Development of a broad selective molecularly imprinted polymers-based solid phase extraction of contraceptive drug levonorgestrel from water samples

A broad selective molecularly imprinted polymers-based solid phase extraction (MISPE) for levonorgestrel (LNG) from water samples was developed. Using LNG as a template molecule, acrylamide (AA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as linking agent and bulk polymerisation as a synthetic method, the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesised and characterised. The MIPs displayed a high specific rebinding for LNG with the imprinting factor of 3.71. The Scatchard analysis showed that there was at least one class of binding site for LNG formed in the MIPs with the dissociation constant of 8.046?µg?mL^?1. The results of selectivity testing indicated that the MIPs also exhibited high cross-reactivity with structurally related compounds (estrone, methylprednisolone and ethinyl estradiol), but no recognition with non-structurally related compound (indomethacin), suggesting that the MIPs could be used as a broad recognition absorbent. MISPE column was prepared by packing MIPs particles into a common SPE cartridge. The MISPE extraction conditions including loading, washing and eluting solutions were carefully optimised. Water samples spiked with LNG were extracted by MISPE column and detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The recoveries were found to be 79.97?～?132.79% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.92?～?10.43%, indicating the feasibility of the prepared MIPs for LNG extraction.     

微囊藻毒素分子印迹搅拌棒涂层的研制及其吸附性能

以微囊藻毒素(MC)-LR为模板,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合技术,在凹凸棒土(ATP)表面制备了磁性分子印迹聚合物,并通过溶胶-凝胶法将分子印迹聚合物作为涂层介质制作搅拌棒。同时通过红外吸收光谱和扫描电镜等对印迹聚合物进行了结构和形貌的表征,并用液相色谱研究了搅拌棒涂层对水体中微囊藻毒素的吸附性能。结果表明,在最佳萃取条件下,分子印迹搅拌棒涂层对MC-LR具有较高的选择性能,在0.010~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r²>0.997),检出限(S/N=3)可低至0.27 μg/L。MC-LR加标水平为20.0~80.0 μg/L的回收率范围为83.33%~100.07%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.40%~9.17%。该方法快速、灵敏、选择性高,可用于环境水体中微囊藻毒素的分析检测。     

Citrinin selective molecularly imprinted polymers for SPE

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for citrinin (Cit) with 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (HNA) as mimic template were prepared and the molecularly imprinted SPE method was developed for the detection of Cit in rice with HPLC. The adsorption properties of HNA and Cit on the MIPs and nonimprinted polymers were investigated. It proved that MIPs showed higher selectivity adsorption to HNA and Cit than nonimprinted polymers were. The recoveries of Cit in rice were in the range of 86.7–97.7%. The spiked rice samples and five rice samples in Beijing market were detected using molecularly imprinted SPE method and satisfied results were obtained as discussed in this article.     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定蜂蜜中三种氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留

采用沉淀聚合法,以诺氟沙星为模板分子,合成了对氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素特异性识别的分子印迹聚合物(MIPs),其印迹因子为3.17,亲和位点总数为3.27μmol/g。以该MIPs做为固相萃取柱填料,建立了分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测蜂蜜中三种FQs抗生素残留的方法。与Oasis HLB固相萃取柱相比,该分子印迹固相萃取柱(MISPE)具有更好的净化能力和更高的富集效率。最佳条件下,三种FQs抗生素的线性范围为0.125～12.5mg/kg,相关系数均大于0.999。方法的检出限(S/N=3)为9～12μg/kg,三种FQs抗生素的加标回收率为96.5%～104.1%,相对标准偏差不高于6.2%(n=5)。该方法有望用于蜂蜜中FQs抗生素残留的常规检测。     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定饲料中莱克多巴胺

以莱克多巴胺为模板分子,丙烯酰胺为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,合成了对莱克多巴胺具有高选择性的分子印迹聚合物。考察了甲醇、乙腈、丙酮和氯仿-甲醇与三乙胺构成致孔剂合成的聚合物性能及其形貌特征。通过正交试验优化的聚合反应配方为: 1.0 mmol莱克多巴胺,4.0 mmol丙烯酰胺,20.0 mmol乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯,6.0 mL乙腈-三乙胺(30:1, v/v), 50.0 mg偶氮二异丁腈。建立的基于分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定饲料试样中莱克多巴胺的方法,在0.50～100 mg/L质量浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.9994);饲料试样中1.0、10及100 mg/kg 3个添加水平的莱克多巴胺平均回收率大于80%;批内、批间测定的相对标准偏差小于10%;检出限(信噪比为3)达到0.1 mg/kg。该方法灵敏、可靠,用于饲料等复杂基质中莱克多巴胺检测的效果优于相关标准分析方法。     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Preconcentration of Clothianidin in Environmental Samples

A molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective solid-phase extraction of clothianidin was prepared using the analyte as a template, methacrylic acid and styrene as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, acetonitrile as a porogen, and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Adsorption measurements indicated that the molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited good recognition ability and fast dynamics toward clothianidin. Using this imprinted polymer as a sorbent, a new method of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of clothianidin residues was developed. The molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction procedure was optimized to purify and enrich clothianidin residues in river water, soil, tomatoes, grapes, and Chinese cabbage. The average recoveries of clothianidin spiked at 0.005 to 0.05 mg/L were 84.32 to 89.49% in river water with a relative standard deviation 2.22 to 4.79% (n = 3). The average recoveries of clothianidin spiked at 0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg were 85.49 to 96.36% in soil, grapes, Chinese cabbage, and tomatoes, with a relative standard deviation of 2.40 to 6.02% (n = 3). Overall, this study provides a sensitive and effective method for the accurate determination of clothianidin residues in environmental samples.     

快速溶剂萃取-毛细管电泳法测定土壤和底泥中磺胺类药物残留

建立了一种快速溶剂萃取(ASE)-毛细管电泳检测土壤和底泥中磺胺类药物残留的新方法。通过优化ASE的萃取条件,选取甲醇为萃取剂,在70℃、10.3 MPa的条件下提取土壤和底泥样品中的磺胺类药物。毛细管电泳检测磺胺嘧啶,磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺间二甲氧基嘧啶的标准曲线具有良好的线性(r>0.999)。方法的定量限(LOQ,S/N=10)为0.056～0.070 mg/kg。日内相对标准偏差在0.4%～2.5%之间,日间相对标准偏差在1.2%～4.6%之间。3个加标水平0.100、0.625、2.50 mg/kg的平均回收率在82%～103%之间,RSD≦4.3%。方法已用于土壤和底泥样品前处理和磺胺类药物残留检测。     

荧光法快速检测有机磷农药残留总量

在pH4.60的B-R缓冲溶液中,中性红(NR)与一定浓度的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)发生荧光增强反应,在该体系中加入有机磷农药后,在激发波长560 nm,发射波长604 nm处体系的荧光强度明显降低,且降低程度与有机磷农药的加入量呈良好的线性关系,其线性范围和检出限分别为0.024~0.40 mg/L,0.014 mg/L。据此建立了测定有机磷农药残留总量的新方法。方法已用于面粉和土壤中有机磷农药残留总量的检测,回收率在92.0%~100.5%之间,RSD在1.1~1.9%之间。     

Stereoselective separation and determination of triadimefon and triadimenol in wheat, straw, and soil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and rapid analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of triadimefon (TF) and triadimenol (TN) stereoisomers in wheat, straw, and soil by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The direct enantioseparation of TF and TN was performed on a Lux cellulose-1 column packed with cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). The effects of mobile-phase composition on the separation were investigated and stereoisomeric elution orders were confirmed with a polarimeter detector. The pesticides were extracted from samples with acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction or activated carbon. Based on the developed stereoselective LC-MS/MS method, for TF and TN stereoisomers, good linearities were obtained over the concentration range of 0.003-4 mg/L; recoveries were 84.2-102.7% in wheat, 84.0-104.0% in straw, and 85.2-106.8% in soil at spiked concentrations of 0.007-2.0 mg/kg; intra-day and inter-day assay precisions were below 12.2%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) in wheat, straw, and soil were 0.001-0.005 mg/kg and 0.007-0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to detect TF and TN stereoisomers in wheat, straw, and soil samples from residual trials in farm.     

Synthesis and application of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer-coated stir bar for microextraction of triazole fungicides in soil

The preparation, characteristics and application of a sorptive stir bar coated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) using triadimefon as the template molecule are described here. Raw glass capillary was coated with MIP through chemical bonding. The synthesis method was effective and reproducible with the batch-to-batch RSD within 7.8%. Scanning electron micrographs of the stir bar revealed a highly porous coating with average thickness of 15 μm. The synthesized stir bar was proved to be highly stable in most of the solvent for use. Extraction performance showed the fabricated stir bar has excellent molecular recognition abilities for triadimefon and the structure-related compounds, such as triadimenol, diniconazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, tebuconazole, paclobutrazol and uniconazole, and thus can be applied for simultaneous determination of these triazole fungicides from complex samples by coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography. The variables that influence extraction were optimized with 10.0 μg/L standard solutions of triazole fungicides, and the analytical method was established for the determination of triazole fungicides in soil. The detection limits were in the range of 0.14-0.34 μg/L, and the recoveries were from 86.7 to 114.6% for spiked soil sample.     

