Solid-phase synthesis of 5-arylhistidines via a microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling

Microwave irradiation efficiently promoted the solid-phase Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of a 5-bromohistidine with various arylboronic acids in the presence of a palladium catalyst. This methodology allowed the synthesis of peptides bearing a histidine residue substituted at position 5 of the imidazole ring with a phenyl, a substituted phenyl, a pyridyl, or a thienyl ring, as well as with the benzene ring of a tyrosine residue.     

Allyl protecting group mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD): synthesis of α-glucofuranosides and β-rhamnopyranosides

The use of allyl protecting group mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) as a strategy for intramolecular glycosylation has been extended to allow the stereoselective synthesis of α-glucofuranosides and β-rhamnopyranosides, in a totally stereoselective fashion. The efficiency of intramolecular glycosylation is dependent on the protecting group pattern of the glycosyl donor, and on the steric bulk of the glycosyl acceptor.     

Solid-phase synthesis of phthalocyanine and tetraazaporphyrin triangular prisms

A solvent-free, solid-phase one-step reaction between tetra-tert-butylated oxotitanium(IV) phthalocyanine and tetraazaporphyrin with 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene yields novel azaporphyrin cyclic trimers with triangular prismatic orientations. The fluorescence arising from the phthalocyanine and tetraazaporphyrin chromophores is significantly quenched upon trimerization.     

Solid-phase synthesis of isoquinolinones using Bischler-Napieralski cyclization

Isoquinolinone is a structural unit found in many natural products having various important biological activities. A traceless solid-phase synthetic approach has been developed to prepare isoquinolinone derivatives. This approach enables one to synthesize isoquinolinones having various moieties on benzene nuclei and also can produce derivatives with a proton on the amide nitrogen.     

Solid-phase synthesis of phenols and pyridinones via arylboronation/oxidation protocol using aryl bromides

A sequence of two known reactions, palladium catalyzed arylboronation of arybromide and subsequent oxidation of arylboronate with oxone, has been carried out to prepare functionalized phenols and pyridin-2(1H)-one which were later loaded on to resin for solid-phase synthesis. Using these resin-bound templates, a number of solid-phase methods were developed to generate libraries of substituted phenols and pyridin-2(1H)-one.     

Solid-phase synthesis of terminal oligonucleotide-phosphoramidate conjugates

A novel phosphoramidite, N,N-diisopropylamino-2-cyanoethyl-9-anthracenemethyl phosphoramidite 1, was prepared and coupled with the terminal 5′-hydroxyl of support-bound T₁₀ and the putative phosphite triester intermediate was subsequently reacted with iodine in the presence of either water or a series of primary and secondary amines. The reactivity of 1 compared to a previously reported benzyl phosphoramidite 2 was also investigated: oxidation of the product of coupling 2 with CPG-T₁₀-5′OH under aqueous conditions resulted in greater than 30% of the benzyl moiety being retained. In contrast, essentially complete loss of the 9-anthracenemethyl group was observed using 1 under the same conditions. Oligonucleotides modified with a terminal phosphate monoester, lipophilic, fluorescent or cationic groups were thus prepared.     

Solid-phase synthesis of metal-complex containing peptides

We report the synthesis of Fmoc protected single amino acid chelates (SAAC) and their metal complexes. The modified amino acids are suitable for solid-phase peptide synthesis. The use of 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid AM (HMBA-AM) resin allows the nucleophilic cleavage of the peptide-metal complexes from the resin without decomplexation.     

Solid-phase synthesis of lamellarins Q and O

An efficient solid phase synthesis of the pyrrole-based alkaloids lamellarins Q and O using Merrifield resin and N-protected methyl 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylate as a scaffold is described.     

Oligosaccharide synthesis on a soluble, hyperbranched polymer support via thioglycoside activation

The synthesis of linear and branched di-, tri- and tetramannosides on a commercially available hyperbranched polyester as a soluble, high loading support is described. Glycosylation products were isolated in 26-63% yield as mixtures of anomers after total hydrolytic degradation of the polymer. All polymer-bound intermediates were purified through simple extraction or precipitation. Solution-phase NMR and MALDI-TOF were used to monitor the progress of the reaction directly on the hyperbranched polymer support.     

Solid-phase synthesis of oxazolones and other heterocycles via Wang resin-bound diazocarbonyls

The preparation of Wang resin bound α-diazo-β-ketoesters is described. These highly useful intermediates were used for the synthesis of a series of heterocycle libraries, which were obtained from the resin using TFA cleavage. In addition, a novel route for the synthesis of oxazolones using an N-H insertion strategy is disclosed.     

