垃圾衍生燃料等温快速热解和燃烧反应特性

利用热天平和管式炉对RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel)等温快速热解和燃烧反应特性进行了研究。实验发现，在等温快速升温的条件下，RDF热解和燃烧的反应速率都非常快，从受热开始到反应结束需60 s～80 s;从开始失重到完成反应为20 s。RDF热解和燃烧热重反应曲线非常类似，都只有一个反应失重区;RDF组成对其燃烧和热解反应性有重要影响，含有橡胶的RDF的热解和燃烧反应速率较小。在650 ℃～800 ℃RDF快速热解产物中气、液产物的产率可达80%～90%，而固体产物的产率只有10%～20%，热解气体的热值为20kJ/m3，RDF较适合进行热解处理。     

木屑微波辐照裂解制备生物油工艺及产物分析

利用微波技术,以离子液体为微波吸收介质,对木屑进行低温裂解制取生物油,裂解获得的液体产物采用超临界CO2萃取技术将离子液体进行分离. 对原料与吸收剂离子液体的比例、反应温度和反应时间进行了研究. 结果表明,微波裂解最佳的工艺条件为: 原料木屑与吸收剂离子液体质量比为3: 4,反应时间30 min,反应温度473 K,生物油收率21.22%. 反应获得的生物油的组成采用FTIR, GCMS测试技术进行了分析,并采用氧气氛下的TGA曲线分析评价其燃烧性. 结果表明,生物油的主要成分是带有含氧官能团的苯酚类、醛类、酮类等芳香族环状化合物. TGA结果表明,生物油具有较好的燃烧性能.     

木质素热解生物油组成成分与分子尺寸分布特性分析

选用脱碱木质素作为原料,以热裂解气质联用技术(Py-GC/MS)研究木质素在350～600℃下热解产物成分和含量,并利用Joback法、 Lijie法和Tahami法3种基团贡献法计算了生物油各组成成分的临界参数和动力学直径,对木质素热解油产物的分子动力学直径分布特性进行计算.结果显示,愈创木基结构、紫丁香基结构、苯酚类、邻苯二酚类和芳烃类等5种芳香族化合物是350～600℃下木质素热解生物油的主要组成成分,其中愈创木基结构化合物的平均峰面积百分比达到70.7%.随着反应温度从350提高到600℃,分子动力学直径在0.560～0.610 nm区间内的木质素热解油组分含量从14.6%增加至31.3%.木质素热解生物油主要产物的动力学直径在0.560～0.710nm,表明一些孔径尺寸在此范围内的分子筛如SSZ-20、 ZSM-5和Beta可作为木质素裂解制备高品质芳烃燃料的催化剂.     

低品质生物质的热解及低温催化气化研究

利用TG及小型固定床反应器对不同来源的三种低品质生物质--禽畜粪便样品的热解特性及其低温催化气化过程进行了研究。结果表明,各种粪便的主要热解温度为473K~823K。猪粪与禽粪中的有机组分及矿物质组分性质的不同,导致了它们的热解行为存在着较大的差异。在其主要热解区间内,猪粪的热解经历两个明显的失重过程,表明猪粪中的有机成分包括半纤维素、纤维素和木质素。鸡粪中的主要有机组分为纤维素,导致其有一个明显的热解失重过程。鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO₃,在热解过程中受热分解以CaO的形式存在于鸡粪半焦中。禽畜粪便的低温催化气化过程可以将热解焦油全部转化为小分子气相产物和碳,气相产物中有效组分(H₂和CO)产率明显增加。每克猪粪(daf.)低温催化气化过程氢的产量为960mL,鸡粪的氢气产率为680mL/(g鸡粪(daf.))。     

Experimental Researches on Milled Wood Lignin Pyrolysis Based on Analysis of Bio-oil

The structure of milled wood lignin(MWL), isolated via the Bjrkman procedure, was studied by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and then its pyrolytic product distribution was investigated on a pyrolysis device. MWL obtained from Manchurian Ash(MA) contained more methoxyl and free phenolic hydroxyl groups per C9 unit than MWL from Mongolian Pine(MP) due to the existence of both guaiacyl and syringyl units, which have a major influence on the pyrolysis behavior of lign...     

Pyrolysis and combustion model of oil sands from non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis data

Thermogravimetric (TG) data of oil sand obtained at Engineering Research Center of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization were studied to evaluate the kinetic parameters for Indonesian oil sand samples. Experiments were carried out at heating rates of 5, 15, and 25 °C min^?1 in nitrogen, 10, 20, and 50 °C min^?1 in oxygen atmosphere, respectively. The extent of char combustion was found out by relating TG data for pyrolysis and combustion with the ultimate analysis. Due to distinct behavior of oil shale during pyrolysis, TG curves were divided into three separate events: moisture release, devolatilization, and evolution of fixed carbon/char, where for each event, kinetic parameters, based on Arrhenius theory, were calculated. Coats–Redfern method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and distributed activation energy model method have been used to determine the activation energies of degradation. The methods are compared with regard to their characteristics and the ease of interpretation of the thermal kinetics. Activation energies of the samples were determined by three different methods and the results are discussed.     

