Ultrasonic speed in compressed liquid by a sing-around method

A new apparatus for the measurement of ultrasonic speed in compressed liquid was constructed. The reliability of this instrument was confirmed by measuring the speeds in pure benzene in the ranges from 283.15 to 323.15 K and pressures up to near freezing pressure, and by comparing the results with literature values. The isentropic compressibilities κ_S were also determined using the experimental speeds and densities, and the results κ_S(u) were compared with those observed directly elsewhere κ_S(d) and those calculated thermodynamically κ_S(c) from (p, V_m, T). At atmospheric pressure, the present results, while agreeing with κ_S(u) reported in the literature, show differences from κ_S(d) and κ_S(c), while those for higher pressures close on a simple curve with κ_S(c).     

Building the quality into pellet manufacturing environment--feasibility study and validation of an in-line quantitative near infrared (NIR) method

The present study focuses on the implementation of an in-line quantitative near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method for determining the active content of pharmaceutical pellets. The first aim was to non-invasively interface a dispersive NIR spectrometer with four realistic particle streams existing in the pellets manufacturing environment. Regardless of the particle stream characteristics investigated, NIR together with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to classify the samples according to their active content. Further, one of these particle stream interfaces was non-invasively investigated with a FT-NIR spectrometer. A predictive model based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was able to determine the active content of pharmaceutical pellets. The NIR method was finally validated with an external validation set for an API concentration range from 80 to 120% of the targeted active content. The prediction error of 0.9% (root mean standard error of prediction, RMSEP) was low, indicating the accuracy of the NIR method. The accuracy profile on the validation results, an innovative approach based on tolerance intervals, demonstrated the actual and future performance of the in-line NIR method. Accordingly, the present approach paves the way for real-time release-based quality system.     

Anomalous infrared spectra of codeine free base in potassium bromide pellet

When codeine free base is incorporated into a potassium bromide pellet, its infrared spectrum can show anomalous phenomena between approximately 1100 cm^?1 and 750 cm^?1. Investigation of the problem indicated that the anomalies are related to rapid formation of the codeine free base monohydrate during sample preparation.     

Formation of isomeric terphenyls and triphenylene by pyrolysis of benzene

The pyrolysis of benzene has been investigated at 773, 923, and 1073 K and the mechanisms of formation of isomeric terphenyls and triphenylene have been studied, the results being compared with those obtained by pyrolysis of benzene solutions containing diphenyl and o=terphenyl. No differences in the mechanisms of the formation of terphenyls and triphenylene could be observed at the selected temperatures, even if ring fission and a higher degree of polymerization occurred at 1073 K. The addition of diphenyl and o-terphenyl showed that the reactions leading to the formation of isomeric terphenyls and triphenylene in the pyrolysis of pure benzene do not pass through stable intermediates.     

Intermolecular energy transfer involving an iridium complex studied by a combinatorial method

A recently developed combinatorial method utilizing angular dependence of evaporation rate was used to create compositional spread thin film libraries of Tris(2-pyridin-2-yl-indolizino[3,4,5-ab] isoindole-C(1), N('))iridium(III) [Ir(pin)(3)] and 4,4(')-N,N(')-dicarbazol-biphenyl (CBP) composite, with the molar fraction of Ir(pin)(3) complex varying in the 0.0003Ir(pin)(3) energy transfer proceeds by the Forster mechanism with the Forster radius of 30 A. The CBPxIr(pin)(3) composite has the highest photoluminescence quantum efficiency approximately 0.95, for chi(Ir(pin)(3) )=0.03 and is characterized by a structured green emission (lambda(max)=538 nm) originating from the ligand-centered (pi-pi(*))(3) state of the Ir(pin)(3) complex. On the contrary, the PL spectra of Ir(pin)(3) bulk are characterized by a weak red emission (lambda(max)=673 nm) attributed to the lowest metal-to-ligand charge transfer state. A statistical analysis based on a binomial distribution indicates that the emission from the (pi-pi(*))(3) state is quenched in Ir(pin)(3) molecules that are in a direct contact with each other.     

Analysis of functionality-type distributions as a method for studying the kinetics of chemical reactions involving reactive oligomers

Critical chromatography is used to study the kinetics of reactions between polypropylene glycols and phenyl butyl isocyanate that simulate the production of polyester urethanes. The use of a two-detector version of chromatography makes it possible to monitor the concentration of the original, intermediate, and final oligomers and reveal the effect of one end group on the reactivity of the other separated by a long chain. The processing of the kinetic data makes it possible to determine the reaction-rate constants for macromolecules of different functionalities and to quantitatively describe the process behavior.     