Combining bar adsorptive microextraction with capillary electrophoresis—Application for the determination of phenolic acids in food matrices

In this contribution, bar adsorptive microextraction coated with a mixed‐mode anion exchange/RP followed by liquid desorption was combined for the first time with a capillary electrophoresis‐diode array detection system (BAμE(MAX)‐LD/CE‐DAD), for the determination of phenolic acids in food matrices, using chlorogenic, ferulic, cumaric, and caffeic acids as model compounds. Assays performed in aqueous media spiked at the 0.8 mg/L level yielded average recoveries up to 40% for all four phenolic acids, under optimized experimental conditions. The analytical performance showed also good precision (RSD < 15%), convenient LODs (18.0–85.0 μg/L) and linear dynamic ranges (0.8–8.0 mg/L) with convenient determination coefficients (r² > 0.9900). By using the standard addition method, the application to food matrices such as green tea, red fruit juice, and honey allowed very good performances for the determination of minor amounts of phenolic acids. The proposed methodology proved to be a suitable alternative for the analysis of polar to ionic compounds, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive, and requiring a low sample volume to determine phenolic acids in food samples.     

HPLC法测定鸡精中谷氨酸钠的含量

以邻苯二甲醛与谷氨酸钠中的氨基进行柱前在线衍生化反应,采用C18色谱柱分离、荧光检测器（激发340nm,发射450nm）进行测定,建立了柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱测定鸡精中谷氨酸钠含量的方法。该方法相对标准偏差为0．69％,加标回收率为99．1％～101％,在0．10~50．0mg／L范围内,谷氨酸钠的峰面积和浓度之间的相关系数为0．9999,保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为1．22％和0．71％,鸡精中谷氨酸钠定量下限为0．2μg／g。     

碱性橙Ⅱ印迹传感器的制备及其应用

以纳米石墨烯和纳米银作为修饰材料修饰工作电极,制备一种以碱性橙Ⅱ为模板分子,邻氨基苯酚和邻苯二胺为复合功能单体的新型快速检测碱性橙Ⅱ的印迹传感器。运用紫外光谱法选择最佳功能单体,并研究了模板分子与功能单体之间的作用形式和作用强度,采用电化学分析法优化各种制备条件,用甲醇?0.4 mol/L NaOH水溶液（体积比2∶1）洗脱模板分子,得到分子印迹电极,并对印迹电极的分析性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,该印迹传感器对碱性橙Ⅱ具有高选择性,样品加标平均回收率为88.45%～101.40%,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.31%～2.83%之间（n=5）,线性范围为3.0×10^-9～5.0×10^-5 mol/L,检出限为1.0×10^-9 mol/L。该传感器成功应用于食品中碱性橙Ⅱ残留的快速检测。     

高效液相法测定注射用赖氨匹林中的阿司匹林及游离水杨酸

 建立了高效液相法 (HPLC)同时测定注射用赖氨匹林中阿司匹林和游离水杨酸含量的方法。采用的柱为HypersilBDSC18柱 ,流动相为甲醇 水 冰醋酸 (体积比为 35∶6 5∶3) ,检测波长为 2 80nm。阿司匹林和水杨酸的质量浓度分别为 0 0 2 8g/L～ 0 14 1g/L和 0 77mg/L～ 3 85mg/L时线性关系良好 ,其线性相关系数分别为0 9999和 0 9998;加样回收率分别为 99 2 7% (RSD =0 8% )及 99 6 1% (RSD =1 3% )。     

Fully automated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of 17beta-estradiol in river water

Surface modified molecularly imprinted polymers (SM-MIPs) for 17beta-estradiol (E2), utilizing 6-ketoecradiol as a pseudo template were prepared. MIPs for E2 were synthesized using 4-vinyl pyridine and ethylene dimethacrylate as a functional monomer and cross-linking agent, respectively. MIPs selectively retained E2 and provided excellent chromatographic resolution from interfering compounds inherent in river water sample matrices. Therefore, freshly prepared MIPs were applied to quantitative mass spectrometric (negative electrospray ionization mode) detection of low levels of E2 in river water sample. In order to pre-concentrate the target compound for HPLC analysis, column switching was coupled with a pretreatment column packed with the MIPs. The repeatability of actual determinations of river water sample, in which background E2 was not detected, spiked with 50 ng/L of E2 was 2.2% RSD with a detection limit and qualification limit of 1.8 and 5.4 ng/L, respectively. Surface modification of MIP particlefs packed in the pretreatment column provided selective affinity and on-line concentration of low levels of E2 while simultaneously eliminating sample matrix interference, resulting in a significant increase in sensitivity and reproducibility for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of E2 in river water sample.     

