A Remark on The Geometry of Spaces of Functions with Prime Frequencies

For any positive integer r, denote by \({\mathcal{P}_{r}}\) the set of all integers \({\gamma \in \mathbb{Z}}\) having at most r prime divisors. We show that \({C_{\mathcal{P}_{r}}(\mathbb{T})}\) , the space of all continuous functions on the circle \({\mathbb{T}}\) whose Fourier spectrum lies in \({\mathcal{P}_{r}}\) , contains a complemented copy of \({\ell^{1}}\) . In particular, \({C_{\mathcal{P}_{r}}(\mathbb{T})}\) is not isomorphic to \({C(\mathbb{T})}\) , nor to the disc algebra \({A(\mathbb{D})}\) . A similar result holds in the L ¹ setting.     

Stability of a conditional Cauchy equation on a set of measure zero

In this paper, we prove the Hyers–Ulam stability theorem when \({f, g, h : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}}\) satisfy $$|f(x + y) - g(x) - h(y)| \leq \epsilon$$ in a set \({\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}}\) of measure \({m(\Gamma) = 0}\) , which refines a previous result in Chung (Aequat Math 83:313–320, 2012) and gives an affirmative answer to the question in the paper. As a direct consequence we obtain that if \({f, g, h : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}}\) satisfy the Pexider equation $$f(x + y) - g(x) - h(y) = 0$$ in \({\Gamma}\) , then the equation holds for all \({x, y \in \mathbb{R}}\) . Using our method of construction of the set, we can find a set \({\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}^{2n}}\) of 2n-dimensional measure 0 and obtain the above result for the functions \({f, g, h : \mathbb{R}^{n} \to \mathbb{C}}\) .     

The Cubic Complex Moment Problem

Let \({s = \{s_{jk}\}_{0 \leq j+k \leq 3}}\) be a given complex-valued sequence. The cubic complex moment problem involves determining necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a positive Borel measure \({\sigma}\) on \({\mathbb{C}}\) (called a representing measure for s) such that \({s_{jk} = \int_{\mathbb{C}}\bar{z}^j z^k d\sigma(z)}\) for \({0 \leq j + k \leq 3}\) . Put $$\Phi = \left(\begin{array}{lll} s_{00} & s_{01} & s_{10} \\s_{10} & s_{11} & s_{20} \\s_{01} & s_{02} & s_{11}\end{array}\right), \quad \Phi_z = \left(\begin{array}{lll}s_{01} & s_{02} & s_{11} \\s_{10} & s_{12} & s_{21} \\s_{02} & s_{03} & s_{12}\end{array} \right)\quad {\rm and}\quad\Phi_{\bar{z}} = (\Phi_z)^*.$$ If \({\Phi \succ 0}\) , then the commutativity of \({\Phi^{-1} \Phi_z}\) and \({\Phi^{-1} \Phi_{\bar{z}}}\) is necessary and sufficient for the existence a 3-atomic representing measure for s. If \({\Phi^{-1} \Phi_z}\) and \({\Phi^{-1} \Phi_{\bar{z}}}\) do not commute, then we show that s has a 4-atomic representing measure. The proof is constructive in nature and yields a concrete parametrization of all 4-atomic representing measures of s. Consequently, given a set \({K \subseteq \mathbb{C}}\) necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for s to have a 4-atomic representing measure \({\sigma}\) which satisfies \({{\rm supp} \sigma \cap K \neq \emptyset}\) or \({{\rm supp} \sigma \subseteq K}\) . The cases when \({K = \overline{\mathbb{D}}}\) and \({K = \mathbb{T}}\) are considered in detail.     

On a functional equation related to competition

The functional equation $$f \left(\frac{x + y}{1 - xy}\right) = \frac{f\left(x\right) + f\left(y\right)} {1 + f\left(x\right) f\left(y\right)}, \quad xy < 1,$$ (introduced by the first author in a competition model) is considered. The main result says that a function \({f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}\) satisfies this equation if, and only if, \({f = {\rm tanh} \circ \, \alpha \circ {\rm tan}^{-1}}\) , where \({\alpha : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}\) is an additive function.     