Hydrogenation of biphenyl and isomeric terphenyls over a Pt-containing catalyst

Catalytic hydrogenation of benzene, biphenyl, and ortho-, metha-, and para-isomers of terphenyl over a 3 wt.% Pt/C at 180 °C and 70 atm was studied. The directions of hydrogenation of each substrate were revealed. Relationships between structures of the substrate and hydrogen consumption rates were found. It was shown that hydrogenation rate decreases on going from benzene to terphenyl and with increasing degree of the substrate hydrogenation. Hydrogenation rate of terphenyl isomers decreases in the following order: p-terphenyl > > m-terphenyl > o-terphenyl.     

The prediction of coal properties using compressed infrared data from osculating polynomials

Reduction of the representation of infrared spectra from coal samples by osculating polynomials of degree nine is discussed. The reduced representation contains polynomial coefficients of order zero to four. Mathematical models of the original spectra are obtained by linear combination of the coefficients. These compressed models are statistically correlated to coal properties, namely, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, heating value, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, and maximum vitrinite reflectance, and the results are compared with those previously obtained from second derivatives of the same spectra. The use of compressed data, while giving slightly better correlations for some of the properties, has the advantage of requiring less computational time.     

Analysis of tantalum by ICP-AES involving trace-matrix separation

Summary A trace-matrix separation technique for the analysis of high-purity tantalum by ICP-AES has been developed to overcome the difficulties caused by the line-richness of this matrix. The procedure is based on the extraction of tantalum with diantipyrylmethane from 12 mol/l HF in dichloroethane. The extraction behaviour of 35 elements has been investigated from which 25 can quantitatively be separated with a residual matrix concentration <0.01% at 1 g sample portion. The achievable limits of detection for ICP-AES are between 0.02 g/g and 10 g/g. The method was applied to the analysis of a high-purity tantalum sample. For a number of elements, the results of this technique are compared with those of other techniques whereby, in general, a good agreement was achieved.     

Analysis and identification of different animal horns by a three-stage infrared spectroscopy

In this study, a new method, a three-stage infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) integrated with second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR)) was developed to analyze the organic and inorganic compositions of three different horns (Cornu Antelopis, Cornu Bubali and Pulvis Cornus Bubali Concentratus). In IR spectra, all the three horns had their own macroscopic fingerprints especially for those compositions containing amide groups, CH groups and Ca(3)(PO(4))(2). Their second derivative spectra amplified the differences and revealed the potentially characteristic IR absorption bands 1350-400 cm(-1) to be investigated in 2D-IR. Subsequently, many covered characteristic fingerprints were disclosed in 2D-IR spectra in the range of 1350-400 cm(-1) and the three horns were therefore effectively discriminated. Meanwhile, the analysis results of inorganic constituents were verified by atomic spectroscopy. Furthermore, thirty different horn samples including ten of each horn were also successfully classified by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). It was demonstrated that the above three-stage infrared spectroscopy could be applicable for quick, non-destructive and effective analysis and identification of very complicated and similar mixture systems (e.g. traditional Chinese medicines).     

微蒸馏气相色谱法测定水中低级脂肪醇的研究

考察了微蒸馏气相色谱法测定水样中多种低级脂肪醇的可行性。利用微蒸馏技术将水中的醇分离富集,用程序升温气相色谱法测定。正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、正戊醇、异戊醇的浓缩倍数分别为169．3,137．6,197．4,149．2,142．7,126．0。检出限分别为0．021,0．031,0．032,0．032,0．066,0．065mg／L。样品中所存在组分的平均回收率分别为甲醇82．60％,正丙醇93．25％,正丁醇94．88％;相对标准偏差分别为甲醇7．7％,正丙醇4．7％,正丁醇3．4％。方法适用于水中多种微量低级醇的同时分析。     

Coal analysis by application of the partial least squares method to infrared spectra

Summary A method for the rapid characterization of brown coals based on the application of a powerful method of principal component analysis, the Partial Least Squares method (PLS), is described. A data catalogue of 44 brown coals from different deposits of East European and Asian countries was used, which lists analyses of several coal parameters. Infrared spectra of brown coals were recorded and different coal properties were predicted with the help of PLS. The results show that, with the PLS-method used, several coal properties can be predicted and it is possible to describe the classification of a coal for several technological processes. The developed method is useful because of the multiplicity of information obtained within a short time and because it is possible to replace lengthy classical methods.     