The methylsulfonylethoxymethyl (Msem) as a hydroxyl protecting group in oligosaccharide synthesis

The methylsulfonylethoxymethyl (Msem) is introduced as a base-labile, non-participating protecting group in carbohydrate chemistry. Conditions to introduce the Msem on primary and secondary alcohols are described. Removal of the Msem is best achieved using a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), with or without a nucleophilic scavenger. Applicability of the Msem group is illustrated in the assembly of an all 1,3-cis-linked mannotrioside.     

Solid-phase synthesis of 3-alkyl-2-arylamino-3,4-dihydroquinazolines

The solid-phase synthesis of 3-alkyl-2-arylamino-3,4-dihydroquinazolines using an N-Fmoc-β-amino-2-nitrobenzenepropanoic acid scaffold is described. The resin-bound scaffold was reductively alkylated with aldehydes or ketones after Fmoc deprotection, followed by reduction of the nitro group with tin(II) chloride. Subsequent cyclization of the 1,3-diamine intermediates with aryl isothiocyanates in the presence of 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) afforded the desired products in high purity with moderate to good yield after trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage.     

Solid-phase synthesis of homodetic cyclic peptides from Fmoc-MeDbz-resin

Cyclic homodetic peptides are very appealing for medicinal chemistry programs. In addition to the high efficiency and selectivity inherently associated with peptides, a cyclic structure totally formed by amide bonds increases their stability under physiological conditions. Here Fmoc-MeDbz-resin was studied for the preparation of these peptides. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of this strategy for the preparation of cyclic “head-to-side chain” peptides through cyclative cleavage (simultaneous cyclization and release from the resin). In contrast, for the synthesis of the “head-to-tail” counterparts, the cyclization-cleavage should be carried out in the presence of thiophenol.     

Solid-phase synthesis of head and tail bis-acridinylated peptides

Amino-acridine conjugates play an important role as biochemical probes and/or drugs. Solid-phase synthesis of such compounds suitable for library construction and biological screening is described.     

Solid-phase synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives using 6-amino-2,3-dichloroquinoxaline loaded on AMEBA resin

The solid-phase synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives 1 was accomplished through successive introduction of building blocks such as amines, methoxide, acid chlorides, and isocyanates into 6-amino-2,3-dichloroquinoxaline 2 loaded on AMEBA resin 3. The method made it possible to obtain the compound 1 in 63-100% purities and 36-89% isolated yields.     

Solid-phase synthesis of liquid crystalline isoxazole library

Combinatorial library of isoxazoles was prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition on solid support. p-Cyano derivatives showed nematic and/or smectic A phases. A bilayer smectic phase for 2h is proposed by the combination of molecular mechanics calculation and X-ray diffraction experiment.     

Solid-phase synthesis of an apoptosis-inducing tetrapeptide mimicking the Smac protein

An approach for the solid-phase synthesis of apoptosis-inducing Smac peptidomimetics is presented. Using a Rink linker strategy, tetrapeptides mimicking the N-4-terminal residue of the Smac protein [(N-Me)AVPF sequence] were synthesized on PEGA resin in excellent purities and yields. Following two synthetic routes, a known tetrapeptide, incorporating a substituted proline, previously shown to exhibit excellent biological activity in vitro as well as low toxicity, was synthesized effectively on a solid support.     

Solid-phase synthesis of polyfunctional polylysine dendrons using aldehyde linkers

A straightforward method for the solid-phase synthesis of C-terminally modified polylysine dendrons has been developed by applying bisalkoxybenzaldehyde and trisalkoxybenzaldehyde linkers. The method has been used for the synthesis of polylysine dendrons with a variety of C-terminal ‘tail groups’ such as alkyl, propargyl, and dansyl to give dendrons in high crude purity. Furthermore, the method was successful for the synthesis of dendrons with multiple N-terminal pentapeptide groups together with C-terminal alkyl and propargyl tail groups. Finally, the method was shown to be well-suited for automated synthesis.     

Solid-phase synthesis of benzothiazoles using an alkoxyamine linker

An alkoxyamine linker was applied for the solid-phase synthesis of benzothiazoles. The substrate was anchored by aldoxime linkage and products were cleaved from the solid-support by aldoxime-imine exchange coupled with air-oxidation under the weakly acidic conditions. The tether is highly robust under Mitsunobu reaction, nucleophilic substitution reaction, and Pd-catalyzed reaction conditions.     

Total synthesis of bidensyneosides A2 and C: remarkable protecting group effects in glycosylation

Bidensyneosides are a group of five recently identified polyacetylenic glucosides from Bidens parviflora WILLD, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that contains rich bioactive natural products. It was shown that bidensyneosides inhibited both histamine release and nitric oxide production. The synthesis of bidensyneoside A2 (2) and C (4) as well as 3-deoxybidensyneoside C (5) are described. These syntheses establish a synthetic entry to the bidensyneosides and confirm the stereochemistry at C3. Furthermore, a remarkable protecting group effect on orthoester formation was observed during the glycosylation reaction.