The polarographic determination of aluminium* : General introduction polarography of solochrome violet r.s. in the presence of aluminium

A survay is made of the methods available for the determination of microgram quantities of aluminium, together with techniques for its separation from interfering ion species. The polarography of aluminium is briefly discussed and a. study is reported of a method involving the modification, by this element, of the polarographic characteristics of a diortho-hydroxy azo dye. Interferences other elements are given in detail and discussed. Means for their removal are suggested     

The polarographic determination of aluminium : The elimination of interfering elements and the determination ofaluminium by oscillographic polarography

A study is reported of the effect of some ion species on the determination of aluminium by osicillographic polarography under the conditions. previously established. The development of an electrolytic procedure for the removal of interfering metal ions is described and details of unsuccessful attempts to remove interference by fluoride are given. The method for the determination of aluminium is given in detail and result obtained with it are presented.     

The polarographic determination of aluminium in zinc-base die-casting alloys

A procedure for the direct polarographic determination of aluminium is described, with particular reference to zinc-base die-casting alloys. Interfering elements are removed by electrolysis of a solution of the alloy in a mercury-cathode cell. The solution is polarographed at a carefully controlled pH in a supporting electrolyte of magnesium chloride and sodium sulfate of appropriate concentration. The precision and accuracy of the method are shown to be satisfactory by the analysis of standard samples from three different laboratories.     

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminium in steel with stilbazo

A procedure for the determination of aluminium in steel is described. Aluminium is separated from iron and interfering elements by ion exchange in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, and finally determined spectrophotometrically with stilbazo.     

A method for removal of chloride interference in determination of aluminium by atomic-absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace

Methods for removal of the chloride interferences in determination of aluminium by atomic-absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace have been investigated. Two mechanisms of chloride interference have been established. The first arises from co-ordination of the chloride to aluminium. This interference can be removed by preventing the co-ordination. The other is due to co-existing chloride salts remaining until the atomization step. This interference can be removed by volatilizing the chloride or by converting it and/or aluminium chloride into another substance such as the oxides before the atomization step. The tetra-ammonium salt of EDTA is very suitable as an additive to overcome chloride interference because of its ability to co-ordinate aluminium and other cations, and also its effect when heated.     

The polarographic determination of indium in zinc-base alloys : The determination of indium in zinc and in zinc alloys of low aluminium content

Studies of the application of an 8-hydroxyquinoline extraction and of a zinc oxide “collection” procedure for the separation of trace amounts of indium from zinc alloys are described and discussed. A combination of radio-chemical and polarographic determination were employed for this work. A polarographic method for the determination of indium in zinc and in zinc alloys of low aluminium content is presented     

Complexometric determination of aluminium in iron ore,sinter, concentrates and agglomerates

A method for the complexometric determination of aluminium in iron ore, sinter, concentrates and agglomerates encountered in international trade is described. The sample is fused in a zirconium crucible with a mixed flux of sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide. The fused mass is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid. The R₂O₃ oxides are then precipitated with ammonia and redissolved in hydrochloric acid. Elements such as iron, titanium and zirconium are separated from aluminium by solvent extraction with cupferron and chloroform. After removal of traces of organic matter from the aqueous phase, the solution is treated with an excess of EDTA, which is then back-titrated with zinc solution (Xylenol Orange as indicator). Addition of ammonium fluoride then releases EDTA equivalent to the aluminium and this is titrated with zinc solution. The method is rapid. The precision and accuracy are excellent, and the results comparable with those obtained by the referee method.     

The determination of silver in aluminium alloys by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used to determine silver in aluminium alloys. The effects of the presence of alloying elements are discussed. The developed procedure is simple and rapid, and results obtained on various samples show satisfactory agreement with those obtained by the normal volumetric procedure.     

The determination of aluminium by the ammonium benzoate method : An investigation into factors affecting the separation and estimation of aluminium and beryllium

An investigation has been made into the separation of aluminium from beryllium by the ammonium benzoate method. It has been shown (a) that over a wide range of concentrations aluminium can be determined with a maximum error of 2 %, (b) that the beryllium can be estimated after the removal of the aluminium with an error of not more than 2 % if the proportion of alumina, to beryllia is not more than 1 : 1. If the proportion of alumina to beryllia is greater than 1 : 1 considerable inaccuracy in the beryllium determination will result due to the co-precipitation of the beryllium with the aluminium benzoate; (c) that a double precipitation is required to obtain a satisfactory separation of aluminium and beryllium, (d) that although KoLTOFF el al. reported partial precipitation of beryllium with ammonium benzoate, this does not occur if tlie PH is carefully controlled between 3.5–4.0, and (e) it has been confirmed that ammonium benzoate precipitates aluminium quantitatively at PH 3.5ú4.0 wlilst beryllium does not commence to precipitate until about PH 6.5.     

A highly selective procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of aluminium with 8-hydroxy-quinoline and its application to the determination of

Aluminium, hydroxyquinolate can be quantitatively extracted by chloroform from an ammoniacal solution containing hydroxyquinoline, complexone and cyanide. Likewise extracted are titanium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, uranium, zirconium, gallium, antimony, bismuth, indium and traces of beryllium. Aluminium can be separated from the first five elements by an extraction in ammoniacal solution containing hydrogen peroxide.Zirconium, gallium, bismuth and antimony can be eliminated by a cupferron extraction and indium by extraction with diethyldithiocarbamate. Beryllium is eliminated by performing an extraction with hydroxyquinoline at pH 5. The proposed method enables a practically specific photometrical determination of aluminium. Applications are given of the determination of trace and higher amounts of aluminium in steels, non-ferrous alloys and in glass.     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of trace amounts of aluminium with 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone

The fluorescent reagent 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone (5-Br-SASH) was synthesized and its ionization constants were established spectrophotometrically. The fluorescent reaction of this reagent with aluminium was studied. Based on this chelation reaction, a spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of aluminium in acetic acid-ammonium acetate buffer solution of pH 5.4. Under these conditions, the A1-5-Br-SASH complex has excitation and emission maxima at 370 and 460 nm, respectively. The linear range of the method is from 0 to 120 ppb and the detection limit is 1.1 ppb of aluminium. The molar ratio of aluminium to the reagent is 1:3. Interferences of other ions were studied. The method was successfully applied to the determination of aluminium in glucose injection and common beverages.     