Study of relative acidity of some silazanes by infrared spectroscopy method

Conclusions The relative acidity of the hydrogen atom of the NH group in a number of silazanes was determined. The electron-acceptor character of the silyl substituents is caused by the existence of d—p interaction at the Si-N bond.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 644–646, March, 1973.     

Analysis and identification of irradiated Spirulina powder by a three-step infrared macro-fingerprint spectroscopy

A three-step infrared (IR) macro-fingerprint method combining conventional IR spectra, and the secondary derivative spectra with two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR), was developed to analyze Spirulina powder before and after gamma irradiation. In the IR spectra, most of the absorption peaks of samples irradiated at 1, 2.7, 6, and 10.4 kGy had lower intensities than the non-irradiated ones, whereas peaks at 1152, 1078, and 1051 cm⁻¹ were slightly enhanced with irradiation at 2.7, 6, and 10.4 kGy. Their second derivative spectra amplified the differences and revealed that irradiation affected the C=O band of carboxylic acid and esters, and the N–H band of proteins. The peaks at 1746 and 1741 cm⁻¹, and those at 1730 and 1725  cm⁻¹ became two broad peaks. Meanwhile, the three sharp peaks at 1548 cm⁻¹, 1544 cm⁻¹ and 1536 cm⁻¹ changed to two broad peaks at around 1547 and 1534 cm⁻¹ after irradiation at doses higher than 1 kGy. The characteristic IR bands from 1700 cm⁻¹ to 1600 cm⁻¹, which represent the C=O band in proteins, also have different shapes and intensities after irradiation. The finding indicated that irradiation affected the secondary structures of protein which was confirmed by curve fitting results. During the process of increasing the temperature from 50 to 210 °C, the ratio of amide I to II in absorption intensities in the 2D-IR spectra of the irradiated samples varied with different response for different samples. Saccharides in Spirulina powder had a higher thermostability than proteins, but the autopeaks of irradiated samples did show differences from the non-irradiated sample. The intensity of autopeaks at 1012 cm⁻¹ increased dramatically in the irradiated samples while that of peaks at 1053, 1071, and 1083 cm⁻¹ decreased after irradiation. Based on the three-step IR macro-fingerprint method, irradiated Spirulina powder samples were successfully and fast identified and discriminated.     

One-pot synthesis of fluorinated terphenyls by site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of 1,4-dibromo-2-fluorobenzene

The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of 1,4-dibromo-2-fluorobenzene with two equivalents of arylboronic acids gave fluorinated para-terphenyls. The reaction with 1 equiv of arylboronic acid resulted in site-selective formation of biphenyls. The one-pot reaction of 1,4-dibromo-2-fluorobenzene with two different arylboronic acids afforded fluorinated para-terphenyls containing two different terminal aryl groups.     

Analysis of natural polyphenols by a spectrophotometric method

Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Alma-Ata, Republic of Kazakhstan. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, p. 757, September-October, 1995. Original article submitted October 18, 1994.     

管式炉红外吸收光谱法测定铬铁矿中碳

铬铁矿中碳主要由夹杂的有机碳和碳酸盐碳构成,其传统测定方法采用非水滴定法,而采用管式炉红外吸收光谱法,对铬铁矿中碳的分析测试可实现大称样量进样,能提高分析精度,降低检出限,提高工作效率。试样中碳在管式炉中高温下通氧燃烧和灼烧,以三氧化钨为助熔剂,使碳全部氧化和分解为二氧化碳,载有二氧化碳的气流经过红外气室时,产生的红外线被二氧化碳气体特性波长所吸收(二氧化碳红外吸收波长4.251μm),根据红外线吸收前后的能量之差与二氧化碳浓度间关系,计算出试样中碳的结果。采用高纯碳酸钙作为碳的校准曲线,从而实现铬铁矿中碳含量的准确测定。方法用于测定铬铁矿中碳,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为2.6%～8.7%,经6个国家标准物质进行验证,测定值和标准值一致。方法有效解决了铬铁矿中碳测定流程长、操作复杂的问题,可用于铬铁矿中碳含量的测定。