Stable Polymer Nanoparticles with Exceptionally High Drug Loading by Sequential Nanoprecipitation

Poor solubility often leads to low drug efficacy. Encapsulation of water‐insoluble drugs in polymeric nanoparticles offers a solution. However, low drug loading remains a critical challenge. Now, a simple and robust sequential nanoprecipitation technology is used to produce stable drug‐core polymer‐shell nanoparticles with high drug loading (up to 58.5 %) from a wide range of polymers and drugs. This technology is based on tuning the precipitation time of drugs and polymers using a solvent system comprising multiple organic solvents, which allows the formation of drug nanoparticles first followed by immediate precipitation of one or two polymers. This technology offers a new strategy to manufacture polymeric nanoparticles with high drug loading having good long‐term stability and programmed release and opens a unique opportunity for drug delivery applications.     

Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Lignin Nanoparticles with Deep Eutectic Solvents by Nanoprecipitation

Lignin nanomaterials have wide application prospects in the fields of cosmetics delivery, energy storage, and environmental governance. In this study, we developed a simple and sustainable synthesis approach to produce uniform lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by dissolving industrial lignin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) followed by a self-assembling process. LNPs with high yield could be obtained through nanoprecipitation. The LNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Distinct LNPs could be produced by changing the type of DES, lignin sources, pre-dropping lignin concentration, and the pH of the system. Their diameter is in the range of 20–200 nm and they show excellent dispersibility and superior long-term stability. The method of preparing LNPs from lignin–DES with water as an anti-solvent is simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly. The outcome aids to further the advancement of lignin-based nanotechnology.     

J-Aggregate-Based FRET Monitoring of Drug Release from Polymer Nanoparticles with High Drug Loading

Understanding drug-release kinetics is critical for the development of drug-loaded nanoparticles. We developed a J-aggregate-based Förster-resonance energy-transfer (FRET) method to investigate the release of novel high-drug-loading (50 wt %) nanoparticles in comparison with low-drug-loading (0.5 wt %) nanoparticles. Single-dye-loaded nanoparticles form J-aggregates because of the high dye-loading (50 wt %), resulting in a large red-shift (≈110 nm) in the fluorescence spectrum. Dual-dye-loaded nanoparticles with high dye-loading using FRET pairs exhibited not only FRET but also a J-aggregate red-shift (116 nm). Using this J-aggregate-based FRET method, dye-core–polymer-shell nanoparticles showed two release processes intracellularly: the dissolution of the dye aggregates into dye molecules and the release of the dye molecules from the polymer shell. Also, the high-dye-loading nanoparticles (50 wt %) exhibited a slow release kinetics in serum and relatively quick release in cells, demonstrating their great potential in drug delivery.     

Preparation and Characterization of Thermosensitive Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery

In this study, we have reported novel thermosensitive nanoparticles formulated by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique using acetaminophen (AAP) as a model drug. The high entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was 68.56%, particle size about 240.6 nm and zeta potential ?27 mV. Furthermore, the drug release was also investigated both at 37°C and 42°C, respectively. The goal of our study was to obtain a targeted drug delivery system, exploiting the temperature-sensitive behavior. In contrary to normal temperature (37°C), the release rate of AAP was found to noticeably increase at high temperature (42°C) with a larger cumulative amount of drug released. In this way, it would lead to production of nanoparticles having a high thermosensitive behavior on drug release. Thus, this new strategy has the potential to control drug release at the diseased site for targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) with positive temperature-controlled.     

明胶膜的制备及其交联性能的研究

探讨了溶剂、温度及pH值对明胶膜性能的影响，并以甲醛和戊二醛为交联剂，采用溶液交联和蒸汽交联两种方法对明胶膜进行交联改性。研究结果表明：相对于溶液交联，甲醛蒸汽交联所得膜的拉伸强度从25MPa上升到42MPa，戊二醛交联的膜的拉伸强度从15MPa上升到40MPa，而溶胀率和溶出率均有所下降，蒸汽交联的膜的性能优于溶液交联的膜。     

Preparation and Cytotoxicity of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Nanoparticles for Drug Encapsulation

Summary: This work aimed to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles for use in drug encapsulation. The polymer nanoparticles were produced using miniemulsion polymerization technique. Monomer miniemulsion showed moderate stability and polymer average particle size was about 90 nm. PMMA nanoparticles were tested for toxicity in human leukemic cell strain K562 and they did not show any adverse effect on cell viability. Therefore, poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles are suitable to encapsulate antitumor agents.     