Polarographic determination of aluminium with alizarin

The polarographic determination of aluminium as its complex with alizarin in the pH range 9.2-10.1, with the cathode ray polarograph, is described. A solvent extraction procedure is used to eliminate interferences from many other metals.     

The polarographic determination of aluminium : The oscillographic polarography of aluminium in calcium chloride solution

A study of the polarography of aluminium using the linear-sweep cathode ray polarograph is described. The conditions nccessasary for obtaining satisfactory aluminium waves in this medium have been established and the relationship between aluminium peak height and concentration examined. The occurrence of unexpected phenomena relating the change of step shape with varying start potential values is described and discussed and a method for overcoming the effects, by buffering, is presented     

Multielement analysis of aluminium by NAA and ICP/AES

The results of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES) are compared for aluminium samples in the purity range from 99.7 to 99.998%. The advantages of each method towards the determination of 25 elements is discussed.     

Merging zones in flow injection analysis: Part 5. Simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron in plant digests by a zone-sampling approach

A flow injection procedure is proposed for the simultaneous determination of aluminium and iron in plant material. The method is based on a flow configuration involving zone sampling and merging zones. Aluminium is determined spectrophotometrically with eriochrome cyanine R as reagent and iron by atomic absorption spectrometry. The advantages of this method over other procedures already reported are discussed. The effects of reagent composition for the aluminium determination are described in detail. The zone-sampling approach permits an easier pH control in the aluminium determinations so interferences caused by variations in sample acidity are avoided without the need for very concentrated buffers. The merging zones configuration greatly reduces the consumption of reagents. The proposed method permits the analysis of about 120 samples (240 determinations) per hour, with good precision (r.s.d. < 2%) in both the aluminium and iron channels. The results agree with those obtained by inductively-coupled argon plasma spectrometry.     

The determination of aluminium in human plasma

Summary Determination of aluminium in human plasma is of great interest in monitoring dialysis patients under oral aluminium therapy. Flameless atomic-absorption is chosen as the method because of the low normal levels of this non-essential trace element. A method avoiding the analytical problems of aluminium determination in human plasma is described. Normal values for healthy persons and levels for dialysis patients are given.

---

Aluminiumbestimmung in menschlichem Plasma

Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Aluminium im menschlichen Plasma ist von großem Interesse bei der Überwachung von Dialysepatienten, die unter oraler Aluminiumtherapie stehen. Die flammenlose Atomabsorption ist die Methode der Wahl, da die Normalwerte dieses nicht essentiellen Spurenelements sehr niedrig sind. Eine Methode, die die analytischen Probleme bei der Bestimmung von Aluminium im menschlichen Plasma vermeidet, wird beschrieben. Normalwerte gesunder Personen und solche von Dialysepatienten werden angegeben.

---

---

Dedicated to the 60th birthday of Prof. Dr. G. Zigeuner.     

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of aluminium in whole blood

Two methods are described for atomic absorption spectrometric determinations of aluminium m heparinized and haemolyzed samples of undiluted whole human blood. In the direct method 2μl of blood are pipetted into a graphite cup atomizer; after a drying and two ashing steps aluminium is determined by atomization at 2500°C. In the second method, 15μl of blood are decomposed by nitric acid in polytetrafluoroethylene tubes; 2-μl portions of the solution are then analyzed with the graphite tube atomizer. The direct method was applied to the determination of aluminium in whole blood from 48 Norwegian workers occupationally unexposed to the element; the concentrations of aluminium ranged from 0.05—0.59 p.p.m. (mean value, 0.20 p.p.m.). For 0.35 p.p.m. aluminium, the relative standard deviation of both methods was 8%. The detection limit of the direct method is 0.05 p.p.m. aluminium.     

恒电位氟-铝配位滴定法测定铝的研究

以氟离子溶液作滴定剂,氟离子选择性电极作指示电极,对恒电位配位滴定法测定铝进行了研究,导出了该测定法的计算模型。测定结果的准确度受电位的控制误差对滴定剂体积误差的影响及滴定剂体积的相对误差两个因素影响。在滴定的中间位置,准确度比较高。随着滴定剂体积的增加,测定的灵敏度增加。方法可用于金属铝及锌一铝合金中铝的测定。     

Selective edta titration of gallium or aluminium in the presence of other metals

The selective determination of aluminium or gallium by EDTA titration is reported. Gallium or aluminium is titrated together with other multivalent ions with EDTA at pH 3-7 and then the pH is raised above 10.5. Aluminates or galliumates are formed with the consequent release of EDTA from the EDTA complexes. The released EDTA is titrated with lead solution using Xylenol Orange as an indicator and with copper using photometric detection of the end-point, for the determination of gallium and aluminium respectively. The theoretical basis of the procedure is discussed.     

Gravimetric determination of aluminium in bronzes and brasses

The gravimetric determination of aluminium in bronzes and brasses is described. After separation of copper by thioglycolic acid, aluminium is determined with ammonium benzoate.