Exact multiplicity for the perturbed Q-curvature problem in {\mathbb{R}^N,N \geq 5}

Let N ≥ 5 and \({{\mathcal{D}}^{2,2} (\mathbb{R}^N)}\) denote the closure of \({C_0^\infty (\mathbb{R}^N)}\) in the norm \({\|u\|_{{\mathcal{D}}^{2,2} (\mathbb{R}^N)}^2 := \int\nolimits_{\mathbb{R}^N} |\Delta u|^2.}\) Let \({K \in C^2 (\mathbb{R}^N).}\) We consider the following problem for ? ≥ 0: $$(P_\varepsilon) \left\{\begin{array}{llll}{\rm Find} \, u \in {\mathcal{D}}^{2, 2} (\mathbb{R}^N) \, \, {\rm solving} :\\ \left.\begin{array}{lll}\Delta^2 u = (1+ \varepsilon K (x)) u^{\frac{N+4}{N-4}}\\ u > 0 \end{array}\right\}{\rm in} \, \mathbb{R}^N.\end{array}\right.$$ We show an exact multiplicity result for (P _? ) for all small ? > 0.     

Topological genericity of nowhere differentiable functions in the disc algebra

In this paper we introduce a class of functions contained in the disc algebra \({\mathcal{A}(D)}\) . We study functions \({f \in \mathcal{A}(D)}\) which have the property that the continuous periodic function \({u = {\rm Re}f|_{\mathbb{T}}}\) , where \({\mathbb{T}}\) is the unit circle, is nowhere differentiable. We prove that this class is non-empty and instead, generically, every function \({f \in \mathcal{A}(D)}\) has the above property. Afterwards, we strengthen this result by proving that, generically, for every function \({f \in \mathcal{A}(D)}\) , both continuous periodic functions \({u = {\rm Re}f|_\mathbb{T}}\) and \({\tilde{u} = {\rm Im}f|_\mathbb{T}}\) are nowhere differentiable. We avoid any use of the Weierstrass function and we mainly use Baire’s Category Theorem.     

Singular integral operators with operator-valued kernels,and extrapolation of maximal regularity into rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces

We prove two extrapolation results for singular integral operators with operator-valued kernels, and we apply these results in order to obtain the following extrapolation of L ^p -maximal regularity: if an autonomous Cauchy problem on a Banach space has L ^p -maximal regularity for some \({p \in (1,\infty )}\) , then it has \({\mathbb{E}_w}\) -maximal regularity for every rearrangement invariant Banach function space \({\mathbb{E}}\) with Boyd indices \({1 < p_\mathbb{E} \leq q_\mathbb{E} < \infty}\) and every Muckenhoupt weight \({w \in A_{p \mathbb{E}}}\) . We prove a similar result for nonautonomous Cauchy problems on the line.     

Existence of nontrivial solutions of linear functional equations

In this paper we study the functional equation $$\sum_{i=1}^n a_i f(b_i x+c_i h)=0 \quad (x, h \in \mathbb{C})$$ where a _i , b _i , c _i are fixed complex numbers and \({f \colon \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}}\) is the unknown function. We show, that if there is i such that \({b_i / c_i \neq b_j /c_j}\) holds for any \({1 \leq j \leq n,\ j \neq i}\) , the functional equation has a nonconstant solution if and only if there are field automorphisms \({\phi_1, \ldots, \phi_k}\) of \({\mathbb{C}}\) such that \({\phi_1 \cdots \phi_k}\) is a solution of the equation.     

Invariant Translative Mappings and a Functional Equation

Let \({K,M,N : \mathbb{R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}\) be translative functions. Then K is invariant with respect to the mapping \({(M,N) : \mathbb{R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}}\) if and only if the functions \({h = K(\cdot, 0), f = M(\cdot, 0), g = N(\cdot, 0)}\) satisfy the functional equation $$h(x) = h(f(x) - g(x)) + g(x),\,\, x\in \mathbb{R}.$$ If K, M, N are means, then h(0) =  f(0) =  g(0) = 0. The formal power solutions and analytic solutions of this functional equation, satisfying these initial conditions, are considered.     

