397 GHz斜注管互作用系统的设计模拟

斜注管是返波振荡器的一种，通过电子注的倾斜，电子距离慢波结构更近，高频场更强，耦合阻抗和互作用效率更高，显著增加输出功率。对带状注斜注管的互作用系统进行了设计，并首次将双排齿慢波结构应用于斜注管。利用电磁模拟软件和3D粒子模拟软件对设计的斜注管的色散曲线和场分布进行了分析，并对其注-波互作用进行了模拟，可以得到大于100 mW的输出功率以及50 GHz的调谐带宽。输出功率在370.5 GHz频点处处达到峰值2.3 W，电子注电压7.0 kV，注电流120 mA，聚焦磁场1.0 T。     

新型径向边加载渡越时间振荡器

 根据渡越时间效应3维理论研究,设计了一种工作于6.1 GHz的新型径向边加载渡越时间振荡器。为增强电子束在谐振腔中的横向摆动,部分加大了高频结构中金属圆筒端部的宽度,以增大横向电场的的分布区域。3维理论分析表明,该器件的效率可以超过50%。粒子模拟研究表明,该器件在170 kV,18 kA的电子束激励下,平均输出功率达到1.6 GW,束波互作用效率为52.3%。     

Ka波段带状注相对论扩展互作用振荡器的模拟设计

利用三维粒子仿真软件,对工作在Ka波段的带状注相对论扩展互作用振荡器进行了模拟仿真设计。采用宽高比为30∶1的带状电子束以降低空间电荷效应,选择多间隙耦合腔为高频结构以增加器件功率容量,在电子束电压为400kV、束流为2kA、轴向引导磁感应强度为1T的情况下,器件输出微波功率为240 MW,频率为30GHz,效率为30%。     

Ka波段带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器的分析与设计

带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器是一种高功率、高频率的微波毫米波放大型器件, 具有广阔的应用前景. 本文分析了扩展互作用结构多间隙谐振腔的渡越时间效应, 推导了2π模场情况下谐振腔的能量交换系数和电子负载电导, 且通过计算表明工作在2π模式三间隙腔的电子负载电导是单间隙腔的9倍左右, 多间隙结构有利于提高器件效率. 利用三维粒子仿真软件, 对工作在Ka波段的带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器进行了模拟研究, 采用宽高比为30:1的带状电子束以降低空间电荷效应, 在电子束电压为500 kV, 束流为1 kA, 轴向引导磁感应强度为0.8 T的情况下, 器件输出微波功率为190 MW, 频率为40 GHz, 器件效率为38%, 器件增益为69 dB.     

Observation of fine structures in laser-driven electron beams using coherent transition radiation

We have measured the coherent optical transition radiation emitted by an electron beam from laser-plasma interaction. The measurement of the spectrum of the radiation reveals fine structures of the electron beam in the range 400-1000 nm. These structures are reproduced using an electron distribution from a 3D particle-in-cell simulation and are attributed to microbunching of the electron bunch due to its interaction with the laser field. When the radiator is placed closer to the interaction point, spectral oscillations have also been recorded, signature of the interference of the radiation produced by two electron bunches delayed by 74 fs. The second electron bunch duration is shown to be ultrashort to match the intensity level of the radiation. Whereas transition radiation was used at longer wavelengths in order to estimate the electron bunch length, this study focuses on the ultrashort structures of the electron beam.     

W波段分布作用速调管的设计和实验研究

基于运动学理论、感应电流定理和电荷守恒定律,分析了分布作用谐振腔的渡越时间效应,推导了各个谐振腔工作于π模的电子注与微波之间的能量转换系数、电子负载电导和电子负载电纳,计算结果显示采用分布作用谐振腔有利于提高速调管的工作效率.利用三维电磁仿真软件,设计了一款工作于W波段的分布作用速调管.完成了速调管的加工和封接,搭建了测试平台,开展了相关实验研究.实验结果显示,当电子注电压20.8 kV,电流0.3 A,输入功率30 mW时,在中心频率95.37 GHz处,得到了175 W峰值脉冲输出功率,电子效率2.8%,增益34.6 dB, 3 dB带宽大于90 MHz.     

带状注速调管注波互作用及其计算程序的研究

针对带状注速调管中采用非轴对称性大宽高比带状电子注的特点,建立了2.5维窄带宏粒子模型,编写了注波互作用模拟分析程序.以一支百兆瓦级带状注速调管模拟设计为例,对程序的计算能力和效果进行了检验,结果与三维PIC软件有较好的可比性,且计算效率有很大幅度提升,适用于带状注速调管注波互作用系统的初步设计和参数优化过程. 关键词： 速调管 带状注 窄带宏粒子模型 注波互作用     

Flow-induced beam steering in a single laser hot spot

The transmitted angular distribution of a 527 nm nearly diffraction-limited laser is measured after it propagates through a plasma with supersonic transverse flow. The laser beam is deflected by as much as 10 degrees and exhibits bowlike features in the flow direction, which is attributed to flow-induced beam steering. The finite interaction volume allows for direct comparison with a 3D hydrodynamic simulation, which is in good agreement with details of the experiment.     

