Selective determination of trace arsenic and antimony species in natural waters by gas chromatography with a photoionization detector

Traces amounts of arsenic and antimony in water samples were determined by gas chromatography with a photoionization detector after liquidnitrogen cold trapping of their hydrides. The sample solution was treated with sodium hydroborate (NaBH₄) under weak-acid conditions for arsenic(III) and antimony(III) determination, and under strong-acid conditions for arsenic(III+V) and antimony(III+V) determination. Large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor obscured determination of arsine and stibine. Better separation from interference could be achieved by removing CO₂ and water vapor in two tubes containing sodium hydroxide pellets and calcium chloride, respectively. The detection limits of this method were 1.8 ng dm^?3 for arsenic and 9.4 ng dm^?3 for antimony in the case of 100-cm³ sample volumes. Therefore, it is suitable for determination of trace arsenic and antimony in natural waters.     

Potentiometric titration of trace amounts of mercury after a preliminary separation by a reduction method

Isolation and concentration of mercury by reduction of mercury(II) with acidic tin(II) chloride solution and absorption of mercury vapour in acidic permanganate solution is combined with potentiometric titration with dithiooxamide. The simple procedure is applicable to 5–100 ppb mercury in 1-dm³ samples. Recoveries from organomercurials are discussed.     

Titration of antimony(III) with cerium(IV) sulphate and diphenylamine and its derivatives as reversible indicators

Diphenylamine, barium diphenylamine sulphonate, N-phenylanthranilic acid and 2-nitrodiphenylamine have been investigated as reversible indicators for the titration of antimony(III) with cerium(IV) sulphate in 0.5–2 M sulphuric acid medium. Diphenylamine is the most satisfactory in titrations of antimony(III) in chloride-free solutions, e.g. of potassium antimonyl tartrate. Even low chloride concentrations affect the indicator action of N-phenyl-anthranilic acid or 2-nitrodiphenylamine, but diphenylamine is satisfactory in 1 M hydrochloric acid media. Iodine catalyst is necessary to accelerate the reduction of the oxidized indicator by antimony(III). The indicator colour change is vivid and the colour of the oxidized indicator is stable. Titrations of antimony(III) in mixtures with iron(II) and arsenic(III) are also considered.     

Determination of arsenic and antimony in electrolytic copper by anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode

A simple procedure is described for the determination of arsenic and antimony in electrolytic copper. The copper is digested with nitric acid and copper is separated from arsenic and antimony by passing an ammoniacal solution of the sample through a column of Chelex-100 resin. After digestion with sulphuric acid and reduction to arsenic(III) and antimony(III) with sodium sulphite in 7 M sulphuric acid at 80°C, both arsenic and antimony are deposited at-0.30V and their total is determined by anodic stripping; antimony is then selectively deposited at -0.05 V for anodic stripping. The lower limits of determination are 56 ng As and 28 ng Sb per gram of copper; relative standard deviations (n = 5) are in the ranges 6.1–15.0% for 5.5—0.5 ppm arsenic in copper and 4.1–6.8% for 2.6—0.6 ppm antimony.     

Sequential titration of iron(II), antimony(III) and arsenic(III) in binary or ternary mixture

A simple titrimetric procedure for the determination of iron(II), antimony(III) and arsenic-(III) in a mixture, with cerium(IV) sulphate as titrant, is proposed. The end-points can all be detected with ferroin or potentiometrically. Phosphoric acid medium is used for titration of the iron(II), then acetic acid medium for the titration of antimony(III), and finally the arsenic(III) is titrated in presence of iodine as catalyst. The procedure utilizes a single portion of test solution; it can be adopted for the analysis of binary mixtures.     

Gaseous catalysts for end-point indication in titrimetric analysis in the microgram range with iodide and bromide as catalysts

A new technique for end-point detection in titrations with bromate is described. The first drop in excess causes evolution of bromine which is swept by nitrogen into an indicator vessel. There, the bromine reacts with iodide to form iodine which catalyzes the cerium(IV)—arsenic(III) reaction or with sulfite to form bromide which catalyzes the permanganate—iodine reaction. Microgram amounts of antimony(III) or arsenic(III) can be determined.     