Behaviour at infinity of solutions of some linear functional equations in normed spaces

Let \({\mathbb{K} \in \{\mathbb{R}, \mathbb{C}\}, I = (d, \infty), \phi : I \to I}\) be unbounded continuous and increasing, X be a normed space over \({\mathbb{K}, \mathcal{F} : = \{f \in X^I : {\rm lim}_{t \to \infty} f(t) {\rm exists} \, {\rm in} X\},\hat{a} \in \mathbb{K}, \mathcal{A}(\hat{a}) : = \{\alpha \in \mathbb{K}^I : {\rm lim}_{t \to \infty} \alpha(t) = \hat{a}\},}\) and \({\mathcal{X} : = \{x \in X^I : {\rm lim} \, {\rm sup}_{t \to \infty} \|x(t)\| < \infty\}}\) . We prove that the limit lim _{t → ∞} x(t) exists for every \({f \in \mathcal{F}, \alpha \in \mathcal{A}(\hat{a})}\) and every solution \({x \in \mathcal{X}}\) of the functional equation $$x(\phi(t)) = \alpha(t) x(t) + f(t)$$ if and only if \({|\hat{a}| \neq 1}\) . Using this result we study behaviour of bounded at infinity solutions of the functional equation $$x(\phi^{[k]}(t)) = \sum_{j=0}^{k-1} \alpha_j(t) x (\phi^{[j]}(t)) + f(t),$$ under some conditions posed on functions \({\alpha_j(t), j = 0, 1,\ldots, k - 1,\phi}\) and f.     

The error term in the Sato–Tate conjecture

Let \({f(z) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty a(n)e^{2\pi i nz} \in S_k^{\mathrm{new}}(\Gamma_0(N))}\) be a newform of even weight \({k \geq 2}\) that does not have complex multiplication. Then \({a(n) \in \mathbb{R}}\) for all n; so for any prime p, there exists \({\theta_p \in [0, \pi]}\) such that \({a(p) = 2p^{(k-1)/2} {\rm cos} (\theta_p)}\) . Let \({\pi(x) = \#\{p \leq x\}}\) . For a given subinterval \({[\alpha, \beta]\subset[0, \pi]}\) , the now-proven Sato–Tate conjecture tells us that as \({x \to \infty}\) , $$ \#\{p \leq x: \theta_p \in I\} \sim \mu_{ST} ([\alpha, \beta])\pi(x),\quad \mu_{ST} ([\alpha, \beta]) = \int\limits_{\alpha}^\beta \frac{2}{\pi}{\rm sin}^2(\theta) d\theta. $$ Let \({\epsilon > 0}\) . Assuming that the symmetric power L-functions of f are automorphic, we prove that as \({x \to \infty}\) , $$ \#\{p \leq x: \theta_p \in I\} = \mu_{ST} ([\alpha, \beta])\pi(x) + O\left(\frac{x}{(\log x)^{9/8-\epsilon}} \right), $$ where the implied constant is effectively computable and depends only on k,N, and \({\epsilon}\) .     

Automorphisms of {{\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{D})}, Partially Ordered by Rank Subtractivity Ordering

Let \({\mathbb{D}}\) be an arbitrary division ring and \({{\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{D})}\) be the set of all n × n matrices over \({\mathbb{D}}\) . We define the rank subtractivity or minus partial order on \({{\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{D})}\) as defined on \({{\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{C})}\) , i.e., \({A \leqslant B}\) iff rank(B) = rank(A) + rank(B?A). We describe the structure of maps Φ on \({{\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{D})}\) such that \({A\leqslant B}\) iff \({\Phi(A)\leqslant \Phi(B) (A, B\in {\rm M_{n}}(\mathbb{D}) )}\) .     