0.4 THz回旋行波管的设计与模拟

利用三维粒子模拟仿真软件,对共焦波导结构的0.4 THz回旋行波管进行了注波互作用的模拟研究。以共焦波导的冷腔色散以及衍射损耗入手,最终选定HE06模作为互作用工作模式。为了对寄生振荡进行抑制,在互作用结构中引入了截断。在模拟过程中,通过调节束压、束流、工作磁场、电子束横纵速度比,得到了最优的工作参数。最终,在束压34 kV、磁场14.25、束流2 A、横纵速度比0.75的工作参数下,当输入信号为1 W时,得到了最高2.76 kW的功率输出,增益超过34 dB,3 dB带宽为8 GHz,效率达到4%。     

TE11模式增强型高效率同轴虚阴极振荡器

 在阴阳极严格同轴的条件下，理论分析表明同轴虚阴极振荡器中TE₁₁模式与TM₀₁模式与径向入射电子束的谐振耦合具有近似的作用效率。3维PIC数值模拟结果显示，即使在圆对称结构下，输出波导中非角向均匀模式在输出功率中也占有较大成分。因此，同轴虚阴极振荡器中TE11模式与电子束之间的谐振作用对器件效率的影响不可忽略。通过引入结构的不对称性以及TE11模式反射器可以抑制电子束与TM₀₁模式之间的谐振作用，从而起到抑制同轴虚阴极振荡器系统中模式竞争的作用，因此可以提高电子束到微波的功率转换效率。实验结果表明，采用阴阳极非均匀对称结构的TE₁₁模式增强型同轴虚阴极振荡器可以大幅度提高效率，在优化参数条件下获得功率转换效率约7％，输出功率大于1.0 GW的实验结果，该功率约为近似严格同轴结构的2.5倍。该研究结果可以为高效率同轴虚阴极振荡器装置设计与实验结果分析提供基本理论依据以及参数确定基础。     

Influence of the Flux Peaking Effect on the DD Reaction Yield Upon D + Ion Channelling in Deuterated Palladium

The interaction between a deuterium ion (D+) beam and deuterium-enriched Pd and Ti targets are studied using the HELIS ion accelerator (Lebedev Physical Institute). The neutron yield is determined from the DD reaction in the deuterated Pd target whose surface is irradiated with a D+-ion beam with an energy of 20 keV. The neutron flux is measured in the D+-ion-beam direction as a function of the angle β of target rotation relative to the beam axis using a multichannel detector based on 3He counters. Significant anisotropy (orientation effect) of the neutron yield is observed; it is two times higher at β = 0° than at β = ±30°. The orientation effect can be associated with channeling and the so-called flux-peaking effect. It is studied by computer simulations using the BCM-2.0 code. The enhanced density of the D+ flux between the (200) planes of a Pd crystal (where implanted D is located) at zero angle of incidence with respect to these planes makes it possible to qualitatively explain the observed orientation effect. No effect is observed in a homogeneous target of deuterated titanium.     

Smoothing of laser energy deposition by gas jets

Smoothing of laser beam non-uniformities using gas jets has been studied. The experiment has been performed with the PALS laser working at 0.44 μm with an intensity of about 10¹⁵ W/cm². The laser beam has been split in two by a prism thus creating an artificial large-scale non-uniformity (≈90 μm). We recorded time resolved and static images of laser-gas jet interaction with and without an Al target. Multi 1D and 2D simulations show that such interaction acts redistributing the over-intensities over larger surface. This effect has to be attributed to ionization processes with consequent laser beam refraction. Results show that Argon gas jet produces a strong refraction of the laser beam thus strongly reducing the initial two spots separation.     

黑腔中高斯型激光束偏折的模拟研究

利用三维激光等离子体相互作用流体程序LAP3D数值模拟研究了高斯光束在均匀等离子体传播过程中的激光束偏折现象,分别考察了激光强度变化和等离子体横向流的流速变化对束偏折的影响。模拟结果表明:当流速接近离子声速时,激光束偏折效应最明显,此时激光偏折程度与激光强度成正比;当流速逐渐小于离子声速时,激光束偏折行为受抑制逐渐减弱;而当流速逐渐大于离子声速时,激光光强包络的变化以衍射效应为主。     