Pyrolysis characteristics of cellulose derived from moso bamboo and poplar

To compare with pyrolysis characteristics of cellulose from moso bamboo and poplar, samples were pyrolyzed with different heating rates through thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The kinetics was calculated by Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method. The results showed that pyrolysis process of moso bamboo and poplar fiber included three stages, and the main pyrolysis occurred in the second step. Moso bamboo fiber had a higher start temperature, a lower end temperature and a more mass loss at each heating rate in the main pyrolysis stage. With increase in heating rate, the temperature corresponding to the maximum of mass loss increased and the DTG curve shifted to higher temperature. The reaction rates varied at different heating rates. The activation energy of cellulose from moso bamboo was lower than poplar cellulose, indicating cellulose of moso bamboo was easier to be pyrolyzed. The results from this research will provide guidance to thermal conversion of moso bamboo and poplar.

     

Bio-oil from Jackfruit Peel Waste

Fossil fuels such as petroleum, charcoal, and natural gas sources are the main energy sources at present, but considering their natural limitation in availability and the fact that they are not renewable, there exists a growing need of developing bio-fuel production. Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. JackfruitwasteisabundantinIndonesiamake itpotentiallyas one of thegreenrefineryfeedstockforthe manufacture ofbio-fuel.As intermediate of bio-fuel,jackfruitpeelsisprocessed intobio-oil. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process under oxygen-absent condition is an attractive way to convert biomass into bio- oil.In this study, the pyrolysis experiments were carried out ina fixed-bedreactor at a range of temperature of400-600 °C, heating rate range between 10-50 °C/min, and a range of nitrogen flow between 2-4litre/min. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of pyrolysis conditions and to identify the optimum condition for obtaining the highest bio-oil yield.The effect of nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil were insignificant. The most important parameter in the bio-oil production was the temperature of the pyrolysis process.The yield of bio-oil initially increased with temperature (up to 550 °C) then further increase of temperature resulting in the decreased of bio-oil yield. Results showed that the highest bio-oil yield (52.6%)wasobtainedat 550 °C with nitrogen flow rate of 4L/min and heating rate of 50 °C/min. The thermal degradation of jackfruit peel was also studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic fraction of bio-oil. The water content in the bio-oil product was determined by volumetric Karl-Fischer titration. The physicochemical properties of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of jackfruit peels such as gross calorific value, pH, kinematic viscosity, density, sulfur content, ash content, pour point and flash point were determined and compared to ASTM standard of bio-oil (ASTM 7544).     

Growth rate determination of heterogeneous microbial population in swine manure

The effect of manure concentration on the growth of the heterogeneous microbial population under batch condition was studied. Four manure concentrations were used in the study. The dehydrogenase activity was used as a measure of the active biomass in the manure. The chemical oxygen demand test was used to measure the change in organic material caused by biological activities. The growth curve of the heterogeneous microbial population in swine manure was essentially similar to that of a pure culture grown batchwise in that it had the four principle phases: lag, exponential growth, stationary, and death. The exponential growth phase followed a diauxic growth pattern. High concentration of manure had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth. Manure diluted less than 1:3 (manure:water) depressed the specific growth rate of the microbial population.     

Bio-methanol from Bio-oil Reforming Syngas Using Dual-reactor

A dual-reactor, assembled with the on-line syngas conditioning and methanol synthesis, was successfully applied for high efficient conversion of rich CO₂ bio-oil derived syngas to bio-methanol. In the forepart catalyst bed reactor, the catalytic conversion can effectively adjust the rich-CO₂crude bio-syngas into the CO-containing bio-syngas using the CuZnAlZr catalyst. After the on-line syngas conditioning at 450 oC, the CO₂/CO ratio in the bio-syngas significantly decreased from 6.3 to 1.2. In the rearward catalyst bed reactor, the conversion of the conditioned bio-syngas to bio-methanol shows the maximum yield about 1.21 kg/(kg_catal·h) MeOH with a methanol selectivity of 97.9% at 260 oC and 5.05 MPa using conventional CuZnAl catalyst, which is close to the level typically obtained in the conventional methanol synthesis process using natural gas. The influences of temperature, pressure and space velocity on the bio-methanol synthesis were also investigated in detail.     

