Reaction of calcium and phosphate ions with titanium,zirconium, niobium,and tantalum

To understand the bone formation ability of constituent metal elements of new titanium alloys, titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum, these metals were immersed in various electrolytes containing calcium and/or phosphate ions and characterized using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, cathodic polarization of the metals in the electrolytes was performed to evaluate the stability of the surface oxide films on the metals in the electrolyte. The calcium phosphate layer formed on Ti in electrolytes containing calcium and phosphate ions is relatively protective against mass transfer throughout the layer. However, the zirconium phosphate layer formed on Zr is much more protective and stable than that on Ti. Therefore, calcium ions were not incorporated. Nb and Ta formed calcium phosphate, but the amount was smaller than that in Ti, because phosphates formed on Nb and Ta are somewhat protective and the incorporation of the calcium ion is inhibited. Titanium played the most important role in forming calcium phosphate, while zirconium inhibited the formation of calcium phosphate on titanium alloys. The control of bone formation is feasible by the design of titanium alloys. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calcium Phosphate Nanocarriers Dual‐Loaded with Bovine Serum Albumin and Ibuprofen: Facile Synthesis,Sequential Drug Loading and Sustained Drug Release

A simple and green strategy is reported for the preparation, drug loading, and release properties of a drug delivery system consisting of calcium phosphate (CP) nanocarriers dual‐loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hydrophobic drug ibuprofen (IBU). The sequential loading of BSA and IBU in calcium phosphate nanocarriers and in vitro simultaneous release of BSA and IBU are realized and investigated. In this method, BSA, which is used as a model protein drug, is encapsulated in situ in calcium phosphate nanocarriers. Subsequently, the typical hydrophobic drug IBU is loaded in the BSA/CP drug delivery system, forming the IBU/BSA/CP dual drug delivery system. The experiments reveal that the preloaded BSA not only reduces the cytotoxicity of calcium phosphate nanocarriers but also significantly improves the IBU drug loading capacity in calcium phosphate nanocarriers and greatly extends the duration of drug release. Thus, the as‐prepared IBU/BSA/CP dual drug delivery system is promising for drug delivery applications.     

Titrimetric determination of aluminium with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid in the presence of iron, copper, titanium, manganese, calcium, magnesium and phosphate

The authors have developed a rapid and accurate titrimetric method for the determination of 5–15 mg of aluminium with Complexone-III in the presence of iron, copper, titanium, manganese, calcium, magnesium and phosphate.     

Determination of phosphate in urine by sequential injection analysis

Two simple turbidimetric methods for the determination of phosphate in urine are presented and compared. One method is based on the calcium phosphate crystallisation, and the other one on the inhibitory action of phosphate on the calcium carbonate crystallisation. The analytical features of both methods were: linear range = 0.2-1.5 g L-1, LOD = 14 mg L-1 and RSD 1.1-2.0% for the calcium phosphate method, linear range = 0.1-1.8 mg L-1, LOD = 0.01 mg L-1 and RSD 0.97-1.90% for the inhibitory method. Urines with high calcium content (> or = 400 mg L-1) can interfere the method based on the crystallisation of calcium phosphate. This interference was solved using a cation exchange resin as a part of the manifold. Considering the low toxicity of used reagents, these methods can be considered as a contribution to Green Analytical Chemistry.     

Thermal, UV, FTIR, and XRD studies of urinary stones

Various crystals are seen in human urine. Oxalate, Phosphate, Uric acid, and Urate crystals are generally seen in urinary calculi. Calcium stones are most common, comprising 75 % of all urinary calculi. They may be pure calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate or a mixture of both. Many stones are not homogeneous. Low calcium intake increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, thus decreasing the amount of calcium available in the intestinal tract to form insoluble complexes with Oxalate. Consequently, a higher amount of oxalate is available for intestinal absorption and as a result, urinary oxalate excretion increases. Mineral water consumption did not reduce urinary oxalate excretion. High urinary excretion and concentration of magnesium decrease both the nucleation and growth rates of calcium oxalate crystals in urine, because of the higher solubility of magnesium oxalate compared with calcium oxalate. Analytical results show calcium oxalate to be one of the major inorganic components of renal stones and found to be present in almost all kidney and bladder stones. About 39.5 % of the total composition of the calculi is found to contain purely calcium oxalate and also hydroxyl apatite. The ten samples are a mixture of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones. Four samples are calcium oxalate as major composition and the remaining are calcium phosphate as major composition. These kidney stones are taken photographically and size of the stone are measured using optical microscopy. These qualitative analyses are also confirmed by UV, FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis.     