载药蛋白质/聚苯硼酸复合纳米微球制备及其释药性能研究

蛋白质纳米颗粒具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,易于进行额外的表面修饰,用作药物输送系统提高了生物利用度,减少了药物分子的毒副作用.本工作在利用苯硼酸基团与再生桑蚕丝蛋白(RSF)上相关侧基之间具有路易斯酸-碱配对反应的基础上,通过3-丙烯酰胺苯硼酸(APBA)在RSF水溶液中原位聚合,使RSF分子链重排形成微球并在表面负载抗炎中药,制备了载药丝蛋白/聚苯硼酸纳米微球.此尺寸分布均匀的微球直径约为550～600nm,表面光滑且在水中的分散性能良好;对乔松素、杜鹃素和地奥司明三种药物的负载率分别为7.8%,11.9%和13.4%,包封率分别为75.0%,89.1%和93.7%.载药微球控制释放约7d,且缓释行为具有pH响应性.丝蛋白/聚苯硼酸纳米微球与主体药物协同作用提高了自由基清除速度和清除效率,优于直接给药组.与此同时,将RSF改换为牛血清白蛋白或明胶蛋白,采用此方法也能制成尺寸分别为260和100nm的白蛋白/聚苯硼酸微球或明胶蛋白/聚苯硼酸微球.由此,三种不同尺寸、电性和药物释放速率的蛋白质/聚苯硼酸纳米微球有望适应多种静脉注射和皮下或腹腔注射药物传输的需求.     

壳交联pH响应型PLGA载药微球的制备与研究

首先采用一次乳化法制备出PLGA[聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸)]纳米微球,并通过静电吸附将阳离子聚合物壳聚糖修饰到PLGA微球表面,然后以香草醛为交联剂对壳聚糖进行化学交联,得到一种壳交联的p H响应型纳米微球(PCV),微球粒径为(277.60±38.01)nm,表面电位为(21.60±4.51)m V.微球稳定性评价结果显示微球在24 h内粒径变化较小;流式细胞仪检测显示细胞对PCV微球的摄取量比未经修饰的PLGA微球的摄取量高;空白微球细胞毒性实验表明在空白微球浓度小于80μg/m L时细胞的存活率达93.24%.以多西他赛(DTX)为模型药物进行包载,该纳米微球DTX的载药率为7.48%,包封率为34.98%;体外药物释放实验显示,该微球在p H=5.0环境下孵育90 h的药物积累释放率达58.66%,而在p H=7.4的环境下的药物积累释放率为50.63%;此外,载DTX微球毒性试验结果表明该载药微球对A549肺癌细胞有较强的杀伤作用,其IC50值可达0.0009μg/m L.     

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Quaternized Cellulose Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers

Quaternized cellulose (QC) nanoparticles were prepared in distilled water by ionic crosslinking of QC with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) for the first time. BSA as a model protein drug was used to investigate the loading and release features of the nanoparticles. The results indicated that QC nanoparticles had high loading efficiency and capacity for BSA. The in vitro BSA release of the QC nanoparticles displayed a burst effect in the first 2 h and then a slow continuous release. Nanoparticles with a higher DS of QC showed a decrease in particle size, an increase in zeta potential, a higher loading efficiency and a slower drug‐release profile. These studies demonstrated that QC nanoparticles are potential protein carriers, and that their physicochemical properties and release profile could be easily adjusted.

     

Zr-Based MOFs with High Drug Loading for Adsorption Removal of Anti-Cancer Drugs: A Potential Drug Storage

A robust and highly water stable series of UiO-66-drived MOFs including UiO-66-NH₂, glycidyl methacrylate functionalized UiO-66-NH₂ (UiO-66-GMA) and ethylenediamine functionalized UiO-66-NH₂ (UiO-66-EDA) were synthesized solvothermally and studied their adsorption performances toward two anti-cancer drugs, methotrexate (MTX) and curcumin (CUR) in the case of overdose. It was found that functionalizing the surface of UiO-66-NH₂ nanoparticles with different functional groups remarkably changes the adsorption capacity and the ideal adsorption selectivity of MTX over CUR. Particularly, the UiO-66-EDA exhibited the highest adsorption capacities for both drugs, 540.78 and 423.85 mg/g for MTX and CUR, respectively, because of the strong interaction between drug molecules and adsorbent via hydrogen bonding due to the existence of different polar functional groups. The kinetics of drugs adsorption was investigated by three well-known kinetic models, which the output indicates that the adsorption of both drugs onto the synthesized MOFs follow the pseudo-second-order model. Moreover, it was found that the equilibrium adsorption results were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm models, revealing that the adsorption of both drugs onto the synthesized MOFs is a monolayer adsorption process. Further investigation illustrated that the synthesized MOFs could be easily activated and reused after four successive adsorption–desorption cycles. The output of the present work is of main important for biomedical and environmental applications of MOFs as an outstanding adsorbent for adsorption removal of hazardous drugs from contaminated aqueous solutions.     