Boundedness and Compactness of Pseudodifferential Operators with Non-Regular Symbols on Weighted Lebesgue Spaces

Applying the boundedness on weighted Lebesgue spaces of the maximal singular integral operator S _* related to the Carleson?CHunt theorem on almost everywhere convergence, we study the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators a(x, D) with non-regular symbols in ${L^\infty(\mathbb{R}, V(\mathbb{R})), PC(\overline{\mathbb{R}}, V(\mathbb{R}))}$ and ${\Lambda_\gamma(\mathbb{R}, V_d(\mathbb{R}))}$ on the weighted Lebesgue spaces ${L^p(\mathbb{R},w)}$ , with 1?< p <? ?? and ${w\in A_p(\mathbb{R})}$ . The Banach algebras ${L^\infty(\mathbb{R}, V(\mathbb{R}))}$ and ${PC(\overline{\mathbb{R}}, V(\mathbb{R}))}$ consist, respectively, of all bounded measurable or piecewise continuous ${V(\mathbb{R})}$ -valued functions on ${\mathbb{R}}$ where ${V(\mathbb{R})}$ is the Banach algebra of all functions on ${\mathbb{R}}$ of bounded total variation, and the Banach algebra ${\Lambda_\gamma(\mathbb{R}, V_d(\mathbb{R}))}$ consists of all Lipschitz ${V_d(\mathbb{R})}$ -valued functions of exponent ${\gamma \in (0,1]}$ on ${\mathbb{R}}$ where ${V_d(\mathbb{R})}$ is the Banach algebra of all functions on ${\mathbb{R}}$ of bounded variation on dyadic shells. Finally, for the Banach algebra ${\mathfrak{A}_{p,w}}$ generated by all pseudodifferential operators a(x, D) with symbols ${a(x, \lambda) \in PC(\overline{\mathbb{R}}, V(\mathbb{R}))}$ on the space ${L^p(\mathbb{R}, w)}$ , we construct a non-commutative Fredholm symbol calculus and give a Fredholm criterion for the operators ${A \in \mathfrak{A}_{p,w}}$ .     

Stanley depth of weakly polymatroidal ideals

Let \({\mathbb{K}}\) be a field and \({S = \mathbb{K}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]}\) be the polynomial ring in n variables over the field \({\mathbb{K}}\) . In this paper, it is shown that Stanley’s conjecture holds for S/I if I is a weakly polymatroidal ideal.     

A Jost–Pais-Type Reduction of Fredholm Determinants and Some Applications

We study the analog of semi-separable integral kernels in \({\mathcal {H}}\) of the type $$ K(x, x') = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} F_1(x) G_1(x'), \quad& a < x' < x < b,\\ F_2 (x)G_2(x'), \quad& a < x < x' < b,\end{array}\right.$$ where \({-\infty \leqslant a < b \leqslant \infty}\) , and for a.e. \({x \in (a, b)}\) , \({F_j (x) \in \mathcal{B}_2(\mathcal{H}_j, \mathcal{H})}\) and \({G_j(x) \in \mathcal {B}_2(\mathcal {H},\mathcal {H}_j)}\) such that F _j (·) and G _j (·) are uniformly measurable, and $$\begin{array}{ll} || F_j ( \cdot) ||_{\mathcal {B}_2(\mathcal {H}_j,\mathcal {H})} \in L^2((a, b)), ||G_j (\cdot)||_{\mathcal {B}_2(\mathcal {H},\mathcal {H}_j)} \in L^2((a, b)), \quad j=1,2, \end{array}$$ with \({\mathcal {H}}\) and \({\mathcal {H}_j}\) , j = 1, 2, complex, separable Hilbert spaces. Assuming that K(·, ·) generates a trace class operator K in \({L^2((a, b);\mathcal {H})}\) , we derive the analog of the Jost–Pais reduction theory that succeeds in proving that the Fredholm determinant \({{\rm det}_{L^2((a,b);\mathcal{H})}}\) (I ? α K), \({\alpha \in \mathbb{C}}\) , naturally reduces to appropriate Fredholm determinants in the Hilbert spaces \({\mathcal{H}}\) (and \({\mathcal{H}_1 \oplus \mathcal{H}_2}\) ). Explicit applications of this reduction theory to Schrödinger operators with suitable bounded operator-valued potentials are made. In addition, we provide an alternative approach to a fundamental trace formula first established by Pushnitski which leads to a Fredholm index computation of a certain model operator.     

