate the local effective emissivity of blackbody cavities. It was applied to three typical cavities, and the calculated results are in very well agreement with those in references. This method is simple, easy to use, replicable, and very suitable to evaluate and design a novel cavity.     

The measuring of spectral emissivity of object using chaotic optimal algorithm

There exist a considerable variety of factors affecting the spectral emissivity of an object. The authors have designed an improved combined neural network emissivity model, which can identify the continuous spectral emissivity and true temperature of any object only based on the measured brightness temperature data. In order to improve the accuracy of approximate calculations, the local minimum problem in the algorithm must be solved.Therefore, the authors design an optimal algorithm, i.e. a hybrid chaotic optimal algorithm, in which the chaos is used to roughly seek for the parameters involved in the model, and then a second seek for them is performed using the steepest descent. The modelling of emissivity settles the problems in assumptive models in multi-spectral theory.     

用数码相机实现未琅禾费衍射测量细丝直径

介绍利用激光获得丝夫琅禾费衍射图样，并采用数码相机实现计算机辅助非接触自动测量细丝直径的方法，以及将其用于设计性实验的尝试。     

利用光纤和F-P标准具测量激光的波长和谱线宽度

本文提出了用光纤传输激光进行Ｆ－Ｐ标准具实验的方法，测量了激光的波长和谱线宽度．