兼具MRI显影增强及pH敏感释药性能的载药Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒

以聚丙烯酸(PAA)修饰的超顺磁性Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒(MNPs-PAA)为基础,利用pH敏感的腙键将抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(DOX)与磁性颗粒表面的PAA链偶联,制备了载药Fe_3O_4磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs-DOX)。通过透射电镜、X射线衍射、紫外、红外、热失重以及体外磁共振显影(MRI)等手段对MNPs-DOX的形貌、结构、MRI及载释药效果进行了表征。结果证实,MNPsDOX具有超顺磁性,在MRI中具备良好的横向弛豫(T2)显影增强效果。此外,其DOX负载率达15%(质量分数),且在pH=5.0的酸性环境中药物释放量明显高于pH=7.4的中性环境,具有对环境pH的敏感性。     

Preparation of Formyl Deoxycholic Acid Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Application for Oxytetracycline Loading北大核心CSCD

Formyldeoxycholic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles（FDCA-MNPs）have been successfully constructed. The structure,morphology and magnetic properties of FDCA-MNPs are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）and vibrating sample magnetometer. Oxytetracycline（OTC）is used as a model drug to evaluate the drug loading and release behaviors of FDCA-MNPs. The maximum loading of OTC is 59. 7 mg/g,and the loading behavior follows Freundlich adsorption balance equations with multilayer adsorption．Furthermore,FDCA-MNPs@OTC shows a higher release rate at pH=9 （11. 8%）than that of pH=7（8. 8%）. The bacteriostatic activities of FDCA-MNPs,OTC,FDCA-MNPs@OTC against E. coli are compared in vitro. The results show that FDCA-MNPs have no inhibition-activity for E. coli, meanwhile,FDCA-MNPs@OTC displays better sterilization ability than OTC at the same concentration. The minimum antibacterial concentration is 3 μg/mL,and the antibacterial rate reaches 97. 8%. It is proved that the synergistic effect of drug carrier and drugs reveals good antibacterial properties and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. © 2022, Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

Synthesis of Graft Bacterial Polyesters for Nanoparticles Preparation

Graft copolymers of bacterial polyesters were prepared by direct condensation of poly(3‐hydroxyoctanoate‐co‐9‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxydecanoate) (PHOD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Nanoparticles from PHO, PHOD, PHOD‐g‐PEG, and PHOD‐g‐PLA were obtained by solvent displacement without stabilizer, and their stability in different aqueous media with different salt concentrations were studied. The results showed that the presence of hydrophilic PEG on the particle surface prevents the aggregation promotion by salts in aqueous solution. PHOD‐g‐PEG appears to be a promising candidate for site‐specific drug delivery systems.

¹H NMR spectrum of PHOD‐g‐PLA in CDCl₃.     

Nanoparticles Synthesis from Corn Cob (Xylan) and Their Potential Application as Colon-Specific Drug Carrier

Summary: Corn Cob based Xylan, a natural polysaccharide extracted from agro-waste may be used as a tool to deliver drugs especially to the colon because of their timely retention in the physiological environment of stomach and small intestine and can only be degraded in colon by vast anaerobic microflora like bifidobacterium. The objective of present research study is to incorporate the drug namely 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) into xylan macromolecular backbone, either by surface adsorption or by intermolecular covalent bond formation so that absorption of drugs is prevented in upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To achieve the above objective, xylan prodrug of 5-ASA was synthesized via activation of carboxylic acid with N,N-carbonyldiimidazole. The structure of obtained xylan prodrug was evaluated by means FT-IR spectroscopy. The ester carbonyl absorption band was observed at 1690 cm⁻¹ in addition to the bands originated from 5-ASA and xylan. The resulting prodrug and xylan itself assembled into spherical nanoparticles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The prodrug of 5-ASA was synthesized which might be active against inflammatory bowel diseases, a novel thought towards advanced drug delivery from xylan based nanoparticles will be presented.     