On the Number of Restricted Prime Factors of an Integer

Let \({q\geqq2}\) be an integer and denote S(n) the sum of the digits in base q of the positive integer n. Our main result is to estimate the sum \({\Sigma_{n\leqq x}\tilde{\omega}(n)}\) where \({\tilde{\omega}(n)}\) is the number of distinct prime factors p of n such that \({S(p) \equiv a \,{\rm mod} \,b \,(a \in \mathbb{Z}, b\geqq 2)}\) .     

Sign-changing stationary solutions and blowup for a nonlinear heat equation in dimension two

Consider the nonlinear heat equation $$v_t -\Delta v=|v|^{p-1}v \qquad \qquad \qquad (NLH)$$ in the unit ball of \({\mathbb{R}^2}\) , with Dirichlet boundary condition. Let \({u_{p,\mathcal{K}}}\) be a radially symmetric, sign-changing stationary solution having a fixed number \({\mathcal{K}}\) of nodal regions. We prove that the solution of (NLH) with initial value \({\lambda u_{p,\mathcal{K}}}\) blows up in finite time if |λ ?1| > 0 is sufficiently small and if p is sufficiently large. The proof is based on the analysis of the asymptotic behavior of \({u_{p,\mathcal{K}}}\) and of the linearized operator \({L= -\Delta - p | u_{p,\mathcal{K}} | ^{p-1}}\) .     

Comparison of fine structural mice via coarse iteration

Let \({\mathcal{M}}\) be a fine structural mouse. Let \({\mathbb{D}}\) be a fully backgrounded \({L[\mathbb{E}]}\) -construction computed inside an iterable coarse premouse S. We describe a process comparing \({\mathcal{M}}\) with \({\mathbb{D}}\) , through forming iteration trees on \({\mathcal{M}}\) and on S. We then prove that this process succeeds.     

Variants of the Kakeya problem over an algebraically closed field

First, we study constructible subsets of \({\mathbb{A}^n_k}\) which contain a line in any direction. We classify the smallest such subsets in \({\mathbb{A}^3}\) of the type \({R \cup \{g \neq 0\},}\) where \({g \in k[x_1,\ldots, x_n]}\) is irreducible of degree d and \({R \subset V(g)}\) is closed. Next, we study subvarieties \({X \subset \mathbb{A}^N}\) for which the set of directions of lines contained in X has the maximal possible dimension. These are variants of the Kakeya problem in an algebraic geometry context.     

Value-sets of polynomials at p-adic integers

In this paper we are concerned with the classification of the subsets A of ${\mathbb{Z}_p}$ which occur as images ${f(\mathbb{Z}_p^r)}$ of polynomial functions ${f:\mathbb{Z}_p^r\to \mathbb{Z}_p}$ , limiting ourselves to compact-open subsets (i.e. finite unions of open balls). We shall prove three main results: (i) Every compact-open ${A\subset \mathbb{Z}_p}$ is of the shape ${A=f(\mathbb{Z}_p^r)}$ for suitable r and ${f\in\mathbb{Z}_p[X_1,\ldots ,X_r]}$ . (ii) For each r ₀ there is a compact-open A such that in (i) we cannot take r < r ₀. (iii) For any compact-open set ${A\subset \mathbb{Z}_p}$ there exists a polynomial ${f\in\mathbb{Q}_p[X]}$ such that ${f(\mathbb{Z}_p)=A}$ . We shall also discuss in more detail which sets A can be represented as ${f(\mathbb{Z}_p)}$ for a polynomial ${f\in\mathbb{Z}_p[X]}$ in a single variable.