磷肥和硒施用对稻米硒、钙、锌等营养累积的影响

研究了施用不同水平磷肥和硒对稻米中硒、钙、锌、镁、硫等人体必需营养吸收累积的影响。结果表明，适量施磷，降低米中硒含量；大量施磷，又促进硒在米中累积。施磷肥一般不利于钙和锌在稻米中累积，适量施磷增加稻米中镁、硫含量，而过量施用磷肥显著降低钙、锌、镁、硫等矿质营养的含量，影响稻米营养品质。适量施硒，一般提高稻米的矿质营养含量；过量施硒，特别在高磷水平下则降低矿质营养含量。     

磷矿及磷肥中氧化钙测定方法改进

为了解决磷矿及磷肥中氧化钙酸溶不完全和消除测定过程中磷酸根、镁、铁等的干扰,对磷矿和磷肥中氧化钙的测定方法进行改进.对不同酸溶解体系选择、酸用量、加热时间、干扰掩蔽实验、pH值等条件进行实验,确定采用10 mL王水、3 mL氢氟酸分解试样,加入2 mL盐酸溶解盐类,加入10 mL糊精和5 mL三乙醇胺溶液掩蔽Mg2+、...     

医用CVIC/C复合材料表面仿生沉积生物活性钙磷涂层

为了在医用化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)C/C复合材料表面制备生物活性钙磷涂层,用阴极声电化学工艺处理CVIC/C复合材料,再将试样浸泡于过饱和钙磷溶液中,使其诱导钙磷晶体生长.XPS研究表明,经声电工艺处理后,CVIC/C复合材料表面发生了改性;SEM,XRD和FTIR研究表明,在过饱和钙磷溶液中,未经声电化学处理的CVIC/C复合材料不具有诱导钙磷晶体生长的功能,而改性的CVIC/C表面能够诱导钙磷晶体生长,形成片状五水磷酸八钙(OCP)涂层.同时讨论了OCP沉积的形成机理.     

Extraction - Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate Using N-Phenylbenzohydroxamic Acid

Abstract

A simple solvent extraction and spectrophotometric method for the determination of micro amount of phosphate (PO₄) is described. Phosphate is selectively separated from associated elements by reacting it with calcium and extracting excess calcium with N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid (PBHA) at pH 11.3. The excess calcium was determined in ultra-violet and visible region and hence the phosphate content was calculated. The Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.5 ? 10.0 ppm at 340 nm and 0.25 - 8.0 ppm at 560 nm of phosphate for a fixed amount of calcium (20.0 ppm). These results are also compared with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method has been applied for the determination of phosphate in pharmaceutical and other samples.     

Yolk‐Shell Porous Microspheres of Calcium Phosphate Prepared by Using Calcium L‐Lactate and Adenosine 5′‐Triphosphate Disodium Salt: Application in Protein/Drug Delivery

A facile and environmentally friendly approach has been developed to prepare yolk‐shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate by using calcium L ‐lactate pentahydrate (CL) as the calcium source and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as the phosphate source through the microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the concentration of CL, the microwave hydrothermal temperature, and the time on the morphology and crystal phase of the product are investigated. The possible formation mechanism of yolk‐shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate is proposed. Hemoglobin from bovine red cells (Hb) and ibuprofen (IBU) are used to explore the application potential of yolk‐shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate in protein/drug loading and delivery. The experimental results indicate that the as‐prepared yolk‐shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate have relatively high protein/drug loading capacity, sustained protein/drug release, favorable pH‐responsive release behavior, and a high biocompatibility in the cytotoxicity test. Therefore, the yolk‐shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate have promising applications in various biomedical fields such as protein/drug delivery.     