3D组织培养模型及其在辐射诱导旁效应研究中的应用

综述了3D细胞培养技术（TDCC）的发展, 3种主要的体外组织构建方法; 辐射诱导2D细胞产生旁效应的现象与机理; 人工构建的3D组织辐射后诱导的旁效应及其细胞间信号传导机理。 重离子（C离子）辐照作为一种重要的放疗工具, 对其辐射处理3D组织后诱导产生的旁效应进行了展望。 由于3D组织更接近人体细胞生长的真实环境, 因而以3D组织作为模型研究辐射诱导的旁效应, 对于辐射旁效应的防护和治疗可能具有重要的指导意义。 Compared with the cultured monolayer (2D) cells, three dimensional (3D) tissue could be more similar to the environment in vivo including the physical support, chemical factors, cell cell and cell matrix interaction and so on. With the development of three dimensional cell culture techniques (TDCC), 3D tissue is widely used in the areas of bystander effect research. This review focuses on introducing the TDCC method and its application in bystander effect research. First, the development process of 3D tissue culture method was introduced. Secondly, the induction of radiation induced bystander effects both in 2D cell and 3D tissue and its mechanisms were reviewed. Finally, because heavy ion (carbon ion beam) has been developed as a useful tool to cure solid cancer ,and the 3D tissue model is an ideal material to study the damages on body after being irradiated and to understand the underlying mechanisms, future study about heavy ion radiation inducing bystander effect in 3D tissue was discussed.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear theory of travelling wave tubes and simulation

A three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear theory of travelling wave tubes (TWTs) is developed, which includes a fundamental radio frequency (RF) and harmonics. When the instantaneous bandwidth exceeds an octave, the harmonic is generated and the mutual coupling between the harmonic and the fundamental RF can be observed in TWTs due to nonlinear interaction between the electron beam and the RF. At low frequencies the harmonic has an obvious effect.Based upon Tien‘‘s disc model, a plastic 3D super-particle model is proposed to improve the nonlinear analysis of TWTs.Numerical results employing a periodic magnetic focusing field are presented.     

带状注速调管高频结构的初步研究

 利用3维软件设计并模拟了适用于X波段高功率带状注速调管的“Ⅱ”形谐振腔,根据模拟结果分析了腔体各尺寸对电场均匀性的影响;建立了平面对称结构的3维高频互作用系统模拟平台,应用此平台讨论了扼流器法和漂移管窄壁开槽法这两种抑制漂移管中非工作模式的方法;分析了漂移管的尺寸及漂移头对谐振腔内场分布的影响。研究表明：波导高度、耦合腔宽度和高度对带状注速调管谐振腔间隙的电场均匀性影响较大;而波导长度和宽度、耦合腔长度对该电场均匀性影响不大;腔体连接处加上漂移头可使场分布更加集中;该型带状注速调管谐振腔能够产生均匀的电场,为提高注波互作用效率奠定了基础。     

Fabrication of large-area 3D photonic crystals using a holographic optical element

A holographic technique for fabricating 3D photonic crystal is presented. The key element in the fabrication system is a holographic optical element (HOE) consisting of three gratings. Used in combination with a mask, the HOE can generate four beams under single illuminating beam, and 3D lattice structures can be formed by the interference of the four beams. Holographic approach is used to make HOE, so large area lattice structures can be fabricated. Numerical simulations indicate that beam intensity ratio of central beam to outer beam is one of the factors that affects the structures fabricated in photoresist, and high diffraction efficiency of the gratings in HOE is favorable when using cw laser with relatively low power as light source. Experimental results show clear 3D lattice structures fabricated using the HOE, verifying the effectiveness of the technique.     

Propagation and interaction of beams with initial phase-front curvature in highly nonlocal media

In this paper, an exact Gaussian solution with initial phase-front curvature for the 1 + 2D Snyder–Mitchell linear model is presented. It is found that the propagation of the beam in bulk strongly nonlocal media is deeply affected by the initial phase-front curvature, which can cause the pulsating behavior of Gaussian beam, and lead to the occurrence of the periodic interference pattern during the interaction of two Gaussian beams. It is useful for further understanding the properties of optical beam in strongly nonlocal media and may be applied to precision measurement.     

Dispersion and transport of energetic particles due to the interaction of intense laser pulses with overdense plasmas

We study the angular distribution of relativistic electrons generated through laser-plasma interaction with pulse intensity varying from 10(18) W/cm2 up to 10(21) W/cm2 and plasma density ranging from 10 times up to 160 times critical density with the help of 2D and 3D particle-in-cell simulations. This study gives clear evidence that the divergence of the beam is an intrinsic property of the interaction of a laser pulse with a sharp density gradient. It is entirely due to the excitation of large static magnetic fields in the layer of interaction. The energy deposited in this layer increases drastically the temperature of the plasma independently of the initial temperature. This makes the plasma locally collisionless and the simulation relevant for the current experiments.     

Laser-driven coherent betatron oscillation in a laser-wakefield cavity

The origin of beam disparity in emittance and betatron oscillation orbits, in and out of the polarization plane of the drive laser of laser-plasma accelerators, is explained in terms of betatron oscillations driven by the laser field. As trapped electrons accelerate, they move forward and interact with the laser pulse. For the bubble regime, a simple model is presented to describe this interaction in terms of a harmonic oscillator with a driving force from the laser and a restoring force from the plasma wake field. The resulting beam oscillations in the polarization plane, with period approximately the wavelength of the driving laser, increase emittance in that plane and cause microbunching of the beam. These effects are observed directly in 3D particle-in-cell simulations.