Novel metal‐ion‐mediated,complex‐imprinted solid‐phase microextraction fiber for the selective recognition of thiabendazole in citrus and soil samples

A novel metal‐ion‐mediated complex‐imprinted‐polymer‐coated solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fiber used to specifically recognize thiabendazole (TBZ) in citrus and soil samples was developed. The complex‐imprinted polymer was introduced as a novel SPME coating using a “complex template” constructed with Cu(II) ions and TBZ. The recognition and enrichment properties of the coating in water were significantly improved based on the metal ion coordination interaction rather than relying on hydrogen bonding interactions that are commonly applied for the molecularly imprinting technique. Several parameters controlling the extraction performance of the complex‐imprinted‐polymer‐coated fiber were investigated including extraction solvent, pH value, extraction time, metal ion species, etc. Furthermore, SPME coupled with HPLC was developed for detection of TBZ, and the methods resulted in good linearity in the range of 10.0–150.0 ng/mL with a detection limit of 2.4 ng/mL. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of TBZ in spiked soil, orange, and lemon with recoveries of 80.0–86.9% and RSDs of 2.0–8.1%. This research provides an example to prepare a desirable water‐compatible and specifically selective SPME coating to extract target molecules from aqueous samples by introducing metal ions as the mediator.     

Rapid determination of catecholamines in urine samples by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with LIF detection

A method was developed for the rapid separation of catecholamines by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAMCE) with LIF detection, A homemade pump‐free negative pressure sampling device was used for rapid bias‐free sampling in NAMCE, the injection time was 0.5 s and the electrophoresis separation conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the samples were separated completely in <1 min. The average migration times of the epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) were 34.26, 43.81, and 50.07 s, with an RSD of 1.05, 1.26, and 0.89% (n = 7), respectively. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.0125 to 2.0 mg/L for E and 0.025～4.0 mg/L for DA and NE, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.9978 and 0.9986. The detection limits of E, DA, and NE were 2.5, 5.0, and 5.0 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of E, DA, and NE in spiked urine samples were between 86 and 103%, with RSDs of 4.5～6.8% (n = 5). The proposed NAMCE with LIF detection combined with a pump‐free negative pressure sampling device is a simple, inexpensive, energy efficient, miniaturized system that can be successfully applied for the determination of catecholamines in urine samples.     

气泡微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定尿中咖啡因

建立了气泡微萃取结合气相色谱/质谱技术(GC-MS)测定尿中咖啡因的方法.对影响萃取效率的实验条件进行了优化,确定了最佳萃取条件:三氯甲烷作为萃取溶剂,萃取溶剂暴露体积1 μL,气泡体积1.6 μL,搅拌速度300 r/min,萃取时间5 min,盐度15%(m/V),气泡与磁子间距离1 cm.在优化条件下,所建立方法在咖啡因浓度0.005~10 mg/L范围内有较好的线性关系,相关系数可达0.986,检出限为0.003 mg/L.在人尿液中添加不同浓度的咖啡因(0.050、0.500和5.000 mg/L),回收率为89.2%~107.5%,相对标准偏差小于8%(n=6).     

Residue analysis of kresoxim‐methyl and boscalid in fruits,vegetables and soil using liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A GC‐MS procedure for simultaneously determining and validating kresoxim‐methyl and boscalid has been developed in fruit, vegetable and soil matrices. The method was based on one‐step liquid–liquid extraction with acetone and dichloromethane solvents. Estimated limits of detection (LODs) for kresoxim‐methyl and boscalid were 0.006 and 0.015 mg/kg, and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐ precision were achieved with RSD better than 13.8 and 14.5%, and recoveries were in the range of 77.1–98.7% for kresoxim‐methyl and 72.8–105.1% for boscalid. The expanded uncertainties calculated at 0.1 mg/kg were below 18%. Concentration levels for residues of the two fungicides in melon samples from field trials collected 7 days after the last application were clearly below the established MRL values. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled to micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of triazines in soil, fruit, and vegetable samples

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of four triazines from soil, strawberry, and tomato samples was developed by selective molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) coupled to micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Using atrazine as template, the synthesized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were employed as the dispersion sorbent of MSPD to successfully extract atrazine and its analogs of simazine, ametryn, and propazine from the three different real samples, while matrix interferences were effectively eliminated simultaneously under the optimum extraction conditions. Excellent separation was achieved within 7 min by using an optimized buffer system composed of 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 20 mmol/L SDS, and 15% ACN at pH 9.45, obtained by orthogonal design. Good linearity was obtained in a range of 0.5-25 μg/g with the correlation coefficients R(2) ≥0.9991 except for strawberry sample within 1-25 μg/g, and limits of detection were between 12.9-31.5 ng/g in all the three samples. The average recoveries of the four triazines at three different spiked levels were ranged from 53.5 to 98.4% with the relative standard deviations of 1.28-4.89%. This method was proved convenient, costeffective, and environmental benign and could be used as an alternative tool to the existing methods for analyzing the residues of triazines in soil, fruit, and vegetable samples.