Potentiometric titration of permanganate with resacetophenone oxime

Milligram amounts of permanganate can be titrated with resacetophenone oxime (4-acetylresorcinol oxime) as a reducing titrant in the presence of phosphoric acid (0.5 M). The stoichiometry between permanganate and the oxime is 3:1 (MnO₄^-:oxime). The titration is successful in the presence of large amounts of dichromate or vanadate or moderate amounts of cerium(IV).     

Simple conditions for the use of ferroin indicator in cerimetric titrations of antimony(III) alone and in mixtures with arsenic(III)

The titration of antimony(III) with cerium(V) sulphate in the presence of ferroin indicator at room temperature is entirely satisfactory in media consisting of 50% ($\text{v}\text{v}$) acetic acid and 1–3 M hydrochloric acid. In the absence of acetic acid, ferroin reacts with the antimony(V) formed in the very early stages, to give a sparingly soluble red complex, which remains in suspension and resists oxidation by cerium(IV). This titration provides a rational method for sequential visual titrations of antimony(III) and arsenic(III). The composition of the ferroin-antimony(V) complex is discussed. Titrations of antimony(III) in 0.5–1 M sulphuric acid medium do not require acetic acid but need iodine monochloride catalyst.     

碘酸钾滴定法测定铜阳极泥分银渣中的锡

建立了碘酸钾滴定法测定铜阳极泥分银渣中锡的含量。通过硝酸溶解,过滤除铜,还原铁粉置换分离锑、铋、砷等元素,消除了铜阳极泥分银渣中的铜、锑、砷等杂质元素对锡测定的干扰。方法加标回收率在99.7%~100%。精密度实验结果表明,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于1.1%。操作过程简单,能满足生产的需要。     

Determination of arsenic in glass and raw materials for glass via quartz-tube hydride generation AAS after separation by solvent extraction

Summary A method is described for the determination of traces of arsenic in glass and raw materials for glass. After a digestion with hydrofluoric acid/sulphuric acid for glass and silica containing materials and varied digestion variants the arsenic is separated from the sample matrix by solvent-extraction of arsenic(III) chloride with toluene and back-extraction into water. The following determination is made by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry after atomisation in a heated quartz tube. A volatilization of arsenic during the digestion, different reagents for the oxidation and reduction of arsenic as well as the selectivity of the solvent extraction with regard to different interfering elements were investigated. It has been found that with the method developed, also at high concentrations of interfering elements, arsenic can be separated and a nearly interference-free determination of arsenic in glass and in raw materials for glass is possible. For example, at antimony concentrations of 60% (m/m) in the sample the detection limit is 0.5 g/g As₂O₃. The over-all detection limit is 0.05 g/g As₂O₃. The relative standard deviation is 5.7% (n=4) at a concentration of 3.6 g/g As₂O₃.     

Amperometric determination of trivalent arsenic in sulphuric acid solution in the presence of fluoride ions

The polarographic reduction of 1 mM KMnO₄ at a dropping mercury electrode was studied in H₂SO₄ solutions containing varying amounts of sodium fluoride. The amperometric titration of sodium arsenite with potassium permanganate was carried out at – 0.9 volt (SCE) in acid medium containing fluoride ions that are capable of forming stable fluoride complexes. It was revealed that the titration was successful at 0.028% NaF and 0.54 N H₂SO₄. The effect of [AsO ₂ ^– ] revealed suitability of the method for the quantitative determination of very small amounts of trivalent arsenic ranging from 1.5 mg/ml to 1.5 µg/ml.

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Amperometrische Bestimmung von trivalentem Arsen in schwefelsaurer Lösung in Gegenwart von Fluorid-Ionen

Zusammenfassung Die polarographische Reduktion von 1 mM KMnO₄ wurde an der tropfenden Quecksilberelektrode in H₂SO₄-Lösungen mit verschiedenem Gehalt an Natriumfluorid untersucht. Die amperometrische Titration von Natriumarsenit mit Kaliumpermanganat wurde bei – 0.9 V (SCE) in saurem Medium in Gegenwart von Fluorid-Ionen, die zur Ausbildung stabiler Fluoridkomplexe befähigt sind, ausgeführt. Die Titration bei 0.028% NaF und 0.54N H₂SO₄ erwies sich als vorteilhaft. Eine quantitative Bestimmung von geringen Mengen von dreiwertigem Arsen als [AsO ₂ ^– ] im 1.5-mg- bis 1.5-µ/ml-Bereich ist möglich.