Preparation of Magnetite Nanoparticles Coated with an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer: A Potential Drug Carrier with a Core‐Shell‐Corona Structure for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery

Summary: The synthesis of magnetic magnetite nanoparticles coated with amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for use as new potential carriers for hydrophobic drug delivery is reported. The results show that a new core‐shell‐corona structural material is obtained with a very narrow molecular weight distribution of the hydrophobic segment (PDI = 1.10). UV‐Vis results show that 37% of progesterone is released from the nanoparticles after 22 h, much slower than free release (99% after 14 h), which demonstrates that the presence of the hydrophobic segment can effectively control the release of hydrophobic drugs.

Synthesis of an amphiphilic block polymer poly(ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) on magnetite nanoparticles and their use as potential drug carriers     

Chitosan Encapsulated Meloxicam Nanoparticles for Sustained Drug Delivery Applications: Preparation,Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics in Wistar Rats

Meloxicam (MLX) is currently used in the therapeutic management of both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as pain, injuries, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis in both humans and animals. Gastrointestinal toxicity and occasional renal toxicity were observed in patients taking it for a long-term period. Meloxicam’s late attainment of peak plasma concentration results in a slow onset of action. The goal of the current study was to prepare and characterize chitosan encapsulated meloxicam nanoparticles (CEMNPs) with high bioavailability and less gastro intestinal toxicity in order to prevent such issues. The size of the prepared CEMNPs was approximately 110–220 nm with a zetapotential of +39.9 mV and polydispersity index of 0.268, suggesting that they were uniformly dispersed nanoparticles. The FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of MLX in the prepared CEMNPs. The pharmacokinetics have been studied with three groups of male Wistar rats receiving either of the treatments, viz., 4 mg·kg⁻¹ of MLX and 1 or 4 mg·kg⁻¹ of CEMNPs. Plasma samples were collected until 48 h post administration, and concentrations of MLX were quantified by using reverse (C₁₈) phase HPLC. Non-compartmental analysis was applied to determine pharmacokinetic variables. Upon oral administration, the maximum concentration (C_max) was reached in 4 h for CEMNPs and 6 h for MLX. The mean area under the plasma MLX concentration-time curve from ‘zero’ to infinity (AUC_0–∞), half-life (t_1/2β), and mean resident time (MRT) of 1 mg·kg⁻¹ of CEMNPs was 1.4-, 2-, and 1.8-fold greater than 4 mg·kg⁻¹ of MLX. The prepared CEMNPs demonstrated quicker absorption and prolonged release along with a significant improvement in the bioavailability of MLX, paving a prospective path for the development of drugs with enhanced bioavailability with less side effects.     

Microwave Preparation of Ag Nanoparticles for Chemiluminescence Enhancement

Chemiluminescence applications frequently require signal enhancement. We report a major improvement of the chemiluminescence of luminol in alkaline peroxide solutions by silver nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction of AgNO₃ by NaH₂PO₂ in ethylene glycol solution, with polyvinylpirrolidone as capping agent and using a simple microwave approach and set up. The luminescence emission is also shown to be much faster. The nanoparticles were characterized spectroscopically and by dynamic light scattering showing an average particle size of 36 nm.     

亲油性AgCl纳米微粒的制备与表征

利用表面修饰方法在乙醇_水混合溶液中合成了双十八烷氧基二硫代磷酸盐修饰的AgCl纳米微粒 ,并用TEM、FT -IR、TG、XRD等仪器对其形貌、表面键合结构、热力学稳定性及晶体结构进行了表征 .结果表明 :双十八烷氧基二硫代磷酸盐与AgCl之间发生了化学键合作用 ,其亲油性大大改善 ,能在氯仿、四氢呋喃中均匀分散为澄清溶液 ,表面修饰层的存在有效地阻止了纳米粒子之间的团聚现象 ,因而粒径比较均匀 ,多数在 30nm左右     

纳米ZnO的制备及其光催化性能研究

本文以羟丙基纤维素(HPC)作为分散剂,运用沉淀法制备出了粒径均匀的ZnO颗粒.通过透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线衍射(XRD),紫外可见光吸收光谱,光致发光谱(PL)对ZnO进行了性能表征,并探讨了其形成机理及制备中的影响因素.利用纳米ZnO作为光催化剂对有机染料罗丹明B进行了光降解实验,实验结果表明,此方法制备的ZnO具有良好的光催化性能,有望在治理环境污染等领域具有良好的应用.