Transformation of Bio-oil into BTX by Bio-oil Catalytic Cracking

Production of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) from bio-oil can provide basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic conversion of bio-oil into BTX was performed by using different pore characteristics zeolites (HZSM-5, HY-zeolite, and MCM-41). Based on the yield and selectivity of BTX, the production of aromatics decreases in the following order: HZSM-5>MCM-41>HY-zeolite. The highest BTX yield from bio-oil using HZSM-5 reached 33.1% with aromatics selectivity of 86.4%. The reaction conditions and catalystcharacterization were investigated in detail to make clear the optimal operating parameters and the relation between the catalyst structure and the production of BTX.     

神华煤直接液化残渣热解特性研究

通过热重分析技术考察了神华煤直接液化残渣的热解特性。结果表明,和煤热解相比,在相同条件下残渣热解具有更大的失重率和失重速率。残渣热失重分为三个阶段,在173℃以前为残渣热解第一阶段;从173℃～510℃是残渣热解第二阶段,此阶段为残渣的主要失重阶段;510℃以后是残渣热解的第三阶段,在这个阶段残渣继续失重,此阶段的失重是由于残渣的二次分解和残渣中的矿物质分解造成的。通过比较脱油前后残渣热失重曲线发现,残渣主要失重是由于残渣中重质油、沥青烯以及前沥青烯的热解以及挥发造成的。通过脱灰残渣的热解发现,与原残渣相比,脱灰后残渣的失重量变小,矿物质的分解和残渣中有机组分的缩聚是温度高于649℃以后残渣失重的主要原因。由热解特征参数看出,脱油残渣的初始热解温度、最大失重温度以及剧烈热解终温均高于原煤,说明和原煤相比,脱油后残渣中惰性组分不易热解。与原煤和四氢呋喃脱油渣相比,残渣具有最大的失重速率,这是由于残渣中含有大量重质油、沥青烯以及前沥青烯造成的。     

Pyrolysis kinetics and combustion of thin wood by an advanced cone calorimetry test method

Pyrolysis kinetics analysis of extractives, holocellulose, and lignin in the solid redwood over the entire heating regime was possible by specialized cone calorimeter test and new mathematical analysis tools. Added hardware components include: modified sample holder for the thin specimen with tiny thermocouples, the methane ring burner with stainless-steel mesh above cone heater, and the water vapor sensor in heated gas sampling lines. Specialized numerical deconvolutions were applied to the oxygen and water vapor analyzer signals to synchronize with the rapid-responding CO/CO₂ analyzer signals. From this data, the mass flow rates of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen within the wood volatiles as function of time were obtained, which allowed deducing the mass flow rate of significant molecules of wood volatiles that have their origins in the wood constituents of extractives, holocellulose, and lignin. Accurate analytical solution of pyrolysis kinetics of appropriate competitive reactions that continuously conserved carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen mass flow rates was obtained for piecewise exponentially-shaped, spatially uniform temperature within the specimen as implemented conveniently in MS Excel spreadsheet.     

Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere

A coupling between a cigarette smoking simulator and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer was constructed to allow investigation of tobacco smoke formation under simulated burning conditions. The cigarette smoking simulator is designed to burn a sample in close approximation to the conditions experienced by a lit cigarette. The apparatus also permits conditions outside those of normal cigarette burning to be investigated for mechanistic understanding purposes. It allows control of parameters such as smouldering and puff temperatures, as well as combustion rate and puffing volume. In this study, the system enabled examination of the effects of “smoking” a cigarette under a nitrogen atmosphere. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a soft ionisation technique is expedient to analyse complex mixtures such as tobacco smoke with a high time resolution. The objective of the study was to separate pyrolysis from combustion processes to reveal the formation mechanism of several selected toxicants. A purposely designed adapter, with no measurable dead volume or memory effects, enables the analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases from tobacco and tobacco products (e.g. 3R4F reference cigarette) with minimum aging. The combined system demonstrates clear distinctions between smoke composition found under air and nitrogen smoking atmospheres based on the corresponding mass spectra and visualisations using principal component analysis.     

生物质炭燃烧特性与动力学分析

利用小型固定床反应器对棉杆和木屑进行了炭化制焦实验,利用热重分析仪对制得的生物质炭进行氧化实验.基于综合反应速率方程推导了生物质炭氧化过程气固反应机理,并对热重实验结果进行拟合计算.实验结果表明,随着制焦炭化温度的升高,生物质炭的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃烧特性指数S减小;棉杆炭综合燃烧性能优于木屑炭.棉杆炭在低温段和高温段燃烧的反应机理不同,低温段燃烧反应的机理是片状内扩散反应机理,高温段燃烧反应的机理是球形界面化学反应机理.木屑炭的反应机理是球形界面化学反应机理.拟合计算求得的活化能并不能反映出生物质炭进行燃烧反应的难易程度.     

Pyrolysis mechanism and combustion behaviors of high impact polystyrene improved by modified ammonium polyphosphate and graphene

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - This work experimentally and numerically studies pyrolysis and combustion performances of high impact polystyrene and its three composites containing...