     

Sequential determination of tin, arsenic, bismuth and antimony in marine sediment material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a small concentric hydride generator and L-cysteine as prereductant

A hydride generation system using a small concentric hydride generator combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was established to determine tin, arsenic, bismuth and antimony in a marine sediment material with L-cysteine as a pre-reductant. Influences of concentrations of three kinds of acids (HCl, HNO₃ and HClO₄), L-cysteine, and sodium tetrahydroborate(III) as well as sodium hydroxide were investigated. The interferences from transition ions were found to be insignificant for determination of the four elements in presence of L-cysteine. Under optimized conditions the detection limits were 0.6 ng/mL for arsenic(III), 0.8 ng/mL for antimony(III), 1.7 ng/mL for tin(IV), and 1.2 ng/mL for bismuth(III). The method was applied to determine the four elements in standard marine sediment materials and the results were in agreement with certified values.     

Oxidative addition of substituted arsines and stibines with bis(trifluoromethyl)nitroxyl

Reactions of bis(trifluoromethyl)nitroxyl with a number of methyl- and trifluoromethyl- substituted arsines and stibines at room temperature lead to the formation of pentavalent arsenic and antimony derivatives, namely (CH₃)_3?n(CF₃)_nM[ON(CF₃)₂]₂ (M = As, n = 0, 1, 2; M = Sb, n = 0, 1). The derivatives yield bis(trifluoromethyl)- hydroxylamine and the corresponding dichlorides on treatment with hydrogen chloride. A free radical mechanism is proposed for the oxidative addition reactions.     

复杂高铋物料中铅的Na2EDTA滴定法测定

复杂高铋物料中,铋、砷、锑、锡四元素含量高且共存时会影响铅的测定。特别是铋含量高时对铅的测定影响大。实验用EDTA—酒石酸联合掩蔽铋、砷、锑、锡,在稀硫酸介质中以硫酸钾为沉淀剂,使铅生成硫酸铅钾复盐沉淀而与铋、砷、锑、锡、铁、铜、锌、铝、钴、镍等干扰离子分离,沉淀以乙酸-乙酸钠浸取,二甲酚橙为指示剂,Na2EDTA滴定法测定铅。试验进一步优化了测定条件,确定最佳条件：硫酸（1 1）加入量为7mL、硫酸钾用量为5g、煮沸时为5min、沉淀陈化时间为2h、EDTA 50g/L 加入量为10mL、酒石酸用量为0.5g,铅的回收率99.70% ～100.65%。将实验方法应用于测定复杂高铋物料中铅,标样BY0111-1与给定值一致,相对标准偏差（n=11）RSD 0.20%～0.23%,满足生产测试要求。     

Sequential determination of tin, arsenic, bismuth and antimony in marine sediment material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a small concentric hydride generator and L-cysteine as prereductant

A hydride generation system using a small concentric hydride generator combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was established to determine tin, arsenic, bismuth and antimony in a marine sediment material with L-cysteine as a pre-reductant. Influences of concentrations of three kinds of acids (HCl, HNO₃ and HClO₄), L-cysteine, and sodium tetrahydroborate(III) as well as sodium hydroxide were investigated. The interferences from transition ions were found to be insignificant for determination of the four elements in presence of L-cysteine. Under optimized conditions the detection limits were 0.6 ng/mL for arsenic(III), 0.8 ng/mL for antimony(III), 1.7 ng/mL for tin(IV), and 1.2 ng/mL for bismuth(III). The method was applied to determine the four elements in standard marine sediment materials and the results were in agreement with certified values. Received: 4 September 1997 / Revised: 14 October 1997 / Accepted: 7 November 1997     

Determination of Sb(III) and Total Sb in Antileishmanial Drugs by Spectrophotometric Flow‐Injection Hydride Generation

Abstract

A spectrophotometric procedure based on hydride generation and flow analysis is proposed for determination of antimony (III) [Sb(III)] and total antimony (Sb) in pharmaceutical samples. Firstly, Sb(III) reacts with hydrogen species generated in the system, forming antimony hydride. The reaction leads to a decrease in the permanganate concentration and, hence, in the intensity of the color of this specie, which is spectrophotometrically measured at 528 nm. Total Sb is determined as Sb(III) after Sb(V) reduction using 0.02% (m/v) KI. Some parameters, such as the number of channels of the gas phase separator, injection volume, coil length, and KBH₄ concentration, are investigated. The system presents a frequency of ca. 100 h^?1 and precision <3.0% [expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 30 measurements using a 3.0 mg L^?1 Sb(III) solution]. The analytical curve ranging from 0.5 mg L^?1 to 5.0 mg L^?1 (r>0.998; n=5) permits limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 83 and 250 µg L^?1. For total Sb, the accuracy is checked by atomic absorption spectrometry applying the t test and the results are in accordance at the 95% confidence level. Recovery tests are used to check the accuracy for Sb(III) determination, and the recoveries are between 95% and 105%.     