石榴状凝胶微球固定化漆酶的制备、表征及降解双酚A

采用铜/锌复合金属磷酸盐晶体和海藻酸钙凝胶双重包覆技术对漆酶进行固定化, 制得石榴状Alg@Cu₃/Zn₃(PO₄)₂@Lac的凝胶微球. SEM, EDX和FTIR表征结果表明, 在凝胶微球内部, 漆酶被成功固定于由海藻酸钙凝胶包覆的铜/锌复合金属磷酸盐晶体内, 铜/锌复合金属磷酸盐晶体镶嵌于海藻酸钙凝胶网格的孔隙中而呈石榴状. 以2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)为底物, 经酶学性质研究表明, 在无机盐晶体和海藻酸钙凝胶的双重保护下, Alg@Cu₃/Zn₃(PO₄)₂@Lac的耐热性、 耐酸性以及储存稳定性比游离漆酶均有不同程度增强. 将Alg@Cu₃/Zn₃(PO₄)₂@Lac应用于双酚A(BPA)的降解, 采用孔径约1 mm滤网实现快速回收, 经6次循环利用, 对BPA的降解率下降约14%, 显示出比较稳定的重复利用性和便捷的可操作性, 这主要得益于海藻酸钙和铜/锌无机盐晶体对漆酶蛋白分子的双重保护.     

Determination of calcium oxide in calcined phosphate ores

It has been shown that an existing procedure to differentiate calcium oxide from the carbonate and silicate of calcium can be used in the presence of the phosphate, fluoride and sulphate of calcium, and of the carbonate and oxide of magnesium. It is based on the reaction in aqueous solution of calcium oxide with sucrose to form calcium saccharate, and subsequent titration with oxalic acid solution. The method has application for a direct chemical determination of calcium oxide in phosphate rock where calcination of accompanying carbonate is necessary in beneficiation processes.     

Cooperative multimodal retention of IgG,fragments, and aggregates on hydroxyapatite

Retention mapping of chimeric monoclonal IgG₁, Fc, Fab, F(ab′)₂, and aggregated antibody was conducted on hydroxyapatite (HA) by systematically varying phosphate and chloride concentrations during gradient elution in order to characterize the interactions of each solute with calcium and phosphate residues on the solid phase. Lysozyme was used as a control to model cation exchange‐dominant interactions. Bovine serum albumin was used as a control for calcium affinity‐dominant interactions. Calcium affinity and phosphoryl cation exchange were positively cooperative for IgG‐related species. Fc retention was dominated by calcium affinity, while retention of Fab was dominated by cation exchange. F(ab′)₂ exhibited a curve shape similar to Fab, but stronger retention. The retention curve for intact IgG incorporated the distinctive elements of its fragments but stronger retention than that predicted by their addition to one another. Aggregate retention paralleled the curve for non‐aggregated antibody, with stronger retention by both binding mechanisms. Experimental data revealed evidence of charge repulsion between IgG carboxyls and HA phosphate at low conductivity values. Electrostatic repulsion of amino residues and attraction of carboxyls by HA calcium appeared to be blocked by strong complexation of calcium with mobile phase phosphate.     

Heavy metal immobilization in aqueous solution using calcium phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphates

This study examines the possibilities for removing heavy metal cations from water with calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate at 293 K. It was reported that immobilization of aqueous heavy metal cations, which is known to be one of the characteristic properties of calcium hydroxyapatite, proceeded favorably with these phosphates. Calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate could favorably remove Pb2+ from aqueous solution. Calcium hydrogen phosphate also removed aqueous Cu2+, Co2+, and Cd2+, whereas these cations were not immobilized by calcium phosphate and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. A contribution of the dissolution-precipitation mechanism to immobilization with these phosphates is suggested.     