Determination of arsenic and antimony in geological materials and natural waters by coprecipitation with selenium and neutron activation—γ-spectrometry

A simple, quantitative method for collecting arsenic and antimony from the digests of geological materials and from salt and fresh waters is described. The procedure involves the addition of selenium(IV) to an acidified sample followed by precipitation of selenium by tin(II) chloride. The precipitate is collected, dried, and irradiated. Arsenic and antimony are quantified directly from the activities of ⁷⁶As and ¹²²Sb, respectively. The method has detection limits of 9 ng As and 12 ng Sb per gram of rock or 500 g of water, and has been applied to eight new reference standards from the U.S. Geological Survey. Gold is quantitatively collected by the same procedure.     

The use of silver nanoparticles as an effective modifier for the determination of arsenic and antimony by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were proposed as a new chemical modifier for the elimination of interferences when determining arsenic and antimony in aqueous NaCl or Na₂SO₄ solutions and in sea-water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. For this purpose, the AgNPs were prepared simply by reducing silver nitrate with sodium citrate. The effects of pyrolysis and atomization temperatures and the amounts of interferents and modifiers on the sensitivities of these elements were investigated. In the presence of the proposed modifier, a pyrolysis temperature of at least 1100 °C for arsenic and 900 °C for antimony could be applied without the loss of analytes, and the interferences were greatly reduced to allow for interference-free determination. The detection limits (N = 10, 3σ) for arsenic and antimony were 0.022 ng and 0.046 ng, respectively. AgNPs are cheaper and more available compared to many other modifiers. No background was detected, and the blank values were negligible.     

Simultaneous determination of arsenic and antimony in environmental samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

A radiochemical separation procedure using an inorganic exchanger, tin dioxide (TDO), for the separation of arsenic from antimony is reported here. This separation avoids the interference of 564 keV gamma-ray of¹²²Sb in the measurement of the 559 keV gamma-ray of⁷⁶As in neutron activation analysis. Environmental samples, after neutron irradiation and digestion, are taken up in 1M HCl–0.1M HF and passed through a TDO column which selectively retains arsenic. The effluent from the TDO column, after proper conditioning, is passed through an anion exchange column for quantitative retention of antimony. The procedure has been utilized for arsenic and antimony determination in NBS Orchard Leaves and NBS Albacore Tuna.     

The spectrophotometric determination of antimony in water,effluents, marine plants and silicates

A spectrophotometric procedure is described for the determination of antimony in natural waters (including sea water and effluents), algae and silicates. After a preliminary oxidative digestion for waters, or acid attack for algae and silicates, the element is quantitatively coprecipitated at pH 5.0 with hydrous zirconium oxide. The precipitate is dissolved in acid, and, after reduction with titanium(III) chloride, antimony is oxidized to antimony(V) with sodium nitrite. The ion pair of the SbCl₆^- ion with crystal violet is extracted with benzene and its absorbance is measured at 610 nm (molar absorptivity 74,000 l mol^-1 cm^-1). Extraction with toluene causes some loss of sensitivity. The detection limit is 0.005 μg l^-1; relative standard deviations are 0.5% and 1.1% for spiked distilled water (0.5 μg l^-1) and sea water (0.26 μg l^-1), respectively. A wide range of anions and cations cause no interference at levels many times those in natural waters. The technique can be adapted for application to marine algae and silicates; relative standard deviations are 1.8% and 2% for samples of Pelvetia canaliculata (0.19 μg Sb g^-1) and a Pacific Ocean red clay (1.08 μg Sb g^-1), respectively. Results for the U.S. Geological Survey Standard rocks GSP1 (2.7 ppm) and DTS1 (0.53 ppm) are in good agreement with those of earlier workers.