Determination of mineral phosphate species in sedimentary phosphate rock in Mardin, SE Anatolia, Turkey by sequential extraction

The importance of the effect of phosphate rock depends on the chemical form of phosphorus in which this element is combined. The paper presents the results of inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus in the phosphate rock from Mazidag-Derik, Semikan deposit located at Mardin city at SE Anatolia of Turkey. Total phosphorus concentration in the rock is an average 18.5%. The inorganic phosphorus mean % contents were 99.98% for studied sedimentary phosphate rock. Speciation of inorganic phosphorus was carried out using a method based on sequential extractions of the sedimentary phosphate rock each releasing four forms of inorganic phosphorus: loosely sorbed phosphorus, phosphorus bound to aluminium (P-Al), phosphorus bound to calcium (P-Ca) and phosphorus bound to iron (P-Fe). Calcium bound phosphorus is the dominant form of inorganic phosphorus in the studied sedimentary phosphate rock. Aluminium bound phosphorus is the second, iron bound phosphorus is the third most prevailing form. Loosely bound phosphorus is present in the lowest amounts. Analyses of phosphorus forms in sedimentary phosphate rock using a UV spectrophotometric method and ICP-AES are reported here. For the phosphorus the two methods give the same results and the concentrations are in good agreement with the reference values.     

Application of displacement reactions in flame photometry-I: the determination of phosphate by a flame emission method

Phosphate ions decrease the flame emission of calcium, but this effect can be partly offset by adding a second metal which partly displaces calcium from the non-excitable species. For the determination of phosphate the sample solution is divided into four equal parts; to each of these, various amounts of calcium and barium ions are added such that the total (molar) concentration of the metals is constant. Plotting the intensity measured at 630 nm vs. the calcium content of the solution gives a straight line, the slope of which depends on the concentration of phosphate ions present. The method is suitable for rapid determination of phosphate. Accuracy and precision are within the usual limits characteristic of flame photometric methods.     

Calcium phosphate particles containing superoxide dismutase are a promising agent for the treatment of eye diseases accompanied by oxidative stress

A method for the preparation of calcium phosphate particles is optimized. Particles with entrapped superoxide dismutase are obtained. The size, surface charge, and stability of the calcium phosphate particles are determined under different conditions. The kinetics of the enzyme release from the particles and the influence of the drug release on the size and surface charge of the particles are investigated. On the rabbit model of immunogenic uveitis (the model of an inflammatory process in the eye accompanied by oxidative stress), it is shown that superoxide dismutase enclosed in calcium phosphate particles has a higher antiinflammatory effect than superoxide dismutase in an aqueous solution.     

The Synthesis and Characterizations of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles via β‐Cyclodextrin,Poly(oxyethylene)5 Nonyl Phenol Ether and Cyclohexane Medium

In this work, the calcium phosphate nanoparticles have been produced by new reverse micro emulsion method containing β‐cyclodextrin, poly(oxyethylene)₅ nonyl phenol ether and cyclohexane. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscope and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the particles. The sizes of the nanoparticles were identified between 70‐80 nm. In conclusion, these results suggested that the developed reverse micro emulsion system based nanoparticles seem to be a promising formulation for calcium phosphate nanoparticles synthesis and it has immense potential in delivery of drugs and vaccines.     

不同条件下合成的纳米羟基磷灰石晶体的性能研究

用磷酸钠和硝酸钙为原料,在8种不同条件下制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA)晶体,研究了不同条件下制备的n-HA晶体的形态、组成、Ca/P摩尔比和结晶度。运用透射电镜((TEM)、红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析和表征了不同条件下得到的纳米羟基磷石灰晶体的形貌、组成和结晶度。用化学方法分析了纳米羟基磷灰石晶体的Ca/P摩尔比。结果表明,不同条件下合成的纳米磷灰石晶体均为含有HPO42-和CO32-的弱结晶结构,与自然骨磷灰石类似。     

Better bioactive ceramics through sol-gel process

Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics need to be capable of growing a calcium phosphate layer at their surfaces in physiological environment in order to bond with living bone. Sol-gel prepared silica (silica gel) and titania (titania gel) are efficient calcium phosphate absorbents. Both gels extract calcium and phosphate from surrounding physiological and other calcium phosphate solutions and form a calcium phosphate at their surfaces in return. Thus, they can integrate with bone. Under the same condition, however, silica and titania, as both prepared through a conventional high temperature process, are unable to transfer calcium and phosphate from the solutions to obtain a calcium phosphate at their surfaces. Therefore, it is concluded that using inorganic or metal organic precursors, sol-gel process can yield bioactive materials with a high bioactivity.